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Encyclopedia > Académie Française

The Académie française, or French Academy, is the pre-eminent Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. Subject to disclaimers. Trying... French learned body on matters pertaining to the French (Français) Spoken in: The French Republic or France ( French (Fran ais) Spoken in: France and 53 other countries Region: Europe Total speakers: 128 million Ranking: 11 Genetic classification: Indo-European  Italic   Romance    Italo-Western     Western   ... French language. The Académie was officially established in Years: 1632 1633 1634 - 1635 - 1636 1637 1638 Decades: 1600s 1610s 1620s - 1630s - 1640s 1650s 1660s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1635 in literature 1635 in science Events February 10 - The Académie française in Paris is expanded to become a national academy for the artistic elite... 1635 by For other uses of Richelieu, see Richelieu (disambiguation). Armand_Jean du Plessis, Cardinal and Duc de Richelieu (September 9, 1585 - December 4, 1642) was a French Cardinal, Duke, and politician. He was a prominent theorist of nationalism. Richelieu served as Louis XIIIs chief minister from 1624_42. Richelieu was succeeded... Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to Louis XIII (September 27, 1601 - May 14, 1643), called the Just (French: le Juste), was King of France from 1610 to 1643. Born at the Château de Fontainebleau, Louis was the first child of Henri IV and Marie de Médicis. He ascended to the throne at age nine... King Louis XIII. Suppressed in Years: 1790 1791 1792 - 1793 - 1794 1795 1796 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1793 in art 1793 in literature 1793 in music 1793 in science List of state leaders in 1793 List of religious leaders in 1793 Contents // 1 Events... 1793 during the History of France Series - This is a timeline of French history. 1850s: 1850 - 1851 - 1852 - 1853 - 1854 - 1855 - 1856 - 1857 - 1858 - 1859 1860s: 1860 - 1861 - 1862 - 1863 - 1864 - 1865 - 1866 - 1867 - 1868 - 1869 1870s: 1870 - 1871 - 1872 - 1873 - 1874 - 1875 - 1876 - 1877 - 1878 - 1879 1880s: 1880 - 1881 - 1882 - 1883 - 1884... French Revolution, it was restored in Years: 1800 1801 1802 - 1803 - 1804 1805 1806 Decades: 1770s 1780s 1790s - 1800s - 1810s 1820s 1830s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1803 in art 1803 in literature 1803 in music 1803 in science 1803 in sports List of state leaders in 1803 List of religious leaders in 1803... 1803 by Napoleon redirects here. For other uses, see Napoleon is the name of Frances two emperors of the Bonaparte dynasty: Napoleon I of France (Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769-1821; reigned 1804-1814) Napoleon III of France (Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, 1808-1873; reigned 1852-1870). The title of Napoleon II of France was... Napoleon Bonaparte. It is the oldest of the five académies of the The Institut de France (French Institute) is a French learned society, grouping five académies, the most famous of which is probably the Académie française. The institute manages approximately one thousand foundations. It also awards prizes and subsidies, which amounted to a total of 5,028,190.55... Institut de France.


The Académie consists of forty members, known as immortels (immortals). New members are elected by the members of the Académie itself. Academicians hold office for life, but they may be removed for misconduct. The body has the task of acting as an official authority on the language; it is charged with publishing an official dictionary of the language. Its rulings, however, are only advisory, not binding on either the public or the government.

Table of contents
1 History
2 Membership
3 Functions
4 Prizes
5 Current members
6 See also
7 References

History

Enlarge
Cardinal Richelieu was responsible for the establishment of the Académie française.

