NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Acetic Acid

Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. Its structural formula is represented as CH₃COOH. Pure, water-free acetic acid (glacial acetic acid) is a colourless liquid that attracts water from the environment (hygroscopy), and freezes below 16.7°C (62°F) to a colourless crystalline solid. Acetic acid is corrosive, and its vapour causes irritation to the eyes, a dry and burning nose, sore throat and congestion to the lungs. It is considered a weak acid due to the fact that at standard temperature and pressure the dissociated acid exists in equilibrium with the undissociated form in aqueous solutions, in contrast to strong acids, which are fully dissociated. R-phrases are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. ... S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. ... For other uses, see Flash point (disambiguation). ... Structure of a carboxylic acid The 3D structure of the carboxyl group A space-filling model of the carboxyl group Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H. [1] Carboxylic acids are Bronsted... Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. ... Propionic acid (systematically named propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH. In the pure state, it is a colorless, corrosive liquid with a pungent odor. ... Butyric acid, (from Greek Î²Î¿Ï…Ï„Ï…ÏÎ¿Ï‚ = butter) IUPAC name n-Butanoic acid, or normal butyric acid, is a carboxylic acid with structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. It is notably found in rancid butter, parmesan cheese, and vomit, and has an unpleasant odor and acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar to ether). ... acetamide Acetamide (or Acetic acid amide or ÐÑ†ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ð¼Ð¸Ð´) CH3CONH2, the amide of acetic acid, is a white crystalline solid in pure form. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , Flash point âˆ’4 Â°C Related Compounds Related carboxylate esters Methyl acetate, Butyl acetate Related compounds Acetic acid, ethanol Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... Acetyl chloride, also known as ethanoyl chloride, is an acid chloride derived from acetic acid. ... Acetic anhydride, also known as ethanoic anhydride, is one of the simplest of acid anhydrides. ... Acetonitrile is an organic molecule, often used as a solvent, with the chemical formula of CH3CN. Also known as methyl cyanide, it is the simplest of the organic nitriles. ... R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , Flash point âˆ’39 Â°C Autoignition temperature 185 Â°C RTECS number AB1925000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... Grain alcohol redirects here. ... Skeletal formula of thioacetic acid Thioacetic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3COSH. It is the sulfur equivalent of acetic acid (AcSH) with a lower boiling point (88-91. ... The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. ... In biochemistry, cholinesterase is a term which refers to one of the two enzymes (EC 3. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetic acid. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetic acid. ... The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves) is reduced inside the medium. ... The relative dielectric constant of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetic acid. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetic acid. ... Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). ... Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the subset of spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. ... Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy is the name given to the technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei. ... Mass spectrometry (previously called mass spectroscopy (deprecated)[1] or informally, mass-spec and MS) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. ... The plimsoll symbol as used in shipping In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals exactly). ... Benzene is the simplest of the arenes, a family of organic compounds An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. ... A chemical compound is a chemical substance of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ... Vinegar is sometimes infused with spices or herbsâ€”as here, with oregano. ... A chemical formula is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... For other uses, see Liquid (disambiguation). ... Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to attract water molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or adsorption. ... The degree Celsius (symbol: Â°C) is an SI derived unit of temperature. ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Crystal (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Acid (disambiguation). ... For the hazard, see corrosive. ... A weak acid is an acid that does not fully ionize in solution; that is, if the acid was represented by the general formula HA, then in aqueous solution a significant amount of undissolved HA still remains. ... Temperature and air pressure can vary from one place to another on the Earth, and can also vary in the same place with time. ... Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which complexes, molecules, or salts separate or split into smaller molecules, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. ... Drinking water This article focuses on water as we experience it every day. ... Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt (NaCl) in water This article is about chemical solutions. ...

Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids (the second-simplest, next to formic acid). It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical that is used in the production of polyethylene terephthalate mainly used in soft drink bottles; cellulose acetate, mainly for photographic film; and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as many synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. In the food industry acetic acid is used under the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator. Structure of a carboxylic acid The 3D structure of the carboxyl group A space-filling model of the carboxyl group Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H. [1] Carboxylic acids are Bronsted... Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. ... A reagent is a material used to start a {[chemical reaction]}. For example hydrochloric acid is the chemical reagent that would cause calcium carbonate to release carbon dioxide. ... Polyethylene terephthalate (aka PET, PETE or the obsolete PETP or PET-P) is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in synthetic fibers; beverage, food and other liquid containers; thermoforming applications; and engineering resins often in combination with glass fiber. ... Cellulose acetate, first prepared in 1865, is the acetate ester of cellulose. ... Polyvinyl acetate formula Polyvinyl acetate or PVA is a rubbery synthetic polymer. ... For the band, see Adhesive (band). ... A descaling agent, also known as descaling, anti-limestone, anti-limescale, anti-lime, or anti-scale, is a solution to remove limescale, e. ... The food industry is the complex, global collective of diverse businesses that together supply much of the food energy consumed by the world population. ... For the mathematical constant see: E (mathematical constant). ... Acidity regulators, or pH control agents, are food additives added to change or maintain pH (acidity or basicity). ...

The global demand of acetic acid is around 6.5 million tonnes per year (Mt/a), of which approximately 1.5 Mt/a is met by recycling; the remainder is manufactured from petrochemical feedstocks or from biological sources. A tonne or metric ton (symbol t), sometimes referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. ... Petrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of crude oil (petroleum) and natural gas into usefull products and raw materials. ...

Nomenclature

The trivial name acetic acid is the most commonly used and officially preferred name by the IUPAC. This name derives from acetum, the Latin word for vinegar. The synonym ethanoic acid is a systematic name that is sometimes used in introductions to chemical nomenclature. In chemistry, a trivial name (also common or vernacular name) is a non-systematic name. ... IUPAC logo The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (Pronounced as eye-you-pack) is an international non-governmental organization established in 1919 devoted to the advancement of chemistry. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Organic nomenclature is the system established for naming and grouping organic compounds. ...

Glacial acetic acid is a trivial name for water-free acetic acid. Similar to the German name Eisessig (literally, ice-vinegar), the name comes from the ice-like crystals that form slightly below room temperature at 16.7 °C (about 62 °F).

The most common and official abbreviation for acetic acid is AcOH or HOAc where Ac stands for the acetyl group CH₃−C(=O)−;. In the context of acid-base reactions the abbreviation HAc is often used where Ac instead stands for the acetate anion (CH₃COO⁻), although this use is regarded by many as misleading. In either case, the Ac is not to be confused with the abbreviation for the chemical element actinium. Acetyl is the radical of acetic acid. ... In organic chemistry, functional groups (or moieties) are specific groups of atoms within molecules, that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. ... Acids and bases: Acid-base reaction pH Self-ionization of water Buffer solutions Systematic naming Acid-base extraction Acidity function Proton affinity Acids: Strong acids Weak acids Superacids Lewis acids Mineral acids Organic acids Bases: Strong bases Weak bases Superbases Lewis bases Organic bases edit is a chemical reaction that... An acetate, or ethanoate, is a salt or ester of acetic acid. ... An anion is an ion with negative charge. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... General Name, Symbol, Number actinium, Ac, 89 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block 3, 7, f Appearance silvery Atomic mass (227) gÂ·molâˆ’1 Electron configuration [Rn] 6d1 7s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ...

Acetic acid has the empirical formula CH₂O and the molecular formula C₂H₄O₂ or HC₂H₃O₂ (to emphasize the role of the 'active' hydrogen in forming the salt sodium acetate).^[2] To better reflect its structure, acetic acid is often written as CH₃-COOH, CH₃COOH, CH₃CO₂H, or HOCOCH₃. The ion resulting from loss of H⁺ from acetic acid is the acetate anion. The name acetate can also refer to a salt containing this anion, or an ester of acetic acid. A chemical formula is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... This article is about the electrically charged particle. ... For other uses, see Proton (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Ester (disambiguation). ...

History

Vinegar is at least as old as civilization. Acetic acid-producing bacteria are present throughout the world, and any culture practicing the brewing of beer or wine inevitably discovered vinegar as the natural result of their exposure to air. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (583x744, 75 KB) Summary Summary Picture of solid glacial acetic acid. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (583x744, 75 KB) Summary Summary Picture of solid glacial acetic acid. ... Vinegar is sometimes infused with spices or herbsâ€”as here, with oregano. ... A 16th century brewer A 21st century brewer This article concerns the production of alcoholic beverages. ... For other uses, see Beer (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Wine (disambiguation). ...

The use of acetic acid in alchemy extends into antiquity. In the 3rd century BC, the Greek philosopher Theophrastos described how vinegar acted on metals to produce pigments useful in art, including white lead (lead carbonate) and verdigris, a green mixture of copper salts including copper(II) acetate. Ancient Romans boiled soured wine in lead pots to produce a highly sweet syrup called sapa. Sapa was rich in lead acetate, a sweet substance also called sugar of lead or sugar of Saturn, which contributed to lead poisoning among the Roman aristocracy. For other uses, see Alchemy (disambiguation). ... Theophrastus, the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school, a native of Eresus in Lesbos, was born c. ... Natural Ultramarine pigment in powdered form. ... Sample of cerussite-bearing quartzite Cerussite (also known as Horn silver, Lead carbonate, White lead ore) is a mineral consisting of lead carbonate (PbCO3), and an important ore of lead. ... Verdigris is the common name for the chemical Cu(CH3COO)2. ... Copper has played a significant part in the history of mankind, which has used the easily accessible uncompounded metal for nearly 10,000 years. ... Flash point Non-flammable R/S statement R: 22-36/37/38-50/53 S: 26-60-61 Copper(II) acetate, also referred to as cupric acetate, is an inorganic compound consisting of two copper atoms and four acetate groups. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Lead acetate (Trihydrate Pb(CH3COO)2·3H2O) is a white crystalline substance made by dissolving lead in acetic acid. ... Saturnus, Caravaggio, 16th c. ... Lead poisoning is a medical condition, also known as saturnism, plumbism or painters colic, caused by increased blood lead levels. ...

In the 8th century, the Arab alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber) was the first to concentrate acetic acid from vinegar through distillation. In the Renaissance, glacial acetic acid was prepared through the dry distillation of metal acetates. The 16th century German alchemist Andreas Libavius described such a procedure, and he compared the glacial acetic acid produced by this means to vinegar. The presence of water in vinegar has such a profound effect on acetic acid's properties that for centuries many chemists believed that glacial acetic acid and the acid found in vinegar were two different substances. The French chemist Pierre Adet proved them to be identical. Alchemy in Islam differs from the general alchemy in certain ways, one of which is that Muslim alchemists didnt believe in the creation of life in the laboratory. ... Jabir ibn Hayyan and Geber were also pen names of an anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist: see Pseudo-Geber. ... Laboratory distillation set-up: 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed control 13: Stirrer/heat plate... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce liquid or gaseous products (which may condense into solids). ... Andreas Libavius (1550 - July 25, 1616) was a German doctor and chemist. ... The chemist Pierre Auguste Adet was born on 1763-05-18 in Nevers in France. ...

In 1847 the German chemist Hermann Kolbe synthesised acetic acid from inorganic materials for the first time. This reaction sequence consisted of chlorination of carbon disulfide to carbon tetrachloride, followed by pyrolysis to tetrachloroethylene and aqueous chlorination to trichloroacetic acid, and concluded with electrolytic reduction to acetic acid.^[3] Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe (September 27, 1818 – November 25, 1884) was a chemist. ... In chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products. ... Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. ... Chlorination is the process of adding the element chlorine to water as a method of water purification to make it fit for human consumption as drinking water. ... Carbon disulfide is a colorless liquid with the formula CS2. ... R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , , , Flash point Non flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... Simple sketch of pyrolysis chemistry Pyrolysis usually means the chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of oxygen or any other reagents, except possibly steam. ... Tetrachloroethylene Cl2C=CCl2 is a manufactured chemical compound that is widely used for the dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing. ... In organic chemistry, the chloroethanoic acids (trivial name chloroacetic acids) are three related chlorocarbon carboxylic acids: chloroethanoic acid (chloroacetic acid), CH2ClCOOH dichloroethanoic acid (dichloroacetic acid), CHCl2COOH trichloroethanoic acid (trichloroacetic acid), CCl3COOH As the number of chlorine atoms increases, the electronegativity of that end of the molecule increases, and the molecule... This article is about the chemical process. ... Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are redox reactions that take place with organic compounds. ...

By 1910 most glacial acetic acid was obtained from the "pyroligneous liquor" from distillation of wood. The acetic acid was isolated from this by treatment with milk of lime, and the resultant calcium acetate was then acidified with sulfuric acid to recover acetic acid. At this time Germany was producing 10,000 tons of glacial acetic acid, around 30% of which was used for the manufacture of indigo dye.^[4]^[5] Image File history File links AceticAcid010. ... Image File history File links AceticAcid010. ... It has been suggested that Portlandite be merged into this article or section. ... The chemical compound calcium acetate is the calcium salt of acetic acid. ... R-phrases S-phrases , , , Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Related strong acids Selenic acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Related compounds Hydrogen sulfide Sulfurous acid Peroxymonosulfuric acid Sulfur trioxide Oleum Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... Look up ton in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Indigo dye indigo molecule Indigo dye is an important dyestuff with a distinctive blue color (see indigo). ...

Chemical properties

Acidity

The hydrogen (H) atom in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can be given off as an H⁺ ion (proton), giving them their acidic character. Acetic acid is a weak, effectively monoprotic acid in aqueous solution, with a pK_a value of 4.8. Its conjugate base is acetate (CH₃COO⁻). A 1.0 M solution (about the concentration of domestic vinegar) has a pH of 2.4, indicating that merely 0.4% of the acetic acid molecules are dissociated. In chemistry, a carboxyl group is a functional group consisting of a carbon atom doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl (-OH) group, typically written as -COOH: where R is a hydrogen or an organic group. ... Structure of a carboxylic acid The 3D structure of the carboxyl group A space-filling model of the carboxyl group Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H. [1] Carboxylic acids are Bronsted... For other uses, see Proton (disambiguation). ... An acid (often represented by the generic formula AH) is typically a water-soluble, sour-tasting chemical compound. ... The acid dissociation constant (Ka), also known as the acidity constant or the acid-ionization constant, is a specific equilibrium constant for the reaction of an acid with its conjugate base in aqueous solution [1]. // When an acid dissolves in water, it partly dissociates forming hydronium ions and its conjugate... In the field of chemistry, in the Brønsted-Lowry (protonic) theory of acids and bases, a conjugate base is the basic member, X-, of a pair of compounds that differ only by the presence or absence of a proton at a certain position. ... An acetate, or ethanoate, is a salt or ester of acetic acid. ... This page refers to concentration in the chemical sense. ...

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4474x843, 20 KB) Summary Description: Deprotonation equilibrium of acetic acid. ...

Cyclic dimer

The crystal structure of acetic acid^[6] shows that the molecules pair up into dimers connected by hydrogen bonds. The dimers can also be detected in the vapour at 120 °C. They also occur in the liquid phase in dilute solutions in non-hydrogen-bonding solvents, and to some extent in pure acetic acid,^[7] but are disrupted by hydrogen-bonding solvents. The dissociation enthalpy of the dimer is estimated at 65.0–66.0 kJ/mol, and the dissociation entropy at 154–157 J mol^–1 K^–1.^[8] This dimerisation behaviour is shared by other lower carboxylic acids. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1603x843, 11 KB) Summary Description: Chemical structure of the cyclic dimer of acetic acid. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1603x843, 11 KB) Summary Description: Chemical structure of the cyclic dimer of acetic acid. ... Sucrose, or common table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose. ... An example of a quadruple hydrogen bond between a self-assembled dimer complex reported by Meijer and coworkers. ...

