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Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox®, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat glaucoma, epileptic seizures, benign intracranial hypertension and altitude sickness. For glaucoma sufferers, the drug decreases fluid formation around the eye resulting in lower internal pressure on the eye. Acetazolamide can only be obtained by prescription and is available as a generic drug. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences and alloys. ...
The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ...
A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ...
PubChem is a database of chemical molecules . ...
The EINECS number (for European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances) is a registry number given to each chemical substance commercially available in the European Union between 1 January 1971 and 18 September 1981. ...
A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ...
The molecular mass of a substance (less accurately called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW) is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ...
In pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of medication that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. ...
The elimination half-life of a drug (or any xenobiotic agent) refers to the timecourse necessary for the quantity of the xenobiotic agent in the body (or plasma concentration) to be reduced to half of its original level through various elimination processes. ...
Excretion is the biological process by which an organism chemically separates waste products from its body. ...
The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother. ...
The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. ...
Carbonic anhydrase (carbonate dehydratase) is a family of zinc-containing enzymes that catalyze the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions. ...
Epilepsy (often referred to as a seizure disorder) is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. ...
This article is actively undergoing a major edit. ...
Altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS) or altitude illness is a pathological condition that is caused by lack of adaptation to high altitudes. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Prescription has various meanings. ...
A generic drug (pl. ...
Uses
General Acetazolamide is used in glaucoma and epilepsy. In epilepsy, its main use is in absence seizures, with some benefit in other seizure syndromes. It is also used to decrease generation of cerebrospinal fluid in benign intracranial hypertension. In medicine, there are many kinds of generalized seizures. ...
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space in the brain (the space between the skull and the cerebral cortex—more specifically, between the arachnoid and pia layers of the meninges). ...
This article is actively undergoing a major edit. ...
Altitude sickness Acetazolamide has been shown to relieve mild cases of altitude sickness in some people. The drug forces the kidneys to excrete bicarbonate, the base form of carbon dioxide thus counteracting the effects of hyperventilation that occurs at altitude. Some take acetazolamide prophylactically, anywhere between 125 milligrams (mg) to 500 mg per day. Others only take it when symptoms begin to appear so they can tell whether the drug really has any benefits for them. Acetazolamide can also be taken to treat sleep apnea that may develop at higher elevations as it stimulates the respiratory system to breathe more regularly. Note that acetazolamide is not an immediate quick fix – it speeds up acclimatization which in turn helps to relieve symptoms. This may take up to a day or two without any further rapid ascent. Human kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
This refers to the bicarbonate ion, for baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate. ...
Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ...
In medicine, hyperventilation is the state of breathing faster or deeper (hyper) than necessary, and thereby reducing the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood below normal. ...
Prophylaxis refers to any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure, disease. ...
The term symptom (from the Greek syn = con/plus and pipto = fall, together meaning co-exist) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health: A symptom may loosely be said to be a physical condition which shows that one has a particular illness or disorder (see...
Sleep apnea (alternatively sleep apnoea) is a common sleep disorder characterized by brief interruptions of breathing during sleep. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Two alpinists Acclimatization, uh kly muh tuh ZAY shuhn, is the way in which an organism adjusts to changes in its environment (surroundings). ...
Side-effects Common side effects of using this drug include numbness and tingling in the fingers and toes, and taste alterations (especially for carbonated drinks); both are usually due to mild hypokalemia (low potassium levels). Some may also experience blurred vision but this usually disappears shortly after stopping the medication. Everyone will experience more frequent urination as a result of using acetazolamide. One should drink more fluids than usual to prevent dehydration and headaches. Side-effect can mean: Side-effect (computer science), a state change caused by a function call Adverse drug reaction, an unintended consequence specifically arising from drug therapy Therapeutic effect (medicine), a desirable consequence of any kind of medical treatment, even though resulting as an unintended, unexpected consequence of the treatment...
Paresthesia (paraesthesia in British) is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin with no apparent physical cause, more generally known as the feeling of pins and needles. ...
Taste is one of the most common and fundamental of the senses of animals. ...