The Académie's origins lie in an informal group that met to discuss literature during the late Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century Decades: 1570s 1580s 1590s 1600s 1610s - 1620s - 1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s Years: 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 Events and Trends Permanent Dutch settlement of New York Bay and the Hudson River. Permanent English settlements in Massachusetts and... 1620s and early Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century Decades: 1580s 1590s 1600s 1610s 1620s - 1630s - 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s 1680s Years: 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 Events and Trends Thirty Years War in full swing in Europe September 8, 1636 - A vote of the Great and... 1630s. Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister of France, later took the body under his protection. In anticipation of the formal creation of the body, several members were appointed in Years: 1631 1632 1633 - 1634 - 1635 1636 1637 Decades: 1600s 1610s 1620s - 1630s - 1640s 1650s 1660s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1634 in literature 1634 in science Events Moses Amyrauts Traite de la predestination is published Curaçao captured by the Dutch Treaty of Polianovska First meeting... 1634. On February 22 is the 53rd day of every year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 312 days remaining, 313 in leap years. February Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... 22 February Years: 1632 1633 1634 - 1635 - 1636 1637 1638 Decades: 1600s 1610s 1620s - 1630s - 1640s 1650s 1660s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1635 in literature 1635 in science Events February 10 - The Académie française in Paris is expanded to become a national academy for the artistic elite... 1635, at Richelieu's urging, King Louis XIII granted Letters Patent by Queen Victoria creating office of Governor-General of Australia Letters patent are a type of legal document which is an open letter issued by a monarch or government granting a right, monopoly, title, or status to someone or some entity such as a corporation. The opposite of... letters patent formally establishing the body; the letters patent were registered at the Ancien Régime Structure Estates of the realm First Estate Second Estate Third Estate Parlements Taille Gabelle Seigneurial system History Capetian dynasty Valois dynasty Bourbon dynasty Estates-General Parlements in ancien régime France — contrary to what their name would suggest to the modern reader — were not democratic... Parlement de Paris on July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. July Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... 10 July Years: 1634 1635 1636 - 1637 - 1638 1639 1640 Decades: 1600s 1610s 1620s - 1630s - 1640s 1650s 1660s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1637 in literature 1637 in science Events February 3 - Tulipmania collapses in Netherlands by government order February 15 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor December 17 - Japan... 1637. The Académie française was responsible for the regulation of French grammar, orthography, and literature.


During the History of France Series - This is a timeline of French history. 1850s: 1850 - 1851 - 1852 - 1853 - 1854 - 1855 - 1856 - 1857 - 1858 - 1859 1860s: 1860 - 1861 - 1862 - 1863 - 1864 - 1865 - 1866 - 1867 - 1868 - 1869 1870s: 1870 - 1871 - 1872 - 1873 - 1874 - 1875 - 1876 - 1877 - 1878 - 1879 1880s: 1880 - 1881 - 1882 - 1883 - 1884... French Revolution, the History of France series Gaul Franks Middle Ages Ancien Régime French Revolution Causes Estates-General National Assembly Storming of the Bastille National Constituent Assembly (1, 2, 3) Legislative Assembly and fall of the monarchy National Convention and Reign of Terror Directory Consulate Related: Glossary, Timeline, Wars, List of people... National Convention suppressed all royal academies, including the Académie française. In Years: Years: 1786 1787 1788 - 1789 - 1790 1791 1792 Decades: 1750s 1760s 1770s - 1780s - 1790s 1800s 1810s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1789 in art 1789 in literature 1789 in music 1789 in science List of state leaders in 1789 List of colonial governors in 1789 List of... 1792, the election of new members to replace those who died was prohibited; in Years: 1790 1791 1792 - 1793 - 1794 1795 1796 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1793 in art 1793 in literature 1793 in music 1793 in science List of state leaders in 1793 List of religious leaders in 1793 Contents // 1 Events... 1793, the academies were themselves abolished. They were all replaced in Years: 1792 1793 1794 - 1795 - 1796 1797 1798 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1795 in art 1795 in literature 1795 in music 1795 in science List of state leaders in 1795 List of religious leaders in 1795 Contents // 1 Events... 1795 by a single body called the Institut de France, or Institute of France. Napoleon Bonaparte, as Originally, three equal Consuls made up the government established by Napoleon Bonaparte after the coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799), which established the Consulate in France (1799-1804). Napoleon, however, soon arose as the strongest of the three. Contents // Categories: Stub ... First Consul, decided to restore the former academies, but only as "classes" or divisions of the Institut de France. The second class of the Institut was responsible for the French language, and corresponded to the former Académie française. When Louis XVIII (November 17, 1755 - September 16, 1824) was King of France from 1814 (although he declared that he considered his reign to have begun in 1795) until his death in 1824. Early Life Louis-Stanislas-Xavier was born on November 17, 1755 in the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France... King Louis XVIII came to the throne in Years: 1813 1814 1815 - 1816 - 1817 1818 1819 Decades: 1780s 1790s 1800s - 1810s - 1820s 1830s 1840s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1816 in art 1816 in literature 1816 in rail transport 1816 in science 1816 in music 1816 in sports List of state leaders in 1816 List of... 1816, each class regained the title of "Académie"; accordingly, the second class of the Institut became the Académie française. Since Years: 1813 1814 1815 - 1816 - 1817 1818 1819 Decades: 1780s 1790s 1800s - 1810s - 1820s 1830s 1840s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1816 in art 1816 in literature 1816 in rail transport 1816 in science 1816 in music 1816 in sports List of state leaders in 1816 List of... 1816, the existence of the Académie française has been uninterrupted.


The This article is part of the series This article discusses political groups and tendencies in Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no... President of France is the "protector" or patron of the Académie. Cardinal Richelieu originally fulfilled this role; upon his death in Years: 1639 1640 1641 - 1642 - 1643 1644 1645 Decades: 1610s 1620s 1630s - 1640s - 1650s 1660s 1670s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1642 in literature 1642 in science Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. Beginning of English... 1642, Pierre Séguier, the This page is a list of French justice ministers. Under the ancien régime, the French minister responsible for the judiciary was the Chancellor of France. The Chancellor was responsible for seeing that royal decrees were registered by the various Parlements of the realm. However, as the Chancellor was appointed... Chancellor of France, succeeded him. Louis XIV King of France and Navarre By Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701) Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné) (September 5, 1638–September 1, 1715) reigned as King of France and King of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death. He was a minor when he inherited the Crown; he did not... King Louis XIV took over the function when Séguier died in Years: 1669 1670 1671 - 1672 - 1673 1674 1675 Decades: 1640s 1650s 1660s - 1670s - 1680s 1690s 1700s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1672 in literature 1672 in science Events England, France, Munster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is know as ´het rampjaar´ (the disaster year... 1672; since then, the French head of state has always served as the Académie's protector. From Years: 1669 1670 1671 - 1672 - 1673 1674 1675 Decades: 1640s 1650s 1660s - 1670s - 1680s 1690s 1700s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1672 in literature 1672 in science Events England, France, Munster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is know as ´het rampjaar´ (the disaster year... 1672 to Years: 1802 1803 1804 - 1805 - 1806 1807 1808 Decades: 1770s 1780s 1790s - 1800s - 1810s 1820s 1830s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1805 in art 1805 in literature 1805 in music 1805 in science 1805 in sports List of state leaders in 1805 List of religious leaders in 1805... 1805, the official meetings of the Académie were held at the The main courtyard of the Louvre. The entrance to the galleries lies below the glass pyramid The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre), located in Paris, is one of the largest and most famous museums in the world. The building, a former royal palace (see below), lies in the centre... Louvre; since Years: 1802 1803 1804 - 1805 - 1806 1807 1808 Decades: 1770s 1780s 1790s - 1800s - 1810s 1820s 1830s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1805 in art 1805 in literature 1805 in music 1805 in science 1805 in sports List of state leaders in 1805 List of religious leaders in 1805... 1805, the Académie française has met at the Collège des Quatre Nations (now known as the Palais de l'Institut). The remaining academies of the Institut de France also meet at the Palais de l'Institut.


Membership

The Académie française has forty seats, each of which is assigned a separate number. Members are known as les immortels (the immortals) because of the device, À l'immortalité, that appears on the official seal of the body granted by Cardinal Richelieu. One of the immortels is chosen by his or her counterparts to be the Académie's Permanent Secretary; the Permanent Secretary serves for life, or until resignation. The Académie may, furthermore, appoint a former Permanent Secretary to the office of Honorary Permanent Secretary. The most senior member, by date of election, is the Dean of the Académie.


New members are elected by the Académie itself (the original members were appointed). When a seat falls vacant, one may apply to the Secretary if one wishes to become a candidate. Alternatively, the existing members may nominate other candidates. A candidate is elected only if he or she receives the votes of a majority of members voting; the quorum is twenty members. If no candidate receives an absolute majority, another election must be held at a later date. The election is valid only if the protector of the Académie, the President of France, grants his approval. The President's approbation, however, is only a formality. Then, the new member is installed at a sitting of the Académie. The new member must deliver a speech to the Académie, in which he or she customarily An eulogy is a funeral oration given in tribute to a person or people who have recently died. Eulogies should not be confused with elegies, which are poems written in tribute to the dead; nor with obituaries, which are published biographies recounting the lives of those who have recently died... eulogises the member being replaced. Eight days thereafter, a public reception is held, during which the new member makes a speech thanking his counterparts for his election.


Members remain in the Académie for life. However, the body may expel an academician for grave misconduct. The first expulsion came in Years: 1635 1636 1637 - 1638 - 1639 1640 1641 Decades: 1600s 1610s 1620s - 1630s - 1640s 1650s 1660s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1638 in literature 1638 in science Events March 29 - Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden. April 15 - Shogunate forces defeat the last rebels... 1638, when Auger de Moléon de Granier was removed for theft. The most recent expulsions came at the end of the Download high resolution version (800x1094, 114 KB)Picture taken of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The picture was taken from one of the B-29 Superfortresses used in the attack. Picture taken from http://www.archives.gov/research_room/research_topics/world_war_2_photos/images/ww2_1623.jpg Page: http://www... Second World War; Abel Bonnard, Abel Hermant, Philippe Pétain, and Charles Maurras (April 20, 1868 - November 16, 1952) was a French monarchist poet, critic and leader and principal thinker of the anti-Dreyfusard Action Française movement. He was born in Martigues in the Bouches_du_Rhone département in the south of France and brought up in a Catholic, monarchist environment... Charles Maurras were all excluded for their association with the Vichy France (French: now called Régime de Vichy or Vichy; called itself at the time État Français, or French State) was the French state of 1940-1944 which was a puppet government under Nazi influence, as opposed to the Free French Forces, based first in London and later... Vichy regime. In total, twenty members have been expelled from the Académie.