Solvent

Liquid acetic acid is a hydrophilic (polar) protic solvent, similar to ethanol and water. With a moderate dielectric constant of 6.2, it can dissolve not only polar compounds such as inorganic salts and sugars, but also non-polar compounds such as oils and elements such as sulfur and iodine. It readily mixes with many other polar and non-polar solvents such as water, chloroform, and hexane. This dissolving property and miscibility of acetic acid makes it a widely used industrial chemical. For other uses, see Liquid (disambiguation). ... The adjective hydrophilic describes something that likes water (from Greek hydros = water; philos = friend). ... A commonly-used example of a polar compound is water (H2O). ... In chemistry a protic solvent is a solvent that carries hydrogen bond between an oxygen as in a hydroxyl group or a nitrogen as in an amine group. ... Grain alcohol redirects here. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... The relative dielectric constant of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. ... This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely traded commodity. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... For other uses, see Iodine (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Solvent (disambiguation). ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , Flash point Non-flammable U.S. Permissible exposure limit (PEL) 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) (OSHA) Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... the 3rd ingredient in big mac ... Miscibility is the ability of two or more substances to mix, and form a single homogeneous phase. ...

Chemical reactions

Acetic acid is corrosive to many metals including iron, magnesium, and zinc, forming hydrogen gas and metal salts called acetates. Aluminium, when exposed to oxygen, forms a thin layer of aluminium oxide on its surface which is relatively resistant, so that aluminium tanks can be used to transport acetic acid. Metal acetates can also be prepared from acetic acid and an appropriate base, as in the popular "baking soda + vinegar" reaction. With the notable exception of chromium(II) acetate, almost all acetates are soluble in water. For the hazard, see corrosive. ... This article is about metallic materials. ... For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... An acetate, or ethanoate, is a salt or ester of acetic acid. ... Aluminum redirects here. ... Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide of aluminium with the chemical formula Al2O3. ... Acids and bases: Acid-base extraction Acid-base reaction Acid dissociation constant Acidity function Buffer solutions pH Proton affinity Self-ionization of water Acids: Lewis acids Mineral acids Organic acids Strong acids Superacids Weak acids Bases: Lewis bases Organic bases Strong bases Superbases Non-nucleophilic bases Weak bases edit In... Flash point Non-flammable. ... One of the chromium salts of acetic acid is chromium(II) acetate with chemical formula Cr2(CH3COO)4. ...

Acetic acid undergoes the typical chemical reactions of a carboxylic acid, such producing water and a metal ethanoate when reacting with alkalis, producing a metal ethanoate when reacted with a metal, and producing a metal ethanoate, water and carbon dioxide when reacting with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates. Most notable of all its reactions is the formation of ethanol by reduction, and formation of derivatives such as acetyl chloride via nucleophilic acyl substitution. Other substitution derivatives include acetic anhydride; this anhydride is produced by loss of water from two molecules of acetic acid. Esters of acetic acid can likewise be formed via Fischer esterification, and amides can also be formed. When heated above 440 °C, acetic acid decomposes to produce carbon dioxide and methane, or to produce ketene and water. General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... Drinking water This article focuses on water as we experience it every day. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... Gas can also refer to gasoline and natural gas and also hydrogen. ... Flash point Non-flammable. ... Sodium acetate, (also rarely, sodium ethanoate) is the sodium salt of acetic acid. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... H2O and HOH redirect here. ... For other uses, see Liquid (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Acetic_acid_organic_reactions. ... For other uses, see Chemical reaction (disambiguation). ... Structure of a carboxylic acid The 3D structure of the carboxyl group A space-filling model of the carboxyl group Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H. [1] Carboxylic acids are Bronsted... Acetate, or ethanoate, is the anion of a salt or ester of acetic acid. ... The word alkali can mean:- In chemistry, an alkali is the solution of a base in water. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... Carbonate is an anion with a charge of -2 and an empirical formula of CO32-. An aqueous solution of carbon dioxide contains a minute amount of H2CO3, called carbonic acid, which dissociates to form hydrogen ions and carbonate ions. ... For baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate In inorganic chemistry, a bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. ... Grain alcohol redirects here. ... Acetyl chloride, also known as ethanoyl chloride, is an acid chloride derived from acetic acid. ... Nucleophilic acyl substitution is a type of substitution reaction between nucleophiles and acyl compounds. ... Acetic anhydride, also known as ethanoic anhydride, is one of the simplest of acid anhydrides. ... Structure of anhydride. ... A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties combine to form one single molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule. ... For other uses, see Ester (disambiguation). ... Fischer esterification is the process of forming an ester by refluxing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid (catalyst). ... Amide functional group Amides possess a conjugated system spread over the O, C and N atoms, consisting of molecular orbitals occupied by delocalized electrons. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... Methane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula CH4. ... Ketene is an organic compound with the formula CH2CO. Ketene is very reactive, tending to attach itself to other molecules in the form of an acetyl group. ...

