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An Oxford University DPhil in full academic dress.

Academic dress or academical dress (also known in the United States as academic regalia and sometimes as academicals) is traditional clothing worn specifically in academic settings - primarily tertiary but also, to a lesser extent, secondary education. Contemporarily, it is more commonly seen only at graduation ceremonies, but formerly academic dress was, and to a lesser degree in many ancient universities still is, worn on a daily basis. Today the ensemble generally consists of a gown (also known as a "robe") with a separate hood, and usually a cap (generally either a mortarboard, a tam, or a bonnet). Academic dress is also worn by members of certain learned societies and institutions as official dress. Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph. ... A baby wearing many items of winter clothing: headband, cap, fur-lined coat, shawl and sweater. ... Academia is a collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in higher education and research, taken as a whole. ... Students attend a lecture at a tertiary institution. ... High School also refers to the highest form of classical riding, High School Dressage. ... Academic procession during the University of Canterbury graduation ceremony. ... Ancient university is a term used to describe the medieval and renaissance universities of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland that have continued to exist. ... Wedding - Bridesmaid in long gown A gown or evening gown is a womans evening wear, corresponding to mens formal wear for white tie and black tie events. ... A dragon robe from Qing Dynasty of China A robe is a loose-fitting outer garment. ... Graduation portrait of Linus Pauling, 1922 A mortarboard is an item of academic headgear consisting of a horizontal square board fixed upon a skull-cap, with a tassel attached to the centre. ... The tam is a tall, round knitted cap, which is often brightly coloured. ... A tudor bonnet is an academic cap worn by one holding a doctorate degree as part of the academic dress. ... A learned society is a society that exists to promote an academic discipline or group of disciplines. ...

Overview

The academic dress found in most universities in the British Commonwealth and the United States is derived from that of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which was a development of academic and clerical dress common throughout the medieval universities of Europe, itself a development of the academic robes worn in the medieval Madrasahs of the Middle East.^[1] The Commonwealth of Nations as of 2007 Headquarters Marlborough House, London, UK Official languages English Membership 53 sovereign states Leaders  -  Queen Elizabeth II  -  Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma Appointed 24 November 2007 Establishment  -  Balfour Declaration 18 November 1926   -  Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931   -  London Declaration 28 April 1949  Area  -  Total... The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University), located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. ... The first European medieval institutions generally considered to be universities were established in Italy, France, and England in the late 11th and the 12th centuries for the study of arts, law, medicine, and theology. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand, ca. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

Formal or sober clothing is typically worn beneath the gown so, for example, men would often wear a dark suit with a white shirt and tie, or clerical clothing, military or civil uniform, or national dress, and women would wear equivalent attire. Some older universities, particularly Oxford and Cambridge, have a prescribed set of dress (known as subfusc) to be worn under the gown. Though some universities are relaxed about what people wear under their gowns, it is nevertheless considered bad form to be in casual wear or the like during graduation,^{[citation needed]} but a number of universities may bar finishing students from joining the procession or the ceremony itself if not appropriately dressed (though this may often only refer to the academic dress and not what is worn beneath it, if unseen). Suits from the 1937 Chicago Woolen Mills catalog A suit, with varieties such as a business suit, three-piece suit, lounge suit or two-piece suit , comprises a collection of matching clothing consisting of: a coat (commonly known as a jacket) a waistcoat (optional) (USA vest) — without this it is... Business shirt In American English, shirt can refer to almost any upper-body garment other than coats and bras (the term top is sometimes used in ladieswear). ... For the grappling position, see double collar tie. ... Clerical clothing is non-liturgical clothing worn exclusively by clergy. ... For other uses, see Uniform (disambiguation). ... National dress is a type of clothing which identifies with a certain nationality or culture. ... For the football culture, see Casuals. ...

British academic dress

There is a distinction between different types of academical dress. Most recently, gowns, hoods and caps are categorised into their shape and patterns by what may be known as the Groves Classification of Academic Dress, which is based on Nicholas Groves's document, Hood and Gown Patterns ^[2]. This lists the various styles or patterns of academic dress and assigns them a code or a Groves Classification Number. For example, the Cambridge BA style gown is designated [b2] and a hood in the Cambridge full-shape is designated [f1], etc.

Gown

The modern gown is derived from the roba worn under the cappa clausa, a garment resembling a long black cape. In early medieval times, all students at the universities were in at least minor orders, and were required to wear the cappa or other clerical dress, and restricted to clothes of black or other dark colour. The minor orders are the lowest ranks in the Christian clergy. ...

An alternative coloured gown, Open University, MEd.

Bachelor's gown, with hood and cap of the University of Canterbury(New Zealand).

The gowns most commonly worn, that of the clerical type gowns of Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Master of Arts (MA), are substantially the same throughout the English-speaking world. Both are traditionally made of black cloth, (although occasionally the gown is dyed in one of the college's colours) and have the material at the back of the gown gathered into a yoke. The BA gown has bell-shaped sleeves, while the MA gown has long sleeves closed at the end, with the arm passing through a slit above the elbow. Image File history File linksMetadata OU-graduate. ... Image File history File linksMetadata OU-graduate. ... Affiliations Alliance of Non-Aligned Universities, Association of Commonwealth Universities, European Association of Distance Teaching Universities, Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Website http://www. ... Photo taken at the University of Canterbury graduation ceremony held during december 2004. ... Photo taken at the University of Canterbury graduation ceremony held during december 2004. ... This page is about the New Zealand university. ... A B.A. issued from the University of Tennessee. ... A Master of Arts is a postgraduate academic masters degree awarded by universities in North America and the United Kingdom (excluding the ancient universities of Scotland and Oxbridge. ...

There are two types of yokes which are used for gowns. The more traditional is the curved yoke, whilst the square or straight yoke is used more in modern times.

Another type of gown is called the lay type gown which is similar to the MA gown in that it has long closed sleeves but it does not have a yoke. Instead, there is a flap collar with the gathers underneath it. Thus it is less volumous than the clerical type gown. This gown is often used for the dress of officers and graduates of some degrees (especially Oxford).

In the Commonwealth, gowns are worn open, while in the United States it has become common for gowns to close at the front, as did the original roba.

Dress and undress gowns

An Anglican priest in choir dress. The dark red of his divinity hood can be seen on his shoulders.

Since medieval times, doctors, like bishops and cardinals, have been authorised to wear garments of brighter colours such as scarlet, purple or red. In many older universities, doctors have scarlet dress gowns or robes (sometimes called "festal robes") which are worn on special occasions (for example, at graduation ceremonies and on certain festivals of the Christian calendar, referred to as scarlet days in the University of Cambridge). A third form of dress, now rarely seen, is the Convocation habit. This is a scarlet sleeveless garment worn over the black gown, with the sleeves of the gown pulled through the armholes. It is similar to a bishop's chimere. It is worn at meetings of Convocation or Congregation by those presenting candidates for degrees. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (480x640, 80 KB) Summary Picture of Anglican priest in choir habit -- cassock, surplice, academic hood and tippet -- taken by Gareth Hughes on 21 October 2005. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (480x640, 80 KB) Summary Picture of Anglican priest in choir habit -- cassock, surplice, academic hood and tippet -- taken by Gareth Hughes on 21 October 2005. ... This box:      Anglicanism most commonly refers to the beliefs and practices of the Anglican Communion, a world-wide affiliation of Christian Churches, most of which have historical connections with the Church of England. ... This article is about religious workers. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      This article... For other uses, see Cardinal (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Festival (disambiguation). ... A Convocation (Latin calling together, translating the Greek ecclesia) is a group of people formally assembled for a special purpose. ... A chimere is a garment that can be worn as part of academic dress, or by Anglican bishops in choir dress. ... A congregation is the assembly of senior members of a university, especially in the United Kingdom. ...

There are two distinctive shapes used in the UK for doctor's gown; the Oxford doctor's shape and the Cambridge doctor's shape. The former has bell-shaped sleeves, the latter has long open sleeves.

The other form of doctors' gown is the undress gown. This is a black gown (which may or may not be distinct from the masters gown depending on the university) worn for less formal occasions such as lectures. This type of gown is rarely seen or worn nowadays as many wear the dress gown instead as there are fewer applications for it in normal university life. However, the undress gown still plays a part in the older universities where academic dress is usually worn.

Undergraduate gowns

Undergraduates at many older universities also wear gowns; the most common essentially a smaller knee-length version of the BA gown, or the Oxford Commoners gown which is sleeveless lay type gown and has two streamers at the back. This is not the case at the Ancient Scottish universities, such as the University of St Andrews, where the undergraduate gown is scarlet and typically features a velveteen collar. Undergraduate gowns are seldom worn (even in institutions that prescribe them) nowadays except in the older universities. Most new universities do not prescribe them since it is felt that it is very unlikely students will wear them.^{[citation needed]} St Marys College Bute Medical School St Leonards College[5][6] Affiliations 1994 Group Website http://www. ...

In the past, undergraduates wore gowns according to their rank; for noblemen they wore coloured gowns with gold gimp lace, buttons and other decorations whilst fellow-commoners, gentleman-commoners, scholars, commoners, pensioners, sizars/battelors and servitors wore black gowns of decreasing flamboyance based on their standing in the universities ^[3].

See also: Undergraduate gowns in Scotland

Hood

The traditional BA fur lined hood worn with an undergraduate gown for graduation from the University of Cambridge.

The hood was originally a functional garment, worn to shield the head from the elements. In the English tradition, it has developed to an often bright and decorative garment worn only on special occasions. It is also worn by clergy of the Anglican Communion in choir dress, over the surplice, and it is common in cathedrals, churches, and chapels for the choirmaster and/or members of the choir to wear an academic hood to which they are entitled during services, over their cassock and surplice. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. ... Main article: Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is a world-wide affiliation of Anglican Churches. ... An Anglican priest wearing a surplice as part of his choir dress. ... Clergy in Cassocks A Roman Catholic priest from Belgian Congo wearing the Roman cassock. ... An Anglican priest wearing a surplice as part of his choir dress. ...

Hoods comprise two basic patterns, 'full shape' or 'simple shape'. The traditional "full-shape" hood consists of a cape, cowl and liripipe, as is used at Cambridge. At Oxford, the bachelors' and masters' hoods use "simple" hoods which have lost their cape, and retain only the cowl and liripipe. Some universities only have a cape and cowl and no liripipe; these are referred to as the "Aberdeen shape". Various other universities have different shapes and patterns of hoods, in some cases corresponding to the pattern current at the ancient universities at the time when they were founded, and in others representing a completely new design. A Roman Catholic monk wearing a cowl The cowl (from the Latin, cuculla) is a long, outer garment, with wide sleeves, worn by Catholic monks when participating in the liturgy. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

The colour and lining of hoods in academic dress represents the rank and faculty of the wearer. In many Commonwealth universities bachelors wear hoods edged or lined with white rabbit fur, while masters wear hoods lined with coloured silk (originally ermine or other expensive fur). Doctors' hoods are normally made of scarlet cloth and lined with coloured silk.

Cap

The academic cap or square, commonly known as the "mortarboard", has come to be symbolic of academia. In some universities it can be worn by graduates and undergraduates alike. It is a flat square hat with a tassel suspended from a button in the top center of the board. Properly worn, the cap is parallel to the ground, though some people, especially women, wear it angled back. Graduation portrait of Linus Pauling, 1922 The square academic cap, very commonly called a mortarboard (from the French mortier, a type of toque), is an item of academic headgear consisting of a horizontal square board fixed upon a skull-cap, with a tassel attached to the centre. ...

The mortarboard may also be referred to as a trencher cap (or simply trencher). In many universities, holders of doctorates wear a soft rounded headpiece known as a Tudor bonnet or tam, rather than a trencher. Other types of hats used, especially in some universities in the UK, are the John Knox cap (mostly at Scottish universities), the Bishop Andrewes cap (Cambridge DDs) and the pileus (at Sussex). In some universities, such as Oxford, women may wear an Oxford ladies' cap. Graduation portrait of Linus Pauling, 1922 The square academic cap, very commonly called a mortarboard (from the French mortier, a type of toque), is an item of academic headgear consisting of a horizontal square board fixed upon a skull-cap, with a tassel attached to the centre. ... A tudor bonnet is an academic cap worn by one holding a doctorate degree as part of the academic dress. ... The tam is a tall, round knitted cap, which is often brightly coloured. ... Doctor of Divinity (D.D., Divinitatis Doctor in Latin) is an academic degree. ... Pileus may mean: In science: Pileus (mycology), the cap of a mushroom. ...

For Catholic — and some Anglican — clergy, the traditional black biretta may be worn in some circumstances instead of the mortarboard. Those clerics who possess a doctorate wear the black biretta with four ridges — instead of the usual three — and with piping and pom of the color of the discipline, thus, e.g., emerald for canon law, scarlet for sacred theology, etc. The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... A traditional black biretta The biretta is a square cap with three or four ridges or peaks, sometimes surmounted by a tuft, traditionally worn by Roman Catholic clergy, as well as by some clergy of the Anglican Communion. ...

