Abram Ioffe

Born:	October 29, 1880 Ukraine, Russia
Died:	October 14, 1960
Occupation:	Physicist

Abram Fedorovich Ioffe (Russian: Абра́м Фёдорович Ио́ффе, October 29, 1880 [O.S. October 17] – October 14, 1960) was a prominent Soviet/Russian physicist born in the Ukraine. Image File history File links Abram_Ioffe. ... October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... ... October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Old Style or O.S. is a designation indicating that a date conforms to the Julian calendar, formerly in use in many countries, rather than the Gregorian calendar, currently in use in most countries. ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... Motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) Translation: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthem: The Internationale (1922-1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) Capital (and largest city) Moscow None; Russian de facto Government Federation of Soviet Republics  - Last President Mikhail Gorbachev  - Last Premier Ivan Silayev Establishment October Revolution   - Declared... ...

Career overview

In the course of his career, Ioffe researched electromagnetism, radiology, features of crystals, physics of high impact, thermoelectricity, photoelectricity, and was a leading force in building new research laboratories for radioactivity, superconductivity, and nuclear physics. Many of these laboratories later became independent institutes. Electromagnetism is the force observed as static electricity, and causes the flow of electric charge (electric current) in electrical conductors. ... Image A: A normal chest X-ray. ... Quartz crystal In chemistry and mineralogy, a crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. ... Thermoelectricity is the conversion from temperature differentials to electricity or vice versa. ... The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from matter upon the absorption of electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet radiation or x-rays. ... Radioactivity may mean: Look up radioactivity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor (with boiling liquid nitrogen underneath), demonstrating the Meissner effect. ... Nuclear physics is the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom. ...

Ioffe's pedagogical efforts resulted in the Soviet school of physics, his students include Aleksandr Aleksandrov, Yakov Dorfman, Pyotr Kapitsa, Isaak Kikoin, Igor Kurchatov, Yakov Frenkel, Nikolay Semyonov, Lev Artsimovich and others. Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov (Russian: Александр Данилович Александров, alternative transliterations: Alexandr or Alexander (first name), and Alexandrov (last name)) (August 4, 1912–July 27... Semenov (on the right) and Kapitsa (on the left), portrait by Boris Kustodiev, 1921 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (Russian Пётр Леонидович Капица) (July 9, 1894 – April 8, 1984) was a Russian physicist who discovered superfluidity with contribution from John F. Allen and Don Misener in 1937. ... Igor The Beard Kurchatov Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (И́горь Васи́льевич Курча́тов) (January 8, 1903 – February 7, 1960), Soviet/Russian physicist. ... Yakov Ilich Frenkel was born on February 10, 1894, in Rostov on Don. ... Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov (Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов) (April 15 (April 3, Old Style), 1896 – September 25, 1986) was a Russian/Soviet physicist and chemist. ... Lev Andreevich Artsimovich (Арцимович, Лев Андреевич in Russian) (2. ...

Biography

Born to a middle-class Jewish family in small town of Romny, Russian Empire (now in Sumy region, Ukraine), after graduation in (1902) from St. Petersburg Technological Institute he worked for two years as an assistant to famous Wilhelm Roentgen in his Munich laboratory. In 1905 Ioffe obtained Ph.D. from Munich University. Ioffe stated that he saw the names of two authors, Einstein – Marić, on the 1905 Annus Mirabilis papers when they were submitted during this time. This is claimed to lend support to claim that the work was a co-authorship between Einstein and his wife, though most historians of science do not think this is so.^[1] This article describes some ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity; for a consideration of the Jewish religion, refer to the article Judaism. ... Official language Russian Official Religion Russian Orthodox Christianity Capital Saint Petersburg (Petrograd 1914-1924) Area Approx. ... Sumy (Сумська область, Sums’ka oblast’ in Ukrainian) is a region of northern Ukraine. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Lapel pin of a graduate from Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technological University) (Russian: ) is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in Russia (founded in 1828), that currently trains around 5000 students. ... Wilhelm Röntgen Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (* March 27, 1845; † February 10, 1923) was a German physicist, of the University of Würzburg, who, on November 8, 1895, produced wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that are now known as x-rays. ... Munich: Frauenkirche and Town Hall steeple Munich: St. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Ph. ... With approximately 48,000 students, the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (German: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München or LMU) is one of the largest universities in Germany. ... Einstein redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Einstein, in 1905, when he wrote the Annus Mirabilis Papers The Annus Mirabilis Papers (from Latin, Annus mirabilis, for extraordinary year) are the papers of Albert Einstein published in the Annalen der Physik Scientific journal in 1905. ...

After 1906 Ioffe worked in the St. Petersburg (from 1924 Leningrad) Politechnical Institute, where later became a professor. In 1911 Ioffe converted to Lutheranism. In 1913 he attained the title of Magister of Philosophy, in 1915 - Doctor of Physics. In 1918 he became a head of Physics and Technology division in State Institute of Roentgenology and Radiology. This division later became the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute. 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Lutheranism is a movement within Christianity that began with the theological insights of Martin Luther in the 16th century. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute is one of Russias largest research centers specialized in physics and technology. ...

Ioffe refused a job offer of directing the Soviet project to build the nuclear bomb on account of being too old. He saw great promise in the young Igor Kurchatov, and in 1942 placed him in charge of the first nuclear laboratory. During the Stalin's campaign against the so-called "rootless cosmopolitans" (Jews), in 1950 Ioffe was fired from his position of the Director of Institute and from the Board of Directors. The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, in 1945 lifted nuclear fallout some 18 km (60,000 feet) above the epicenter. ... Igor The Beard Kurchatov Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (И́горь Васи́льевич Курча́тов) (January 8, 1903 – February 7, 1960), Soviet/Russian physicist. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... Rootless cosmopolitan (Russian language: безродный космополит, bezrodny kosmopolit) was a Soviet euphemism during Joseph Stalins anti-Semitic campaign of 1948–1953, which culminated in the exposure of the alleged Doctors plot. The term and the persecutions by the authorities unmistakably targeted the Jews. ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Ioffe attained a US Patent on the piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectricity is the ability of crystals to generate a voltage in response to applied mechanical stress. ...

Related

• Ioffe crater on the Moon is named after him.
• Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute carries his name
• The Russian oceanographic and Polar research vessel Akademik Ioffe is named after him.

Ioffe is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. ... Adjective lunar Bulk silicate composition (estimated wt%) SiO2 44. ... Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute is one of Russias largest research centers specialized in physics and technology. ...

Patents

• U.S. Patent 1807292  "Translating device"

References and external link

• ↑  "Einstein's Wife : The Mileva Question". Oregon Public Broadcasting, 2003
• Annotated bibliography for Abram Ioffe from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues