Categories: Neurological disorders | Symptoms | Epilepsy The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke is a part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. ... The Human Nervous System. ... A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide Pathologist redirects here. ... Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the innate cascade. ... A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... Meningitis is the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the central nervous system, known collectively as the meninges. ... Arachnoiditis describes a pain disorder caused by the inflammation of the arachnoid, one of the membranes that surround and protect the nerves of the spinal cord. ... Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain, commonly caused by a viral infection. ... Myelitis is a human disease involving swelling of the spinal cord, which disrupts central nervous system functions linking brain and limbs. ... Encephalomyelitis is a general term for inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, describing a number of disorders: acute disseminated encephalomyelitis or postinfectious encephalomyelitis, a demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord, possibly triggered by vaccination or viral infection; encephalomyelitis disseminata, a synonym for multiple sclerosis; equine encephalomyelitis, a... Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an immune mediated disease of brain. ... Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) is an infection of the spinal cord by Human T-lymphotropic virus resulting in paraparesis or weakness of the legs. ... Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. ... Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a genetic disease with multiple types, each of which could be considered a disease in its own right. ... Friedreichs ataxia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in Gene X25 that codes for frataxin, located on chromosome 9. ... Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) (Boder-Sedgwick syndrome or Louis-Bar syndrome) is a primary immunodeficiency disorder that occurs in an estimated incidence of 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 300,000 births (Lederman, 2000). ... Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), also called familial spastic paraparesis (FSP), refers to a group of inherited disorders that are characterized by progressive weakness and stiffness of the legs. ... Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a term applied to a number of different disorders, all having in common a genetic cause and the manifestation of weakness due to loss of the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem. ... Werdnig-Hoffman disease (or Infantile spinal muscular atrophy, type I) is an autosomal recessive muscular disease. ... Kugelberg-Welander disease (or juvenile spinal muscular atrophy, type III) is an autosomal recessive muscular disease. ... Fazio Londe Syndrome is an inherited motor neuron disease found in children and young adults. ... The motor neurone diseases (MND) are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy motor neurones, the cells that control voluntary muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing. ... Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, sometimes called Lou Gehrigs Disease, Maladie de Charcot or motor neurone disease) is a progressive, fatal, neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. ... Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) is a rare subtype of Motor neurone disease (MND) which affects only the lower motor neurones. ... Progressive bulbar palsy is a form of motor neuron disease characterized by dysfunction of the muscles controlled by the cranial nerves of the lower brain stem (the bulb) -- specifically, the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), and hypoglossal nerve (XII). ... Pseudobulbar palsy is a form of motor neuron disease which can be associated with paralysis. ... Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness in the voluntary muscles. ... In human anatomy, the extrapyramidal system is a neural network located in the brain that is part of the motor system involved in the coordination of movement. ... Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a life-threatening, neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. ... This disease is believed to have been caused by a viral illness, stimulating degeneration of the nerve cells in the substantia nigra, leading to clinical parkinsonism. ... PKAN: Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration Symptoms Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is one of many forms of neurodegeneration, or brain deterioration . ... Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (or the Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome, after the Canadian physicians who described it in 1963 ) is a rare degenerative disorder involving the gradual deterioration and death of selected areas of the brain. ... Striatonigral degeneration refers to a form of multiple system atrophy involving the loss of connections between two areas of the brain, the striatum and the substantia nigra, which work together to ensure smooth movement and maintain balance. ... Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. ... Torticollis, or wry neck, is a condition in which the head is tilted toward one side, and the chin is elevated and turned toward the opposite side. ... Meiges syndrome is a type of dystonia, also known as oral facial dystonia or hemifacial spasm, the main symptoms of which involve involuntary blinking and chin thrusting. ... A blepharospasm (from blepharo (eyelid) and spasm (uncontrolled muscle contraction)) is any abnormal tic or twitch of the eyelid. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Myoclonus is brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles. ... // Chorea sancti viti (Latin for St. ... Restless legs syndrome (RLS, or Wittmaack-Ekboms syndrome) is a condition that is characterised by an irresistible urge to move ones legs. ... Stiff person syndrome (SPS) (or occasionally, stiff-man syndrome) is a rare neurologic disorder of unknown etiology. ... A demyelinating disease is any disease of the nervous system in which the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged. ... Picks disease has two meanings that are often confused: 1) Pathology: Neurologists currently use the term Picks disease to mean specifically one of the pathological subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). ... Alpers disease, also called progressive infantile poliodystrophy, is a progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system that occurs in infants and children. ... Dementia with Lewy bodies is the second most frequent cause of hospitalization for dementia, after Alzheimers disease. ... Leighs Disease, a form of Leigh syndrome, is a rare neurometabolic disorder that affects the central nervous system. ... Devics disease, also known as Devics syndrome, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), or optic-spinal MS, is an autoimmune, inflammatory disorder in which a persons own immune