As with other forms of headgear, in the Commonwealth, academic caps are not generally worn indoors by men (other than by the Chancellor or other high officials), but are usually carried. In some graduation ceremonies caps have been dispensed with for men, being issued only to women, who do wear them indoors, or have been abandoned altogether. This has led to urban legends in a number of universities in the United Kingdom and Ireland which have as a common theme that idea that the wearing of the cap was abandoned in protest at the admission of women to the university. This story is told at the University of Cambridge, Durham University, the University of Bristol, the University of St Andrews and Trinity College, Dublin among others. An urban legend or urban myth is similar to a modern folklore consisting of stories often thought to be factual by those circulating them. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. ... Affiliations 1994 Group European University Association Association of MBAs EQUIS Universities UK N8 Group Association of Commonwealth Universities Website http://www. ... The University of Bristol is a university in Bristol, England. ... St Marys College Bute Medical School St Leonards College[5][6] Affiliations 1994 Group Website http://www. ... For other institutions named Trinity College, see Trinity College. ...

The tassel comprises a cluster of silk threads which are fixed together and fastened by a button at one end, and fixed at the centre of the headpiece. The loose strands are allowed to fall freely over the board edge. Often the stands are plaited together to form a cord with the end threads left untied. For other uses, see hilt and maize. ...

Dress for university officials

Lord Patten, Chancellor of the University of Oxford, wearing his official academic dress for the university Chancellor.

The Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, led by a bedel or mace-bearer.

Officers of the universities generally wear distinctive and more elaborate dress. The Chancellor and the Vice-Chancellor may wear a black damask lay type gown (sometimes with a long train) trimmed with gold or silver lace and frogs. They wear a velvet mortarboard, similarly trimmed with gold braid and tassel. This form of dress is not strictly 'academical' but it is typical dress for those in high positions. Other than this gown, they may have other distinct forms of dress, such as the scarlet cope of the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge which was once worn by Doctors of Divinity. Download high resolution version (368x722, 62 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (368x722, 62 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Christopher Francis Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes, CH, PC (born 12 May 1944 in Bath, Somerset) is a prominent British Conservative politician and a Patron of the Tory Reform Group. ... The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University), located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. ... A Chancellor is the head of a university. ... A Vice-Chancellor (commonly called the VC) of a university in the United Kingdom, other Commonwealth countries, and some universities in Hong Kong, is the de facto head of the university. ... For other uses, see Lace (disambiguation). ... A Frog is an ornamental braiding for fastening the front of a garment that consists of a button and a loop through which it passes. ... a priest wearing a cope The cope is a liturgical vestment, which may be of any liturgical colour, and is like a very long mantle or cloak, fastened at the breast by a clasp. ... Doctor of Divinity (D.D., Divinitatis Doctor in Latin) is an academic degree. ...

Officers of lower rank may wear plain black lay type gowns, sometimes with gold or silver trim. In general, officials do not wear hoods with their lay gowns.

Marshals and bedels often wear black lay-type gowns with bands and a black bonnet. Marshal (also sometimes spelled marshall in American English, but not in British English) is a word used in several official titles of various branches of society. ... Look up bedel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Bands[1] are a form of formal neckwear, worn by some clergy and lawyers. ...

British customs

At degree ceremonies, graduands often dress in the academic dress of the degree they are about to be admitted to prior to the actual graduation ceremony. This is not the case at several of the older universities in the UK, most notably, Oxford, Cambridge and St Andrews which have their own distinct traditions.

Oxford: Prior to admission to the degree, the graduand will normally wear either the undergraduate Commoners' gown (if being admitted to the BA), the gown and hood of their previous Oxford/external university degree or the Graduate Student's gown (if being admitted to a higher degree). After being formally admitted during the ceremony, they exit the Theatre and assume the gowns and hoods of their new degrees and then return to the Theatre later on in their new gowns.

Cambridge: Prior to admission, the graduand wears the College undergraduate gown (if being admitted to the BA); the BA/MA status gown, or the gown of their previous Cambridge degree (if being admitted to a higher degree), plus the hood of the degree they are about to receive. After the ceremony day, they would wear the correct gown for their new degree.

St. Andrews: Prior to admission, graduands wear only the gown of the degree they are about to be admitted to. During the ceremony, they kneel in front of the Chancellor who formally admits them whilst a steward puts the hood of their new degree on them.

Due to the growing numbers of graduates at universities, most universities do not follow these ancient practices as the ceremony would become too long. Sheldonian Theatre. ...

Academic regalia in the United States of America

American academic dress is typically closed at the front and, as well as the hood, other items such as scarves, stoles or cords may be seen.

Academic regalia in the United States has been influenced by the academic dress traditions of Europe. There is an Inter-Collegiate code which sets out a detailed uniform scheme of academic regalia, but not all colleges follow it. Download high resolution version (750x1000, 120 KB)User Jacob1207 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (750x1000, 120 KB)User Jacob1207 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

History

Students and faculty of Kings College, New York (earlier name of Columbia University) in academic regalia, circa 1755.

The practice of wearing academic regalia in what is now the United States dates to the Colonial Colleges period, and was heavily influenced by European practices and styles. There was not, however, any standardization among the meanings behind the various costumes. In 1893 an Intercollegiate Commission made up of representatives from leading institutions was created to establish an acceptable system of academic dress. The Commission met at Columbia College (now Columbia University) in 1895 and adopted a code of academic regalia, which prescribed the cut and style and materials of the gowns, as well as determined the colors which were to represent the different fields of learning. In 1932 the American Council on Education (ACE) authorized the appointment of a committee "to determine whether revision and completion of the academic code adopted by the conference of the colleges and universities in 1895 is desirable at this time, and, if so, to draft a revised code and present a plan for submitting the code to the consideration of the institutional members of the Council." The committee reviewed the situation and approved a code for academic costumes that has been in effect since that year. A Committee on Academic Costumes and Ceremonies, appointed by the American Council on Education in 1959, again reviewed the academic dress code and made several changes. Image File history File links Columbiatrinity. ... Image File history File links Columbiatrinity. ... Alma Mater Columbia University is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. ... The colonial colleges are nine institutions of higher education chartered in the American Colonies before the American Revolution (1775–1783). ... Alma Mater Columbia University is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. ... The American Council on Education is a United States organization comprising over 1,800 accredited, degree-granting colleges and universities and higher education-related associations, organizations, and corporations. ...

Academic robes (gowns)

Yale University President Richard Levin and Yale College Dean Peter Salovey in portions of their academic garb. (Head coverings, for example, are notably absent).