Detection

Acetic acid can be detected by its characteristic smell. A colour reaction for salts of acetic acid is iron(III) chloride solution, which results in a deeply red colour that disappears after acidification. Acetates when heated with arsenic trioxide form cacodyl oxide, which can be detected by its malodorous vapours.
A color reaction in analytical chemistry is a chemical reaction that is used to transform colorless chemical compounds into colored derivatives which can be detected visually with the aid of a color reagent. ... R-phrases , S-phrases , Related Compounds Other anions Iron(III) fluoride Iron(III) bromide Other cations Iron(II) chloride Manganese(II) chloride Cobalt(II) chloride Ruthenium(III) chloride Related coagulants Iron(II) sulfate Polyaluminium chloride Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... Cacodyl oxide, is a chemical compound of the chemical formula C4H12As2O or (CH3)2As-O-As(CH3)2. ... Odor receptors on the antennae of a Luna moth An odor is the object of perception of the sense of olfaction. ...

Biochemistry

The acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to the biochemistry of virtually all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. However, the concentration of free acetic acid in cells is kept at a low level to avoid disrupting the control of the pH of the cell contents. Unlike some longer-chain carboxylic acids (the fatty acids), acetic acid does not occur in natural triglycerides. However, the artificial triglyceride triacetin (glycerin triacetate) is a common food additive, and is found in cosmetics and topical medicines. Acetyl is the radical of acetic acid. ... In organic chemistry, functional groups (or moieties) are specific groups of atoms within molecules, that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. ... Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. ... Structure of the coenzyme adenosine triphosphate, a central intermediate in energy metabolism. ... Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ... For other uses, see FAT. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. ... For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturated or unsaturated. ... Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. ... The triglyceride 1,2,3-triacetoxypropane is more generally known as triacetin and glycerin triacetate. ...

Acetic acid is produced and excreted by certain bacteria, notably the Acetobacter genus and Clostridium acetobutylicum. These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil, and acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and some other foods spoil. Acetic acid is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates, where it appears to serve as a mild antibacterial agent.^[9] The kidneys are important excretory organs in vertebrates. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Acetobacter is a genus of acetic acid bacteria characterized by the ability to convert alcohol (ethanol) to acetic acid in the presence of air. ... Clostridium acetobutylicum () is a commercially valuable bacterium, included in the genus Clostridium. ... Food is any substance, usually composed primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal for nutrition and/or pleasure. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland Soil is a complex mixture of materials, principally ground up rock and water. ... Vaginal lubrication is the naturally produced lubricating fluid that reduces friction during sexual intercourse. ... Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ... Families 15, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... An antiseptic is a substance that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria on the external surfaces of the body. ...