Public domain image from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/photodraw/portraits/index.html. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete...
Public domain image from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/photodraw/portraits/index.html. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete... Enlarge
Raymond Poincaré was one of the five French heads of state who became members of the Académie française. He is depicted wearing the habit vert, or green habit, of the Académie.

There have been a total of 708 immortels, of whom four have been women (the first woman, Marguerite Yourcenar was the pseudonym of French novelist, Marguerite de Crayencour (June 8, 1903 - December 17, 1987). She was born in Brussels, Belgium, and educated privately to a prodigious standard. She was reading Racine and Aristophanes by the age of eight and her father taught her Latin at ten, and... Marguerite Yourcenar, was elected in 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. Years: 1977 1978 1979 - 1980 - 1981 1982 1983 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1980 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics... 1980). Individuals who are not citizens of France may be, and have been, elected. Moreover, although most academicians are writers, one need not be a member of the literary profession to become a member. The Académie has included numerous politicians, lawyers, scientists, historians, philosophers, and senior The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. Members generally prefer the term Catholic Church, but this term has multiple meanings (see Catholicism); the term Roman Catholic Church is used in this article to avoid... Roman Catholic clergymen. Five French heads of state ( Louis Adolphe Thiers (April 16, 1797 _ September 3, 1877) was a French statesman and historian. He was President of France from 1871 to 1873, the first president of the Third Republic.[1] He was born in Marseille, France. His family is somewhat grandiloquently spoken of as cloth merchants ruined... Adolphe Thiers, Raymond Poincaré, French statesman Paul Deschanel Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel (February 13, 1855 - April 28, 1922) was a French statesman. He served as President of France from February 18, 1920 to September 21, 1920. Paul Deschanel, the son of Émile Deschanel (1819-1904), professor at the Collège de France and... Paul Deschanel, Philippe Pétain, and Valéry Giscard d'Estaing), and one foreign head of state (Léopold Sédar Senghor of The Republic of Senegal is a country south of the Senegal River in West Africa. Senegal is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south. The Gambia forms a virtual enclave within Senegal, following... Senegal) have been members. Other famous academicians include Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 7th duc de Broglie, generally known as Louis de Broglie (August 15, 1892–March 19, 1987), was a French physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. He was born in Dieppe (Seine-Maritime), younger son of Victor, 5th duc de Broglie. In 1960, upon the death without... Louis, duc de Broglie, Alexandre Dumas, fils (July 27, 1824 - November 27, 1895) was the son of Alexandre Dumas, père, who followed in his fathers footsteps becoming a celebrated author and playwright. Alexandre Dumas fils was born in Paris, France, the illegitimate child of Marie-Catherine Labay, a dressmaker, and novelist Alexandre... Alexandre Dumas, fils, Victor Hugo Victor Hugo (February 26, 1802 - May 22, 1885) was a French author, the most important of the Romantic authors in the French language. His major works include the novels The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Misérables, and a large body of poetry. Contents // 1 Life and... Victor Hugo, Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (January 18, 1689 - February 10, French political thinker who lived during the Enlightenment and is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many... Charles, baron de Montesquieu, Louis Pasteur French microbiologist and chemist Born December 27, 1822 Dole, Jura, France Died September 28, 1895 Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, France Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist who demonstrated the germ theory of disease and developed techniques of inoculation... Louis Pasteur, Henri Poincaré, and Voltaire François-Marie Arouet (November 21, 1694—May 30, 1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, deist and philosopher. Contents // 1 Biography 1.1 Exile to England 1.2 Return to Paris 1.3 Cirey 1.4 Frederick the Great 1.5... Voltaire.