Bachelors' and masters' gowns in the United States are similar to their counterparts in the United Kingdom, but bachelor's gowns are designed to be worn closed and all are at least mid-calf length to ankle-length. Unlike their UK counterparts, the masters' gown sleeve is oblong and, though the base of the sleeve hangs down in the typical manner, it is "square cut" at the rear part of the oblong shape. The front part has an arc cut away, and there is a slit for the wrist opening, but the rest of the arc is closed. The shape is evocative of the square-cut liripipe incorporated into many academic hoods (see, below). The master's gown is designed to be worn open or closed. Yale redirects here. ... Richard Charles Levin (b. ... For other uses, see Yale (disambiguation). ... Peter Salovey is a psychologist currently working at Yale University. ... A bachelors degree is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three, four, or in some cases and countries, five or six years. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In geometry, a rectangle is a defined as a quadrilateral polygon in which all four angles are right angles. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

Doctoral robes are typically black, although some schools use robes in the school's colors. The Code calls for the outside shell of the hood (see, below) to remain black in this case, however. In general, doctoral gowns are similar to the gowns worn by bachelor's graduates, with the addition of three velvet bands on the sleeves and velvet facing running down the front of the gown, tinted with the color designated for the field of study in which the doctorate was earned (see Inter-Collegiate colors, below). The robes have full sleeves, instead of the bell sleeves of the bachelor's gown. Some gowns expose a tie or cravat when closed, while others take an almost cape-like form. It is designed to be worn open or closed in the front. School colors are the colors chosen by a school to represent it on uniforms and other items of identification. ... Modern neckties, shown here tied as if they were on a person, may be found in a plethora of colours and designs. ...

Members of the Board of Trustees or other governing body officers of a college or university, regardless of their degrees, are entitled to wear doctor's gowns, faced only with black velvet and black velvet bars on the sleeves. However, their hoods (see, below) may be only that of a degree actually held by the wearer, or one specially prescribed for them by the institution.

In the U.S., academic dress is rarely worn outside commencement ceremonies or other academic rituals such as encaenia. A notable exception can be seen at The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. Since 1873, the plain, black academic gown is worn everyday by members of the local honor society and branch of student government, the Order of Gownsmen, and by all faculty members. To receive membership in the Order, undergraduates and members of the School of Theology must obtain and maintain a prescribed grade point average (GPA) and meet other requirements. ^[4] Academic procession during the University of Canterbury graduation ceremony. ... Encaenia (Gk: festival of renewal) is an annual ceremony which takes place at some universities, most notably the University of Oxford. ... The University of the South The University of the South is located in Sewanee, Tennessee, and is a private, coeducational liberal arts college. ... Sewanee may refer to: Sewanee, Tennessee Sewanee, The University of the South This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... The initials GPA can refer, among other things, to Grade Point Average; see Grade (education) Guinness Peat Aviation General Practice Australia, a private, independent medical accreditation society Greyhound Pets of America This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

The hood

The Code calls for the shell material of the hood to match the robe, and for the color to be black regardless of the color of the robe being worn. The interior lining - generally silk - displays the colors of the institution from which the wearer received the degree, in a pattern prescribed by it (usually, if more than one color is used, chevrons or equal divisions). The opening of the hood is trimmed in velvet or velveteen. Chevron may refer to: Chevron, a V-shaped pattern seen in military or police insigna, heraldry, flag design, and architectural frets Chevron, a series of bones on the underside of the tail of reptiles Chevron Corporation, a petrochemical company Chevron Cars, an advertising campaign of the Chevron Corporation including stylized... Trim or trimming in clothing and home decorating is applied ornament such as gimp, passementerie, ribbon, ruffles, or, as a verb, to apply such ornament. ... Swatch of black cotton velvet decorator fabric used for drapery Velvet is a type of tufted fabric in which the cut threads are very evenly distributed, with a short dense pile, giving it its distinct feel. ... Velveteen is a cotton cloth made in imitation of velvet. ...

The width of the velvet is 2 inches, 3 inches, and 5 inches for the bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees, respectively. The length of the hood will vary with the level of academic achievement as well: bachelor's wear a 3 foot length, master's a 3.5 foot length, and doctors a 4 foot length. Only the doctoral hood will have "panels" at the sides of the hood that lie cape-like across the back. For other uses, see Cape (disambiguation). ...

In most American colleges and universities, the color of the velvet hood trimming is distinctive of the academic field—or as closely related as possible—to which the degree earned pertains (see Inter-Collegiate colors. below). For instance, one who has earned a Master of Arts in Journalism would wear velvet trim of crimson to signify "journalism", rather than white to represent "arts" A Master of Arts is a postgraduate academic masters degree awarded by universities in North America and the United Kingdom (excluding the ancient universities of Scotland and Oxbridge. ... In the history of education, the seven liberal arts comprise two groups of studies, the trivium and the quadrivium. ...

Candidates may have the hood ceremoniously placed upon them, as is done at some British universities, or a college/school may 'self-hood' en masse at the appropriate time during the ceremony as has been the practice at Fordham University in the United States. Additionally, the Code allows for the wearing of the hood into the commencement ceremony as part of the academic procession, but only if neither of the two procedures above are being employed. In addition, the Code states: "It is quite appropriate for the bachelor's gown to be worn without a hood." Many institutions, particularly larger ones, have therefore dispensed with the bachelor's hood at commencement ceremonies altogether, though a graduate is still entitled to wear one once the degree is conferred. Honorary doctoral degrees are very often conferred by the highest academic officer of an institution bestowing the appropriate hood, regardless of the procedure being followed for other candidates at the ceremony. Fordham University is a private, coeducational research university[3] in the United States, with three campuses located in and around New York City. ...

Only one hood may be worn at any given time. Trim colors may not be combined or displayed together in any way to attempt to indicate more than one academic field. The discipline associated with the highest degree attained is generally displayed, though the Code seems to allow for a graduate to revert for some occasion to the entire academic costume (i.e. robe style, trim width, hood length, etc.) of a lesser degree earned. Those who hold multiple degrees of the same level (i.e. more than one master's or doctorate degree) may wear the regalia of any degree earned. However, holders of multiple degrees will wear the trim color of the discipline associated with the degree earned from the institution denoted by the lining of the hood being worn, and wear that university's entire prescribed academic costume. The one exception is for officers of the academic institution, who may display one hood from any degree earned from any institution while wearing a doctoral gown of the University being served (see Academic robes, above).

Mortarboard, tams and other headwear

Headwear is an important component of "cap and gown", and the academic costume is not complete without it. The headwear will vary with the level of academic achievement and, to some extent, on the individual academic institution's specifications.