Hypokalemia is a potentially fatal condition in which the body fails to retain sufficient potassium to maintain health. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 39. ...
Visual perception is one of the senses, consisting of the ability to detect light and interpret (see) it as the perception known as sight or naked eye vision. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Dehydration is the removal of water (hydor in ancient Greek) from an object. ...
A headache (medically known as cephalgia) is a condition of mild to severe pain in the head; sometimes upper back or neck pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ...
Contraindications Acetazolamide should not be taken by individuals if: This article needs cleanup. ...
Sulfonamides, also known as sulfa drugs, are synthetic antimicrobial agents derived from sulfonic acid. ...
The liver is one of the largest internal organs of the human body. ...
Human kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands or colloquially as kidney hats) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys. ...
Addisons disease (also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency, or hypocortisolism) is a rare endocrine disorder, first described by British physician Thomas Addison. ...
This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ...
Myths - Acetazolamide covers up symptoms. Acetazolamide speeds up acclimatization which in turn helps to alleviate symptoms. However, if you still feel sick, you need to stop ascending immediately.
- Acetazolamide prevents acute mountain sickness from getting worse. If your symptoms are not improving, continued ascent can lead to HAPE or HACE.
- Stopping the drug causes symptoms to worsen. Your body will just return to its own acclimatization rate. If you are already acclimatized, the drug will not change that fact.
This page describes terms and jargon related to climbing and mountaineering. ...
This page describes terms and jargon related to climbing and mountaineering. ...
References
| Anticonvulsants edit | | Triazines edit | | {Lamotrigine} The anticonvulsants, sometimes also called antiepileptics, belong to a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in prevention of the occurrence of epileptic seizures. ...
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Lamotrigine (marketed as Lamictal by GlaxoSmithKline) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ...
| | | Pyrimidinediones edit | | {Primidone} The following are pyrimidinediones: cytidine fluorouracil idoxuridine primidone thymidine trifluridine uridine References Classe : PYRIMIDINEDIONE ...
Primidone, is an anticonvulsant of the pyrimidinedione class whose active metabolites, phenobarbital (minor) and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA) (major), are also anticonvulsants. ...
| | | Bromides edit | | {Potassium bromide} ==Definition==;-) A bromide ion is an bromine atom with charge -1. ...
Potassium bromide (KBr) is a salt, used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative in the 1800s. ...
| | | Aldehydes edit | | {Paraldehyde} An aldehyde is either a functional group consisting of a terminal carbonyl group or a compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. ...
Paraldehyde is the cyclic form of three acetaldehyde molecules (a trimer). ...
| | | Valproylamides edit | | {Valpromide} {Valnoctamide} Valpromide (dipropylacetamide, α-propylvaleramide, Diprozin) is a carboxamide derivative of valproic acid that is considered safer to use than either valproic acid or sodium valproate. ...
Valnoctamide has been used in France as a tranquilizer and muscle relaxant since 1964[3] and as an anticonvulsant since starting in 1969 in Portugal. ...
| | | Fructose derivatives edit | | {Topiramate} Fructose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods and one of the three most important blood sugars along with glucose and galactose. ...
In mathematics, the derivative is one of the two central concepts of calculus. ...
Topiramate (brand name: Topamax®) is an anticonvulsant drug produced by Ortho-McNeil, a division of Johnson & Johnson. ...
| | | Propionates edit | | {Beclamide} The propionate (also propanoate) ion is C2H5COO- (propionic acid minus one hydrogen ion). ...
Beclamide (marketed as Chloracon, Hibicon, Posedrine, Nydrane, Seclar, and other names) is a propionate and was used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant. ...
| | | Aromatic Allylic Alcohols edit | | {Stiripentol} In chemistry, an aromatic molecule is one in which electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms, which are alternately singly and doubly bonded to one another. ...
An allyl group is an alkene hydrocarbon group with the formula H2C=CH-CH2-. It is made up of a vinyl group, CH2=CH-, attached to a methylene -CH2. ...
In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-khwl الكحول, or al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ...