system attacks myelin of the neurons of the optic nerves and spinal cord. ... Central pontine myelinolysis is a neurologic disease caused by severe damage of the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the brainstem, more precisely in the area termed the pons. ... Transverse myelitis is a neurological disorder caused by a loss of the myelin encasing the spinal cord, also known as demyelination. ... This article is about epileptic seizures. ... Focal seizures (also called partial seizures) are seizures which are characterized by: preserved consciousness in simple focal seizures impaired consciousness (dream-like) in complex focal seizures experience of unusual feelings or sensations sudden and inexplainable feelings of joy, anger, sadness, or nausea altered sense of hearing, smelling, tasting, seeing, or... Simple partial seizures are seizures which affect only a small region of the brain, often the temporal lobes and/or hippocampi. ... Complex partial seizures are epileptic attacks which involve a greater degree of impairment of consciousness than simple partial seizures. ... Generalised epilepsy is a form of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures, which are a result of abnormal activity in both sides of the brain. ... Tonic-clonic seizures (also known as Grand Mal Seizures, though this term is now discouraged and rarely used in a clinical setting) are a type of generalised seizure affecting the whole brain. ... Atonic seizures (also called drop seizures, drop attacks, or akinetic seizures), are a minor type of seizure. ... Benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited form of epilepsy. ... Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), also known as Lennox syndrome, is a difficult to treat form of childhood-onset epilepsy, that most often appears between the second and sixth year of life and is characterized by frequent seizures and different seizure types and is often accompanied by mental retardation and behavior... West syndrome, otherwise known as infantile spasms, is an uncommon to rare and serious form of epilepsy in infants. ... Epilepsia partialis continua is a rare type of recurrent motor epileptic seizures that are focal (hands and face), and recur every few seconds or minutes for extended periods (days or years). ... Complex Partial Status Epilepticus (CPSE) is one of the non-convulsive forms of Status epilepticus, a rare form of epilepsy defined by its recurrent nature. ... A headache (cephalgia in medical terminology) is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ... Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is an autosomal dominant classical migraine subtype that typically includes hemiparesis (weakness of half the body) during the aura phase. ... Cluster headaches are rare, extremely painful and debilitating headaches that occur in groups or clusters. ... A vascular headache is a headache where blood vessel swelling or disturbance is causing the pain. ... Tension headaches, which were renamed tension-type headaches by the International Headache Society in 1988, are the most common type of primary headaches. ... A transient ischemic attack (TIA, often colloquially referred to as mini stroke) is caused by the temporary disturbance of blood supply to a restricted area of the brain, resulting in brief neurologic dysfunction that usually persists for less than 24 hours. ... Amaurosis fugax is a type of transient ischaemic attack (TIA). ... Transient global amnesia (TGA), is an anxiety-producing temporary loss of short-term memory. ... Cerebrovascular disease is damage to the blood vessels in the brain, resulting in a stroke. ... Middle cerebral artery syndrome is a condition where the blood supply from the middle cerebral artery is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel. ... Anterior cerebral artery syndrome is a condition where the blood supply from the anterior cerebral artery is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel. ... Posterior cerebral artery syndrome is a condition where the blood supply from the posterior cerebral artery is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel. ... Fovilles syndrome is caused by the blockage of the perforating branches of the basilar artery in the region of the brainstem known as the pons. ... Millard-Gubler syndrome is a syndrome of unilateral softening of the brain tissue arising from obstruction of the blood vessels of the pons, involving the sixth and seventh cranial nerves and fibers of the corticospinal tract, and is associated with paralysis of the abducens (including diplopia, internal strabismus, and loss... Lateral medullary syndrome (also called Wallenbergs syndrome) is a disease in which the patient has difficulty with swallowing or speaking or both owing to one or more patches of dead tissue (known as an infarct) caused by interrupted blood supply to parts of the brain. ... Webers Syndrome (superior alternating hemiplegia) is characterized by the presence of an oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... Hypersomnia, also known as excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), is excessive amount of sleepiness. ... Sleep apnea, sleep apnoea or sleep apnœa is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. ... Ondines Curse, Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome or primary alveolar hypoventilation, is a respiratory disorder that is fatal if untreated. ... For other uses, see Narcolepsy (disambiguation). ... Cataplexy is a medical condition which often affects people who have narcolepsy, a disorder whose principal signs are EDS (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness), sleep attacks, and disturbed nighttime sleep. ... Kleine-Levin Syndrome, or KLS, is a rare sleep disorder characterized by episodes of near-constant sleep and altered behavior. ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a chronic type of communicating hydrocephalus whereby the increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) due to accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) becomes stable and that the formation of CSF equilibrates with absorption. ... Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), sometimes called benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) or pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) is a neurological disorder that is characterized by increased intracranial pressure (ICP), in the absence of a tumor or other intracranial pathology. ... Encephalopathy literally means disease of the brain. ... Herniation, a deadly side effect of very high intracranial pressure, occurs when the brain shifts across structures within the skull. ... Cerebral edema (cerebral oedema in British English) is an excess accumulation of water in the intra- and/or extracellular spaces of the brain. ... Reyes syndrome is a potentially fatal disease that causes numerous detrimental effects to many organs, especially the brain and liver. ... An uncollapsed syrinx (before surgery). ... Syringobulbia is a medical condition when syrinxes, or fluid filled cavities, affect the brainstem. ... Spinal cord compression develops when the spinal cord is compressed by a tumor, abscess or other lesion. ...