• Caps - The mortarboard is recommended in the Code, and the material required to match the gown. The exception - velvet - is reserved "for the doctor's degree only", seen in the form of a multiple-sided (4, 6, or 8) tam, but the four-sided mortarboard-shaped tam in velvet is what the Code seems to recommend here. The only color called for is black, in all cases.
  • During graduation ceremonies in the United States, both women and men wear caps, and both women and men wear their caps indoors throughout most of the ceremony. The exceptions are for men during a baccalaureate service, the National Anthem, any benediction that may be offered by a chaplain or other authority, and sometimes the singing of the Alma Mater if the local custom requires it. Although military and civil uniform, national costume, and clerical garb etc. are worn beneath the academic robe, traditionally only the biretta in conjunction with clerical garb will replace the academic cap. All other costumes forgo the normal headwear in favor of the appropriate academic version.
  • Undergraduate and graduate students at the Maryland Institute College of Art wear a black beret instead of the typical mortarboard.
• Tassel - The tassel worn on the mortarboard or a tam seems to provide, by tradition, the greatest opportunity for latitude in American academic dress. It has been black, or represented the university's colors, or the colors of the specific college, or the discipline. The tassel has also been used to indicate membership in national honor societies or other awards. However, strictly speaking, the ACE code states that "The tassel should be black or the color appropriate to the subject", and only makes an exception for the gold tassel. The gold metallic tassel is reserved for those entitled to wear the doctoral gown, as is the use of velvet for headwear. Only one tassel is worn at a time.
  • There is in some colleges and universities a practice of moving the tassel from one side to the other on graduating, but this is a modern innovation which would be impractical out of doors due to the vagaries of the wind. However, this mark of transition to graduate status has the benefit of taking less time than more traditional indicators such as the individual conferring of the hood, or a complete change of dress part-way through the ceremony (as at Oxford in the United Kingdom). In such universities it is common for undergraduates to begin the commencement ceremony with their tassels on the right. Switching the tassel to the left may be done individually or as a group. For doctoral and masters students, the tassel commonly begins and remains on the left.

The tam is a tall, round knitted cap, which is often brightly coloured. ... Speakers and student body leaders at a Baccalaureate A baccalaureate service is a speech or series of speeches given to a graduating senior class from a college or high school. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... For other uses, see Benediction (disambiguation). ... A chaplain in the 45th Infantry Division leads a Christmas Day service in Italy, 1943. ... Alma mater is Latin for nourishing mother. It was used in ancient Rome as a title for the mother goddess, and in Medieval Christianity for the Virgin Mary. ... A traditional black biretta The biretta is a square cap with three or four ridges or peaks, sometimes surmounted by a tuft, traditionally worn by Roman Catholic clergy, as well as by some clergy of the Anglican Communion. ... Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA) is an art university in Baltimore, Maryland. ... Basque style beret Black beret with military emblem A beret (pronounced pronounced in French or [ˈbɛreɪ] in English[1], except in the USA, where it is usually pronounced [bəˈreɪ][2]) is a soft round cap, usually of wool felt, with a flat crown, which is worn by both... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Adornments

A number of other items such as cords, stoles, aiguillettes, etc. representing various academic achievements or other honors are also worn at the discretion of the degree-granting institution. Technically, however, the ACE code does not allow their use on or over academic regalia: Honor cords is an item of academic dress consisting of twisted cords with tassels on either end given to members of honor societies or for various academic achievements. ... An academic stole is a vestment used by Australian universities as the regalia for diplomas, graduate diplomas, post graduate diplomas and graduate certificates. ... An aiguillette is an ornamental braided cord worn on uniforms. ...

"Other Apparel - Shoes and other articles of visible apparel worn by graduates should be of dark colors that harmonize with the academic costume. Nothing else should be worn on the academic gown." (emphasis added)

Medals/medallions, when worn about the neck, may not be in conflict with the Code if worn beneath the hood and visible with the gown open, if appropriate (see Academic robes (gowns), above). A medal is a small metal object, usually engraved with insignia, that is awarded to a person for athletic, military, scientific, academic or some other kind of achievement. ...

Apparel and tokens representing awards and honors are not considered a component of academic dress, not only because the ACE code does not allow it, but also because (a) they are often worn without the defining cap and gown, and (b) they are usually not worn by a graduate with academic robes after the Commencement year in which the honor was awarded. Nevertheless, they are often seen with academic regalia in the United States, and are therefore mentioned here. See also Academic dress Categories: Education | Academia ...

Honor cord

Honor cords usually consist of twisted cords with tassels on either end. They are sometimes given for various academic achievements, or to members of honor societies. Often, cords come in pairs with a knot in the middle to hold them together. Sashes, stoles, or medallions are also given in place of cords. Any of these items may be worn with non-academic attire. With cap and gown, and (sometimes) the hood, educational institutions have permitted these cords to complement the regalia of a high school or university candidate. Unlike hoods and stoles, tradition allows more than one cord to be worn at the same time. Honor cords is an item of academic dress consisting of twisted cords with tassels on either end given to members of honor societies or for various academic achievements. ... In the United States, an honor society is an organization of rank, the induction into which recognizes excellence among ones peers. ... For other uses, see High school (disambiguation). ... For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ...

Opposition to academic attire

As part of the socio-political upheaval of the 1960s in many western cultures, eschewing academic regalia became a popular means of protest, particularly in response to the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. Student protests, which had the effect of cancelling graduation ceremonies at some American universities, led to a general relaxing of protocols on academic attire and ceremonial pageantry. After the war, academic regalia continued to be shunned by some who considered it a symbol of elitism. However, since the 1980s, academic regalia has been in resurgence. Some colleges or academic departments allow graduating students to vote on whether or not to wear academic regalia at graduation ceremonies. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... Historically, the civil rights movement was a concentrated period of time around the world of approximately one generation (1960-1980) wherein there was much worldwide civil unrest and popular rebellion. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Opposition_to_U.S._involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War. ... Elitism is the belief or attitude that the people who are considered to be the elite — a selected group of persons with outstanding personal abilities, wealth, specialised training or experience, or other distinctive attributes — are the people whose views on a matter are to be taken the most seriously, or...

Since the 1970s, school uniforms have gained popularity among administrators of American secondary schools. This has been particularly notable at socio-economically diverse public schools where the use of uniform academic attire is considered preferable to individual displays of wealth and fashion. This position supports the use of academic regalia during graduation ceremonies, in order to achieve similar ends. Others have argued that academic uniforms are inappropriate in the context of secondary education and that such uniformity stifles freedom of expression. The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... Japanese high school students in uniform School uniforms are common in elementary and secondary schools in many nations. ... High School also refers to the highest form of classical riding, High School Dressage. ... Socioeconomics is the study of the social and economic impacts of any product or service offering, market intervention or other activity on an economy as a whole and on the companies, organization and individuals who are its main economic actors. ... The term public school has two contrary meanings: In England, one of a small number of prestigious historic schools open to the public which normally charge fees and are financed by bodies other than the state, commonly as private charitable trusts; here the word public is used much as in... Freedom of speech is the right to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related right to hear what others have stated. ...