Stiripentol (marketed as Diacomit by Laboratoires BIOCODEX) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy. ...
| | | Carboxamides edit | | {Carbamazepine} {Oxcarbazepine} Carboxamides are drugs that can be used as anticonvulsants. ...
Carbamazepine (Biston®; Calepsin®; Carbatrol®; Epitol®; Finlepsin®; Sirtal®; Stazepine®; Tegretol®; Telesmin®; Timonil®) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder; but also used to treat schizophrenia and trigeminal neuralgia. ...
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ...
| | | Ureas edit | | {Pheneturide} {Phenacemide} Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Non-proprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ...
| | | GABA analogs edit | | {Gabapentin} {Vigabatrin} {Progabide} {Pregabalin} Gabapentin (brand name: Neurontin®) is an anticonvulsant medication indicated in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain. ...
Vigabatrin is an anticonvulsant that inhibits the catabolism of GABA. It is an analog of GABA, but it is not a receptor agonist. ...
Progabide (INN) is an analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid used in the treatment of epilepsy. ...
Pregabalin (brand name: Lyrica®) is a new anticonvulsant drug indicated as an add on therapy for partial onset seizures and for certain types of neuropathic pain. ...
| | | Oxazolidinediones edit | | {Trimethadione} {Paramethadione} {Ethadione} The following are oxazolidinediones: paramethadione trimethadione ethadione Categories: Pharmacology stubs | Antiepileptics ...
| | | Pyrrolidines edit | | {Brivaracetam} {Levetiracetam} {Nefiracetam} {Seletracetam} Pyrrolidine is a nearly colorless liquid pyrrole to which four hydrogen atoms have been added. ...
Levetiracetam (brand name: Keppra®) is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat epilepsy. ...
Categories: Stub | Substances of the piracetam group ...
| | | Hydantoins edit | | {Ethotoin} {Phenytoin} {Mephenytoin} {Fosphenytoin} Hydantoins are drugs that can be used as anticonvulsants. ...
Ethotoin (marketed as Peganone® by Ovation) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy. ...
Phenytoin sodium (marketed as Dilantin® in the USA and as Epanutin® in the UK, by Parke-Davis, now part of Pfizer) is a commonly used antiepileptic. ...
Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx®, Parke-Davis) is a water-soluble phenytoin prodrug used in only in hospitals for the treatment of epileptic seizures. ...
| | | Sulfonamides edit | | {Acetazolamide} {Sultiame} {Methazolamide} {Zonisamide} Sulfonamides, also known as sulfa drugs, are synthetic antimicrobial agents derived from sulfonic acid. ...
Zonisamide (brand name Zonegran®) is an anticonvulsant used as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures. ...
| | | Carbamates edit | | {Felbamate} {Meprobamate} {Emylcamate} {Phenprobamate} Carbamates are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure -NH(CO)O-. More precisely the carbamate group is considered an amide group with an alkoxy or hydroxy functional group next to the carbonyl group. ...
Felbamate (marketed as Felbamol by MedPointe) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy. ...
Meprobamate is a tranquilizing drug that acts as a depressant of the central nervous system and is commonly used in the treatment of anxiety and sometimes schizophrenia. ...
Emylcamate (marketed as Striatran® by Merck) is an anxiolytic and muscle relaxant. ...
Phenprobamate is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant. ...
| | | Succinimides edit | | {Ethosuximide} {Phensuximide} {Mesuximide} Succinimides are drugs that can be used as anticonvulsants. ...
Ethosuximide is a succinimide anticonvulsant, used mainly in absence seizures. ...
| | | Fatty acids edit | | {Valproic acid} {Sodium valproate} {Valproate semisodium} {Tiagabine} In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturated or unsaturated. ...
Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ...
Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ...
Valproate semisodium (also known as Divalproex sodium in the US) consists of a compound of sodium valproate and valproic acid in a 1:1 molar relationship in an enteric coated form. ...
Tiagabine is an anti-convulsive medication produced by Cephalon and marketed under the brand name Gabitril. ...