Many notable French writers have not become members of the Académie française. In Years: 1852 1853 1854 - 1855 - 1856 1857 1858 Decades: 1820s 1830s 1840s - 1850s - 1860s 1870s 1880s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1855 in art 1855 in literature 1855 in music 1855 in rail transport 1855 in science 1855 in sports List of state leaders in 1855 List of... 1855, the writer Arsène Houssaye devised the expression "forty-first seat" for deserving individuals who were never elected to the Académie, because their candidacies were rejected, because they were never candidates, or because they died before appropriate vacancies arose. Notable figures in French literature who never became academicians include Honoré de Balzac, René Descartes René Descartes (IPA: [rəne.dekɑʁt], March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650), also known as Cartesius, worked as a philosopher and mathematician. While most notable for his groundbreaking work in philosophy, he has achieved wide fame as the inventor of the Cartesian coordinate... René Descartes, Denis Diderot Denis Diderot (October 5, 1713 - July 31, 1784) was a French writer and philosopher. Born in Langres, Champagne, France in 1713, he was a prominent figure in what became known as the Enlightenment, and was the editor-in-chief of the famous Encyclopédie. Diderot also contributed to... Denis Diderot, Gustave Flaubert Gustave Flaubert (December 12, 1821 – Croisset, May 8, 1880) is counted among the greatest Western novelists. He was born in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, in the Haute-Normandie Region of France. Note: the usual English pronunciation of his name is goo-STAHVE floh-BEHR. Contents // 1 Life 2... Gustave Flaubert, Molière, Valentin-Louis-Georges-Eugène-Marcel Proust (July 10, 1871 - November 18, 1922) was a French intellectual, novelist, essayist and critic, best known as the author of In Search of Lost Time (À la recherche du temps perdu, also translated previously as Remembrance of Things Past). Biography Proust was born in... Marcel Proust, and Émile Zola.


The official uniform of an academician is known as l'habit vert, or the green habit. The habit vert, worn at the Académie's foreign ceremonies, was first adopted during Napoleon Bonaparte's reorganisation of the Institut de France. It consists of a long black coat and black feathered Napoléon Bonaparte in his trademark bicorne hat The Bicorne hat is an archaic form of headgear associated with the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Much worn by European and American military and naval officers, it is most associated with Napoléon Bonaparte. Evolved from the tricorne, the black... bicorne hat, each embroidered in dark green, together with black trousers or skirt. Furthermore, members receive a ceremonial A sword (from Old English sweord; akin to Old High German swerd lit. wounding tool, from the PIE *sver- to wound, to hurt) is a long edged bladed weapon, consisting in its most fundamental design of a blade and a handle. The blade is normally of metal and often ground... sword (l'épée). Academicians who are women or clergymen do not receive swords.


Functions

The Académie is France's official authority on the usages, vocabulary, and grammar of the French language, although its recommendations carry no legal power. Sometimes, even governmental authorities disregard the Académie's rulings. The Académie publishes the official dictionary of the French language, known as the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française. A special Commission composed of several (but not all) of the members of the Académie undertakes the compilation of the work. The Académie has completed eight editions of the dictionary, which have been published in Years: 1691 1692 1693 - 1694 - 1695 1696 1697 Decades: 1660s 1670s 1680s - 1690s - 1700s 1710s 1720s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1694 in literature 1694 in science 1694 state leaders Events February 6 - The colony Quilombo dos Palmares is destroyed. July 27 - A Royal Charter is granted to... 1694, Years: 1715 1716 1717 - 1718 - 1719 1720 1721 Decades: 1680s 1690s 1700s - 1710s - 1720s 1730s 1740s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1718 in literature 1718 in music 1718 in science List of state leaders in 1718 List of religious leaders in 1718 Contents // 1 Events 2 Ongoing events... 1718, Years: 1737 1738 1739 - 1740 - 1741 1742 1743 Decades: 1710s 1720s 1730s - 1740s - 1750s 1760s 1770s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1740 in literature 1740 in music 1740 in science List of state leaders in 1740 List of religious leaders in 1740 Events May 31 - Friedrich II comes... 1740, Years: 1759 1760 1761 - 1762 - 1763 1764 1765 Decades: 1730s 1740s 1750s - 1760s - 1770s 1780s 1790s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1762 in art 1762 in literature 1762 in music 1762 in science List of state leaders in 1762 List of religious leaders in 1762 Contents // 1 Events... 1762, Years: 1795 1796 1797 - 1798 - 1799 1800 1801 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1798 in art 1798 in literature 1798 in music 1798 in science List of state leaders in 1798 List of religious leaders in 1798 Contents // 1 Events... 1798, Years: 1832 1833 1834 - 1835 - 1836 1837 1838 Decades: 1800s 1810s 1820s - 1830s - 1840s 1850s 1860s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1835 in art 1835 in literature 1835 in rail transport 1835 in science 1835 in music 1835 in sports List of state leaders in 1835 List of... 1835, Years: 1875 1876 1877 - 1878 - 1879 1880 1881 Decades: 1840s 1850s 1860s - 1870s - 1880s 1890s 1900s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1878 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Rail transport - Science - Sport Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders Contents // 1 Events 1.1... 1878, and Years: 1932 1933 1934 - 1935 - 1936 1937 1938 Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s - 1930s - 1940s 1950s 1960s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1935 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1935. It continues work on the ninth edition, of which the first volume (A to Enzyme) appeared in 1992 is a This is a calendar for any leap year starting on Wednesday (dominical letter ED) e.g. 1992. January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 1 1... 1992, and the second volume (Éocène to Mappemonde) in This page is about the year 2000. See Note: This is an article about the British comic book 2000 AD, rather than the year 2000 2000 AD logo 2000 AD is a weekly British science fiction oriented comic. The publication, which serialises a number of separate stories each prog (see... 2000. In Years: 1775 1776 1777 - 1778 - 1779 1780 1781 Decades: 1740s 1750s 1760s - 1770s - 1780s 1790s 1800s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1778 in art 1778 in literature 1778 in music 1778 in science List of state leaders in 1778 List of religious leaders in 1778 Events The term... 1778, the Académie attempted to compile an "historical dictionary" of the French language; this idea, however, was later abandoned, the work never progressing past the letter A.