Inter-Collegiate colors

The colors allocated to the various fields of learning have been largely standardized in the United States by the American Council on Education in their Academic Costume Code.^[5] The codified colors associated with the different academic disciplines are as shown below : // An academic discipline, or field of study, is a branch of knowledge which is taught or researched at the college or university level. ...

A distinction is made in the code which calls for a graduate to display the color of the subject of the degree obtained, not the degree itself, which is otherwise indicated by the cut of the robe, the length of the hood, and the width of the trim. For example: if a graduate is awarded a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree specifically in "business" the trimming should be drab, representing "commerce/accountancy/business", rather than white, representing the broader "arts/letters/humanities"; if the BA had been in "economics" the trim should be copper; if in "environmental studies" it should be russet, etc.[1] If the BA were in "literature", a subject not represented by its own color and within the "humanities" (as well as the very definition of "letters"), the velvet should indeed be white. Similarly, if a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree were awarded for "physics", the velvet trim should be golden yellow representing physics as one of the "natural sciences"; however, if the BS were in "engineering" the trim should be orange, or if it were in "education" the trim should be light blue, etc. The same method is true of master's degrees and doctorates. A Master of Public Administration in Science and Technology should show trim of golden yellow for "science", not peacock blue for "public administration"; conversely a Master of Science in Public Administration should display peacock blue trim for "public administration" and not golden yellow for "science". Flax (also known as Light Goldenrod) is a pale yellowish-gray color named after Flax seeds. ... In the history of education, the seven liberal arts comprise two groups of studies, the trivium and the quadrivium. ... For other uses, see Literature (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Humanities (disambiguation). ... This article is about the color. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Accountancy (profession)[1] or accounting (methodology) is the measurement, statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by managers, investors, tax authorities and other decision makers to make resource allocation decisions within companies, organizations, and public agencies. ... In economics, a business is a legally-recognized organizational entity existing within an economically free country designed to sell goods and/or services to consumers, usually in an effort to generate profit. ... This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary. ... This article is about the dental profession. ... Lilac is a color that is a pale shade of violet. ... Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... Copper is a reddish brown color that resembles the actual metal. ... Wonderful Days is a Korean animated science fiction film, released in 2003. ... Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying scientific knowledge and utilizing natural laws and physical resources in order to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria. ... See also Orange (disambiguation) for other meanings of the word. ... Fine art is a term used to refer to fields traditionally considered to be artistic. ... This article is about building architecture. ... For other uses, see Brown (disambiguation). ... A decidous beech forest in Slovenia. ... Environmental studies is the systematic study of human interaction with their environment. ... Sustainable development is a socio-ecological process characterized by the fulfilment of human needs while maintaining the quality of the natural environment indefinitely. ... Russet is a brown color with a reddish tinge. ... Journalism is a discipline of gathering, writing and reporting news, and broadly it includes the process of editing and presenting the news articles. ... For other uses, see Crimson (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ... This article is about the color. ... Library science is an interdisciplinary science incorporating the humanities, law and applied science to study topics related to libraries, the collection, organization, preservation and dissemination of information resources, and the political economy of information. ... Yellow is the color of light whose wavelength is between 565nm and 590nm, or is a mixture of red and green light that appears to be the same color. ... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ... Kelly green, also known as grass green or pigment green, is achieved by mixing cyan and yellow pigments in equal proportions. ... For album by Prince, see Musicology (album). ... This article is about the color. ... This article is about the practice in general. ... Apricot is a color that attempts to represent the color of apricots. ... Oratory is the art of eloquent speech. ... A modern day speaker addressing an audience through microphones Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners. ... For other uses, see Silver (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Pharmacy (disambiguation). ... Species Myrtus communis L. Myrtus nivellei Batt. ... For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ... Dark Blue is a 2002 film directed by Ron Shelton. ... Physical education (PE) is the interdisciplinary study of all area of science relating to the transmission of physical knowledge and skills to an individual or a group, the application of these skills, and their results. ... Public Administration can be broadly described as the development, implementation and study of government policy. ... Public policy is a course of action or inaction chosen by public authorities to address a problem. ... The United States Foreign Service is a personnel system established under the Foreign Service Act. ... Teal, also called teal green, is a medium to dark greenish blue color of low saturation; a dark cyan. ... Public health is the study and practice of addressing threats to the health of a community. ... The color salmon pink comes in two shades, light salmon pink and salmon pink, both of which are shown below. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... The social sciences are groups of academic disciplines that study the human aspects of the world. ... The Michelson–Morley experiment was used to disprove that light propagated through a luminiferous aether. ... Gold is a shade of the color yellow closest to that of gold metal. ... Social Workers are concerned with social problems, their causes, their solutions and their human impacts. ... Sandy Brown is a shade of brown. ... Theology finds its scholars pursuing the understanding of and providing reasoned discourse of religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... Divinity is the academic study of Christian and other theology and religious ministry at a school, divinity school, university, or seminary. ... Scarlet (from the Persian saqirlat or Latin astacus, crayfish) is a red color with a hue that is somewhat toward the orange. ... Veterinary medicine is the application of medical diagnostic and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife, and production animals. ... Gray (Gy) is the derived SI unit for absorbed dose, specific energy and kerma (kinetic energy in matter). ... A B.A. issued from the University of Tennessee. ... B.S. redirects here. ... The Michelson–Morley experiment was used to disprove that light propagated through a luminiferous aether. ... The Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree is one of several master level professional public affairs degrees that provides training in public policy and project/program implementation (more recently known as public management). ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ...

In the case where a color is specified for a field that may be included in another, broader, discipline, and that broader discipline is represented by its own color (e.g.: "oratory", assigned silver gray trim, is generally regarded as among the "liberal arts" [arts], represented by white trim), the graduate should wear the color of the more specific field (in this case, silver gray for a degree in "oratory", rather than white for "liberal arts"). In the history of education, the seven liberal arts comprise two groups of studies, the trivium and the quadrivium. ...