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| Barbiturates edit | | {Amobarbital} {Aprobarbital} {Butabarbital} {Butalbital} {Hexobarbital} {Mephobarbital} {Pentobarbital} {Phenobarbital} {Phenytoin} {Secobarbital} {Sodium thiopental} {Talbutal} {Thiobarbital} Barbiturates are drugs that acts as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ...
Amobarbital is a barbiturate with sedative-hypnotic and analgesic properties It is a white crystalline powder with no odor and a slightly bitter taste. ...
Butabarbital is a prescription sleep aid. ...
Butalbital, also called 5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid, is a barbiturate with a short to intermediate duration of action. ...
Methylphenobarbital (also known as mephobarbital) is marketed in the US as Mebaral by Ovation. ...
Pentobarbital is a barbiturate that is available as both a free acid and a sodium salt, the former of which is only slightly soluble in water and ethanol. ...
Phenobarbital (also phenobarbitone or Luminal) is a weak acid with the chemical formula C12H12N2O3. ...
Phenytoin sodium (marketed as Dilantin® in the USA and as Epanutin® in the UK, by Parke-Davis, now part of Pfizer) is a commonly used antiepileptic. ...
Secobarbital is a Barbiturate and is available as either a free acid or a sodium salt. ...
Sodium thiopental also called Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone sodium, or trapanal is a rapid-onset, short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. ...
Talbutal (Lotusate®), also called 5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid, is a barbiturate with a short to intermediate duration of action. ...
Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ...
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| Benzodiazepines edit | | {Diazepam} {Oxazepam} {Nitrazepam} {Temazepam} {Lorazepam} {Flunitrazepam} {Bromazepam} {Clobazam} {Clonazepam} {Chlordiazepoxide} {Triazolam} {Midazolam} {Alprazolam} {Estazolam} {Quazepam} {Clorazepate} {Medazepam} {Prazepam} {Flurazepam} Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ...
Diazepam, market under brand names of: Valium, Seduxen; and in Europe Apozepam, Diapam, is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative, which possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. ...
Oxazepam is a benzodiazepine hypnotic sold under the name Serax. ...
Nitrazepam is a drug also sold under the trade name Mogadon. ...
Temazepam (Restoril, Normison) is a benzodiazepine commonly prescribed for insomnia and other sleep disorders. ...
Structural formula of lorazepam Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety disorders and insomnia, as well as certain types of seizures. ...
Skeletal formula of flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam (trade name Rohypnol) is a sedative that was made in the early 1970s by Roche and was used in hospitals only for deep sedation. ...
Bromazepam (Compendium®, Creosedin®, Durazanil®, Lectopam®, Lexaurin®, Lexomil®, Lexotan®, Lexotanil®, Normoc®). Bromazepam is a Schedule IV drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. ...
Clobazam is triazolobenzodiazepine, also known as a 1,5-benzodiazepine, meaning that its diazepine ring has its nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 5 positions instead of the usual 1 and 4. ...
Clonazepam (marketed by Roche under the trade-name Klonopin® in the United States and Rivotril® in Canada and Europe) is an anticonvulsant sedative-hypnotic anxiolytic (anti-anxiety drug), and a member of the benzodiazepine class of drugs. ...
Chlordiazepoxide (Trade name: Librium) was the first benzodiazepine to be made commercially available. ...
Triazolam (Halcion®, Novodorm®, Songar®) belongs to benzodiazepine group of drugs. ...
Midazolam, also known by the trade names Versed®, Hypnovel® and Dormicum®, is a benzodiazepine drug with an imidazole structure. ...
Alprazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety disorders. ...
Estazolam (ProSom®) is a benzodiazepine commonly prescribed for short-term treatment of insomnia. ...
Quazepam (brand names Doral®, Dormalin®) is a long-acting benzodiazepine used to treat insomnia. ...
Clorazepate (brand name: Tranxene®) is a member of the group of drugs called benzodiazepines. ...
Flurazepam (marketed as Dalmane) is a benzodiazepine derivative which is used as a hypnotic. ...
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