As The culture of France is diverse, reflecting regional differences as well as the influence of recent immigration. Contents // Work Religion Traditionally a predominantly Roman Catholic country, with anticlerical leanings, France is since the 1970s a very secular country. However, public holidays are still largely traditional Catholic holidays; and knowledge of... French culture has come under increasing pressure with the widespread availability of The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. It is the third most common first language (native speakers), with around 402 million people in 2002. English has lingua franca status in many parts of the world, due to the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence... English media, the Académie has tried to prevent the Anglicisation is a process of making something English. People may be anglicised: An immigrant to England may be said to become anglicised as he or she acclimates to the culture. However, anglicisation is most commonly discussed in the more abstract context of language: Language is said to become anglicised as... anglicisation of the French language. For example, the Académie has replaced A loanword (or a borrowing) is a word taken in by one language from another. The word loanword itself is a calque of the German (Deutsch) Spoken in: Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and 38 other countries. Region: Europe Total speakers: 120 million Ranking: 9 Genetic classification: Indo-European  Germanic  ... loanwords from English (such as walkman and software) with French equivalents (baladeur and logiciel, respectively). Moreover, the Académie has worked to modernise French spellings and orthography. The body, however, has sometimes been criticised for behaving in an excessively conservative fashion. A recent controversy involved the creation of feminine equivalents for the names of several professions. For instance, in 1997 is a This is the calendar for a common year starting on Wednesday (dominical letter E), e.g. 2003. (A common year is a year with 365 days — in other words, not a leap year.) January Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4... 1997, Lionel Jospin (born 12 July 1937) is a French statesman. Lionel Jospin was educated at the École nationale dadministration. Entering the French Socialist Party in 1971, he became the leader of the party when François Mitterrand was elected president in 1981, then minister of education between 1988 and... Lionel Jospin's government advocated using the feminine noun "la ministre" to refer to a female minister. The Académie, however, insisted on the traditional usage of the masculine noun, "le ministre," for a minister of either gender.


Prizes

The Académie française is responsible for awarding several different prizes in various fields (including literature, poetry, theatre, cinema, history, and translation). This function is relatively recent for the Académie; almost all of the prizes have been created in the twentieth century, and only two prizes were awarded before Years: 1777 1778 1779 - 1780 - 1781 1782 1783 Decades: 1750s 1760s 1770s - 1780s - 1790s 1800s 1810s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1780 in art 1780 in literature 1780 in music 1780 in science List of state leaders in 1780 List of religious leaders in 1780 Events January 16... 1780. In total, the Académie awards over sixty prizes, most of them annually.


The most important prize is the grand prix de la francophonie, which was instituted in 1986 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Years: 1983 1984 1985 - 1986 - 1987 1988 1989 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1986 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport... 1986, and is funded by the governments of France, Canada is an independent This article discusses states as sovereign political entities. For other meanings, see state (disambiguation). In international law and international relations, a state is a geographic political entity possessing politicial sovereignty, i.e. not being subject to any higher political authority. In casual language, the idea of... Canada, The Prince Albert of Monaco on the left represents a principality where he wields adminisitrative authority. Prince Charles of Wales represents a titular principality with no administrative authority. A principality is a monarchial feudatory or sovereign state, whose monarch is a prince or princess. The term is also sometimes used... Monaco, and For other uses, see Morocco (disambiguation). The Kingdom of Morocco is a country in northwest Africa. It has a long coastline on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has annexed Western Sahara, but this is not universally recognized. الم... Morocco. Other important prizes include the grand prix de littérature (for a literary work), the grand prix du roman (for a novel), the grand prix de poésie (for poetry), the grand prix de philosophie (for a philosophical work), and the grand prix Gobert (for a work on French history).


Current members

The current members of the Académie française are listed by seat number; the year of election is appended in parentheses.