Conversely, it is problematic when a field of study that does not have its own color assigned to it has been considered to be included in more than one discipline which are represented by different colors, e.g.: "history" has traditionally been considered as among the "humanities", represented by white, while also considered a "social science", which can be represented by golden yellow. This is often addressed by an academic institution allowing the degree earned to influence (but not determine) color assignment. For instance: a Bachelor of Arts graduate in "history" might display white while a Bachelor of Science graduate in "history" at the same institution could properly display golden yellow (or, theoretically, vice-versa), thereby creating confusion in appearing to display colors based on degree earned rather than - as stipulated in the Code - academic field studied. The social sciences are groups of academic disciplines that study the human aspects of the world. ...

In 1986, the American Council on Education updated the Code and added the following sentence clarifying the use of the color dark blue for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, which is awarded in any number of fields: Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph. ...

The doctorate other than the Ph.D. will be represented by the colors indicated above. For example: the Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in Public Health should display salmon pink for "public health" not light blue for "education", and the Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) in Public Administration should display peacock blue for "public administration" not salmon pink for "public health." The Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) degree, if no further specialization was made, should be represented by orange, and the Doctor of Divinity (Div.D.) by scarlet if no further specialization, etc. The Doctor of Education degree (Ed. ... The Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) is an advanced professional degree for those who intend to pursue or advance a professional practice career in public health and for leaders and future leaders in public health practice. ... The Doctor of Engineering (DEng or EngD) is an academic degree awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in engineering. ... Doctor of Divinity (D.D., Divinitatis Doctor in Latin) is an academic degree. ...

Academic gowns in France

In France, academic gown, also called toge (toga) is similar to French judges' court dress, except for its colour, which depends on the academic field in which the owner graduated. For doctors, it consists in:

• a long gown (a bit similar to a cassock) with a long row of buttons in front and a train at the back (which in the current costume is not visible but attached with a button in the inner side of the gown). The gown is in two colours: black and the colour of the academic field, with black simarras (two vertical bands in the front of the gown).
• an épitoge: a small piece of cloth with white fur stripes (three for doctors) attached by a button on the left shoulder, with a long, thin tail in the front and a shorter, broad tail in the back (both tails wear the fur stripes); its colour is that of the relevant academic field.
• a long, wide belt of the colour of the relevant academic field, ended by fringes (either gold or the same colour as the belt), and attached with a broad ornamental knot.
• a white rabat (jabot), over which a white tie may be worn for ceremonial occasions.
• a mortarboard of the colour of the relevant academic field with a golden stripe, which is usually not worn but carried.
• theoretically, white gloves, which are not worn anymore.

The colours of the various academic fields are yellow for literature and arts, amarante (purplish red) for science, pink for medicine, red for law, and violet for theology. Jabot Cosmetics is a fictional cosmetics business on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless. ...

The Portuguese traje

In most Portuguese universities and higher education institutions, usage of academic dress for undergraduates, or traje académico is still widespread and has even gained popularity in recent decades.^{[citation needed]} The traje is composed of black trousers (or skirt, for female students), white shirt, black tie, a black overcoat, known as batina (in the case of male students, the classical traje also includes a black vest) and a black cloak which, according to tradition, should never be cleaned or washed.

Usage is generally restricted to the first weeks of the semester, during the introductory and reception activities collectively known as Praxe. In some older institutions, where traditions are better implemented, one can see students trajados during the entire year, though. The Praxe, for Portuguese students at universities and other institutions of higher education, is a word that means a body of ritual and custom founded upon ancient traditions of the University of Coimbra, the oldest university of Portugal, which is an important part of the academic life. ...

Materials

In general, the materials used for academic dress are heavily influenced by the climate where the academic institution is located, or the climate where the graduate will usually be wearing the costume (as a faculty member at another institution, for example). In either case, the ACE allows for the comfort of the wearer, and concedes that lighter materials be used in tropical climates, and heavier materials elsewhere.

The materials used for academic dress varies and range from the extremely economical to the very expensive. In the United States, most Bachelor and Master degree candidates are often only presented the "souvenir" version of regalia by their institutions or authorized vendor, which are generally intended for very few wearings and are comparatively very inexpensive. For some doctoral graduates commencement will be the only time they wear academic regalia, and so they rent their gowns instead of buying them. These rented (or hired ^[7]) gowns are often made of inexpensive polyester or other man-made synthetic fibre. In Britain, rented gowns are almost always polyester whilst Russell cord, silk or artificial silk gowns are only available when bought. Undergraduate gowns are usually made from cotton or cotton and polyester mix and are relatively inexpensive to encourage students to own them. For other uses, see Souvenir (disambiguation). ... SEM picture of a bend in a high surface area polyester fiber with a seven-lobed cross section Polyester (aka Terylene) is a category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. ...

People who choose to buy their dress may opt for finer fabrics, such as princetta, poplin, crosgrain, Percale, cotton, wool, cassimere, broadcloth, bengaline, Russell cord or corded/ribbed material. For silk, there are a range of types including artificial silk/rayon, ottoman (i.e. ribbed or corded silk), taffeta, satin, alpaca, true silk, shot silk or a mixture. Pure ottoman silk is rarely used except for official gowns as it is very expensive.^[8] Some gowns may be trimmed with gimp lace, cords, buttons or other forms of decoration. Poplin, also called tabinet, is a heavy, durable fabric consisting of a silk warp with a weft of worsted yarn. ... Percale refers to a closely woven fabric often used for bed linens. ... For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Wool (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Russell cord is a corded fabric which is woven using equal quantities of cotton and wool. ... Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber. ... Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber. ... Taffeta (sometimes spelled taffety) is a crisp, smooth woven fabric made from silk or synthetic fibers. ... Satin used in bedding Structure of silk satin Look up Satin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about a breed of domesticated ungulates. ... For other uses of this word, see Silk (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Lace (disambiguation). ...

In the past, fur has been used to line certain hoods (especially those of the UK) which range from rabbit to ermine. Most now use imitation fur instead, mainly because of cost and animal rights concerns. Some robemakers will use fur if the customer requests and pays for it, as some feel that the quality and feel of artificial fur has yet to match that of real fur.^[9] For other uses, see Fur (disambiguation). ... Rabbit hair (also called rabbit fur, cony, coney or lapin) is the fur of the common or Angora rabbit. ... The ermine (Mustela erminea) is a dark brown weasel, with a distinctive black-tipped tail. ... A man holds a monkey with a limb missing by a rope around her neck, a scene epitomizing the idea of animal ownership. ...

Doctor's robes usually use wool flannel, panama, damask or brocade and are brightly coloured (or black, but faced with a bright colour) to distinguish them from lower degrees. They tend to be the most expensive because they must be dyed in a specific colour and/or be trimmed in coloured silks. Many doctoral gowns have an undress version so adding to the cost of a full set. A young man wearing a tartan flannel shirt. ... Italian silk damask, 1300s. ... Brocade can stands for: thick heavy fabric into which raised patterns have been woven. ...

A full set may cost about $360 (£180) for cheap materials to as much as $5800 (£2900) for high quality materials.^[10] Usually, ex-hire gowns are available for purchase at cheaper prices though the quality may be lower ^[11].

See also

• Academic procession
• Encaenia
• Academic stole
• Chinese academic dress
• Ede and Ravenscroft
• The Burgon Society
• The Central Institute London

Academic dress regulations for the following universities are available via these links:- Academic procession on the occasion of the conferment of doctoral degrees at the University of Lund in southern Sweden (1990). ... Encaenia (Gk: festival of renewal) is an annual ceremony which takes place at some universities, most notably the University of Oxford. ... An academic stole is a vestment used by Australian universities as the regalia for diplomas, graduate diplomas, post graduate diplomas and graduate certificates. ... The academic dress of China has a long history. ... Replica, made by Ede and Ravenscroft, of a uniform worn by Lord Nelson Ede and Ravenscroft are the oldest tailors in London, established in 1689. ... The Burgon Society was founded in 2000 for the study and promotion of academical dress, to preserve its history, and to advise film and television companies and interested others in the correct usage of academical dress. ... The Central Institute London, in full The Central Institute London for the Promotion of Academic Dress and Ceremonial, was established in 1999. ...

United Kingdom

• Academic dress of the University of Bristol
• Academic dress of the University of Cambridge
• Academic dress of Durham University
• Academic dress of the University of Exeter
• Academic dress of the University of Hertfordshire
• Academic dress of the University of Kent
• Academic dress of the University of London
• Academic dress of the University of Nottingham
• Academic dress of the University of Oxford
• Academic dress of the University of St Andrews
• Academic dress of the University of Wales
• Academic dress of the University of Wales, Lampeter

• Undergraduate gowns in Scotland

Others // The academic dress prescribed by the University of Bristol is a mixture of that prescribed by Cambridge and Oxford. ... The gown and hood worn for BA graduation As is natural in the second oldest university in the United Kingdom, the University of Cambridge has a long tradition of academic dress. ... The academic dress of the University of Durham is based fairly closely on that of Oxford, although its subfusc clothing follows the Cambridge style, with a few graduates wearing bands and white ties. ... The University of Hertfordshire is a modern university based largely in Hatfield, in the county of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom, from which the university takes its name. ... The Academic dress of the University of Kent is normally only worn at graduation ceremonies. ... Academic dress of the University of London describes the robes, gowns and hoods which are prescribed by the university for its graduates and undergraduates. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with University of Nottingham. ... This page concerns the academic dress of Oxford University. ... The University of St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, being the oldest of the Ancient universities of Scotland and the third oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... The University of Wales was chartered in 1893, and consisted of three colleges that had existed for some time before - at Aberystwyth (founded 1872), Bangor (founded 1884) and Cardiff (founded 1883); they had awarded external degrees of the university of London. ... University of Wales, Lampeter Prifysgol Cymru, Llanbedr Pont Steffan   University of Wales, Lampeter (Welsh: Prifysgol Cymru, Llanbedr Pont Steffan) is a university in Lampeter, Wales, the oldest degree awarding institution in Wales, and the third oldest in England and Wales after Oxford and Cambridge. ...

• Academic dress of Harvard University
• Academic dress of universities in Queensland, Australia
• Academic dress of the University of Melbourne

As the oldest university in the United States, Harvard University has a long tradition of academic dress. ... There are a number of universities in Queensland, Australia, all with distinct academic dress. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

Bibliography

Books

• American Council on Education staff (1997). American Universities and Colleges, 15th Edition. Walter de Gruyter, Inc. ISBN 0-2759874-5-0
• Franklyn, C.A.H. (1970), Academical Dress from the Middle Ages to the Present Day Including Lambeth Degrees. Lewes: WE Baxter.
• Groves, Nicholas (2002, 2003), Key to the Identification of Academic Hoods of the British Isles. London: Burgon Society.
• Haycraft, F.W. (1948), 4th ed. rev. Stringer, E.W Scobie, The Degrees and Hoods of the World's Universities and Colleges. Cheshunt Press.
• Hargreaves-Mawdsley, W.N. (1963), A History of Academical Dress in Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Groves, Nicholas; Kersey, John (2002), Academical Dress of Music Colleges and Societies of Musicians in the United Kingdom. Norfolk: Burgon Society. ISBN 0-9544110-0-5
• Rashdall, H. (1895, 1936), The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Claredon Press.
• Rogers, F.R.S., Franklyn, C.A.H., Shaw, G.W., Boyd, H.A. (1972), The Degrees and Hoods of the World's Universities and Colleges. Lewes: WE Baxter.
• Shaw, George W. (1995), Academical Dress of British and Irish Universities. Chichlester: Philmore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033974-X
• Smith, H.H., Sheard, K. (1970), Academic Dress and Insignia of the World. Cape Town: AA Balkema.
• Venables, D.R. & Clifford, R.E. (1998), 8th ed., Academic Dress of the University of Oxford. Oxford: Shepherd & Woodward. ISBN 0-9521630-0-4
• Goff, Philip (1999), University of London Academic Dress. London: University of London Press. ISBN 0-7187-1608-6
• Wood, T.W. (1882), The Degrees, Gowns and Hoods of the British, Colonial, Indian and American Universities and Colleges. London: Thomas Pratt & Sons.

Journals Dr George Wenham Shaw (usually published as G.W.Shaw) was a leading British expert on academic dress. ... Dr George Wenham Shaw (usually published as G.W.Shaw) was a leading British expert on academic dress. ...

• Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2004), The Burgon Society Annual 2003.
• Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2005), The Burgon Society Annual 2004. ISBN 0-9544110-6-4
• Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2006), Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 5. ISBN 0-9544110-7-2
• Kerr, Alex (ed.) er al. (2008), Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 6. ISBN 0-9544110-8-0
• Powell, Michael (ed.) et al. (2002), The Burgon Society Annual 2001.
• Powell, Michael (ed.) et al. (2003), The Burgon Society Annual 2002.

Electronic

• Sullivan, Eugene (ed.) An Academic Costume Code and An Academic Ceremony Guide, American Council on Education. Reprinted with permission from American Universities and Colleges, 15th Edition (1997). Walter de Gruyter, Inc.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Academic dress

• American Council on Education The authority on academic regalia in the United States.
• The Burgon Society Promotes the interest in and the formal study of academic dress.
• University of London Academic Dress. Publication concerning University of London academic dress.
• Pictures, information and literature of some academical caps, especially academical birettas (in German)

References