  1. René Rémond ( 1998 is a This is the calendar for any common year starting on Thursday (dominical letter D). (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.) January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa... 1998)
  2. Hector Bianciotti ( 1996 is a This is a calendar for a leap year starting on Monday (dominical letter GF). January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3... 1996)
  3. Jean-Denis Bredin ( 1989 is a This is the calendar for any common year starting on Sunday (dominical letter A). (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.) January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa... 1989)
  4. Jean-Marie Cardinal Lustiger Aaron Jean-Marie Cardinal Lustiger (born September 17, 1926), French clergyman, has been Archbishop of Paris since January 1981, and has been a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church since February 1983. (Note that Lustiger pronounces his surname in the French form Loo-sti-zhair.) Career... Jean-Marie Cardinal Lustiger ( 1995 was a This is the calendar for any common year starting on Sunday (dominical letter A). (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.) January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa... 1995)
  5. Vacant since 2002 is a This is the calendar for a common year starting on Tuesday (dominical letter F), e.g. 2002, 1991, 1985, 1974, 1963... (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.) January Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1... 2002
  6. Marc Fumaroli ( 1995 was a This is the calendar for any common year starting on Sunday (dominical letter A). (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.) January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa... 1995)
  7. Jacqueline Worms de Romilly ( 1988 is a This is the calendar for any leap year starting on a Friday (dominical letter CB). January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6... 1988)
  8. Michel Déon ( Years: 1975 1976 1977 - 1978 - 1979 1980 1981 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1978 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1978)
  9. Alain Decaux ( 1979 is a common year starting on Monday. Years: 1976 1977 1978 - 1979 - 1980 1981 1982 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1979 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics... 1979)
  10. Florence Delay ( This page is about the year 2000. See Note: This is an article about the British comic book 2000 AD, rather than the year 2000 2000 AD logo 2000 AD is a weekly British science fiction oriented comic. The publication, which serialises a number of separate stories each prog (see... 2000)
  11. Gabriel-Marie-Joseph-Anselme de Broglie-Revel (b. 21 April 1931), is a French historian and statesman. He was elected to the Académie française in 2001, replacing Alain Peyrefitte. He is a Knight Commander of the Légion dhonneur. He is a distant relative of the ducs... Gabriel, prince de Broglie ( This article is about the year 2001. For information on the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, see A movie poster from the original release of 2001 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) is an immensely popular and influential science fiction film and book; the film directed by Stanley Kubrick and the... 2001)
  12. Jean, comte d'Ormesson ( 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. Years: 1970 1971 1972 - 1973 - 1974 1975 1976 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1973 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Canada - Sport Lists... 1973)
  13. On May 29, 1974 Jacques Chirac (left) replaced Pierre Messmer (right) as prime minister on the steps of the Hôtel Matignon. Pierre Messmer (born March 20, 1916) is a French Gaullist politician. A veteran of the Free French Forces, he fought at the Battle of Bir Hakeim. He became... Pierre Messmer ( For the album by Prince changed his stage name into an unpronounceable symbol in 1993, but took up the name Prince again in 1999. Prince (born Prince Rogers Nelson June 7, 1958) is a popular musician. His music has spanned myriad styles including funk, rhythm and blues, psychedelia and rock... 1999)
  14. Hélène Carrère d'Encausse ( 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. Years: 1987 1988 1989 - 1990 - 1991 1992 1993 Decades: 1960s 1970s 1980s - 1990s - 2000s 2010s 2020s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1990 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport... 1990) (Permanent Secretary of the Académie)
  15. Frédéric Vitoux ( This article is about the year 2001. For information on the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, see A movie poster from the original release of 2001 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) is an immensely popular and influential science fiction film and book; the film directed by Stanley Kubrick and the... 2001)
  16. Valéry Giscard d'Estaing ( 2003 is a This is the calendar for a common year starting on Wednesday (dominical letter E), e.g. 2003. (A common year is a year with 365 days — in other words, not a leap year.) January Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4... 2003)
  17. Érik Orsenna ( 1998 is a This is the calendar for any common year starting on Thursday (dominical letter D). (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.) January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa... 1998)
  18. Michel Serres (born September 1, 1930) is a French philosopher and author with an unusual career. Born the son of a barge man, Serres entered the Ecole Navale in 1949 and the Ecole Normale Superieure in 1952. He agregated in 1955 after having studied philosophy. He spent the next few... Michel Serres ( 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. Years: 1987 1988 1989 - 1990 - 1991 1992 1993 Decades: 1960s 1970s 1980s - 1990s - 2000s 2010s 2020s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1990 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport... 1990)
  19. Pierre Moinot ( 1982 is a number and represents a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar Years: 1979 1980 1981 - 1982 - 1983 1984 1985 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1982 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and... 1982)
  20. Angelo Rinaldi ( This article is about the year 2001. For information on the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, see A movie poster from the original release of 2001 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) is an immensely popular and influential science fiction film and book; the film directed by Stanley Kubrick and the... 2001)
  21. Félicien Marceau ( Years: 1972 1973 1974 - 1975 - 1976 1977 1978 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1975 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1975)
  22. René, comte de Obaldia ( For the album by Prince changed his stage name into an unpronounceable symbol in 1993, but took up the name Prince again in 1999. Prince (born Prince Rogers Nelson June 7, 1958) is a popular musician. His music has spanned myriad styles including funk, rhythm and blues, psychedelia and rock... 1999)
  23. Pierre Rosenberg ( 1995 was a This is the calendar for any common year starting on Sunday (dominical letter A). (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.) January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa... 1995)
  24. Jean-François Revel ( 1997 is a This is the calendar for a common year starting on Wednesday (dominical letter E), e.g. 2003. (A common year is a year with 365 days — in other words, not a leap year.) January Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4... 1997)
  25. Jean Bernard ( Years: 1972 1973 1974 - 1975 - 1976 1977 1978 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1975 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1975)
  26. Jean-Marie Rouart ( 1997 is a This is the calendar for a common year starting on Wednesday (dominical letter E), e.g. 2003. (A common year is a year with 365 days — in other words, not a leap year.) January Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4... 1997)
  27. Pierre Nora ( This article is about the year 2001. For information on the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, see A movie poster from the original release of 2001 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) is an immensely popular and influential science fiction film and book; the film directed by Stanley Kubrick and the... 2001)
  28. Henri Troyat (born November 1, 1911) is a French author, biographer, historian and novelist. Born in Moscow, his family fled Russia in fear of the upcoming revolution. After a long exile, the family finally settled in Paris, where young Troyat attended college and studied law. He won his first literary... Henri Troyat ( Years: 1956 1957 1958 - 1959 - 1960 1961 1962 Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1959 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1959) (Dean of the Académie)
  29. Claude Lévi-Strauss ( 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. Years: 1970 1971 1972 - 1973 - 1974 1975 1976 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1973 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Canada - Sport Lists... 1973)
  30. Maurice Druon (born April 23, 1918) is a French novelist and member of Académie française. Maurice Druon was born in Paris. He is the nephew of the writer Joseph Kessel, with whom he wrote Chant des Partisans, which, with music composed by Anna Marly, was used by the... Maurice Druon (-1... 1966) (Honorary Permanent Secretary of the Académie)
  31. Jean Dutourd ( Years: 1975 1976 1977 - 1978 - 1979 1980 1981 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1978 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1978)
  32. Alain Robbe-Grillet (born August 18, French agricultural engineer, filmmaker and writer. He was born in Brest, France. He is, with Nathalie Sarraute, Michel Butor and Claude Simon, one of the figures most associated with the trend of the nouveau roman. Alain Robbe-Grillet was elected a member of the... Alain Robbe-Grillet ( 2004 is a This is a calendar for any leap year starting on Thursday (dominical letter DC), e.g. 2004. January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 1 2 3... 2004)
  33. Michel Mohrt ( 1985 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. For information pertaining to the Bowling for Soup song, see 1985 (song) Years: 1982 1983 1984 - 1985 - 1986 1987 1988 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1985 in topic... 1985)
  34. François Cheng ( 2002 is a This is the calendar for a common year starting on Tuesday (dominical letter F), e.g. 2002, 1991, 1985, 1974, 1963... (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.) January Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1... 2002)
  35. Yves Pouliquen ( This article is about the year 2001. For information on the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, see A movie poster from the original release of 2001 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) is an immensely popular and influential science fiction film and book; the film directed by Stanley Kubrick and the... 2001)
  36. Jean-François Deniau ( 1992 is a This is a calendar for any leap year starting on Wednesday (dominical letter ED) e.g. 1992. January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 1 1... 1992)
  37. René Girard ( Years: 2002 is a This is the calendar for a common year starting on Tuesday (dominical letter F), e.g. 2002, 1991, 1985, 1974, 1963... (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.) January Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  ... 2005)
  38. François Jacob ( 1996 is a This is a calendar for a leap year starting on Monday (dominical letter GF). January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3... 1996)
  39. Bertrand Poirot-Delpech ( 1986 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Years: 1983 1984 1985 - 1986 - 1987 1988 1989 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1986 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport... 1986)
  40. Pierre-Jean Rémy ( 1988 is a This is the calendar for any leap year starting on a Friday (dominical letter CB). January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6... 1988)

See also

References

 
 

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