Production

Acetic acid is produced both synthetically and by bacterial fermentation. Today, the biological route accounts for only about 10% of world production, but it remains important for vinegar production, as many of the world food purity laws stipulate that vinegar used in foods must be of biological origin. About 75% of acetic acid made for use in the chemical industry is made by methanol carbonylation, explained below. Alternative methods account for the rest.^[10] ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (986x1265, 166 KB) Summary Old fotograph (?) of 1884 Perstorp plant for purification and concentration of acetic acid. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (986x1265, 166 KB) Summary Old fotograph (?) of 1884 Perstorp plant for purification and concentration of acetic acid. ... For other uses, see Fermentation. ...

Total worldwide production of virgin acetic acid is estimated at 5 Mt/a (million tonnes per year), approximately half of which is produced in the United States. European production stands at approximately 1 Mt/a and is declining, and 0.7 Mt/a is produced in Japan. Another 1.5 Mt are recycled each year, bringing the total world market to 6.5 Mt/a.^[11]^[12] The two biggest producers of virgin acetic acid are Celanese and BP Chemicals. Other major producers include Millennium Chemicals, Sterling Chemicals, Samsung, Eastman, and Svensk Etanolkemi. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Celanese is a large American chemical company. ... This article is about the energy corporation. ... Millennium Chemicals Inc is a U.S. based chemical company. ... Sterling Chemicals is a chemicals producer, located in Houston, Texas. ... Samsung Group is one of the largest South Korean business groupings. ... Eastman Chemical Company (NYSE: EMN) is a large supplier of industrial chemicals, whose main manufacturing facility is located on Long Island in the Holston River in Kingsport, Tennessee. ... The company Svensk Etanolkemi AB, or Sekab is a major Nordic producer of ethanol, ethanol derivatives such as acetic acid and ethyl acetate, and ethanol fuels. ...

Methanol carbonylation

Most virgin acetic acid is produced by methanol carbonylation. In this process, methanol and carbon monoxide react to produce acetic acid according to the chemical equation: Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naptha or wood spirits, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable, poisonous liquid with a distinctive odor that is somewhat milder and sweeter than ethanol (ethyl alcohol). ... Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ...

The process involves iodomethane as an intermediate, and occurs in three steps. A catalyst, usually a metal complex, is needed for the carbonylation (step 2). Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naptha or wood spirits, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable, poisonous liquid with a distinctive odor that is somewhat milder and sweeter than ethanol (ethyl alcohol). ... Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ... Iodomethane, commonly called methyl iodide, is a dense volatile liquid. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... Synthesis of copper(II)-tetraphenylporphine, a metal complex, from tetraphenylporphine and copper(II) acetate monohydrate. ...

By altering the process conditions, acetic anhydride may also be produced on the same plant. Because both methanol and carbon monoxide are commodity raw materials, methanol carbonylation long appeared to be an attractive method for acetic acid production. Henry Drefyus at British Celanese developed a methanol carbonylation pilot plant as early as 1925.^[13] However, a lack of practical materials that could contain the corrosive reaction mixture at the high pressures needed (200 atm or more) discouraged commercialisation of these routes for some time. The first commercial methanol carbonylation process, which used a cobalt catalyst, was developed by German chemical company BASF in 1963. In 1968, a rhodium-based catalyst (cis−[Rh(CO)₂I₂]⁻) was discovered that could operate efficiently at lower pressure with almost no by-products. The first plant using this catalyst was built by US chemical company Monsanto in 1970, and rhodium-catalysed methanol carbonylation became the dominant method of acetic acid production (see Monsanto process). In the late 1990s, the chemicals company BP Chemicals commercialised the Cativa catalyst ([Ir(CO)₂I₂]⁻), which is promoted by ruthenium. This iridium-catalysed process is greener and more efficient^[14] and has largely supplanted the Monsanto process, often in the same production plants. HAHAHAHAHAHAAHAHAHAHAHAHAH YOU SUCK Hydrogen iodide (HI) is a diatomic molecule. ... Iodomethane, commonly called methyl iodide, is a dense volatile liquid. ... Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ... Acetic anhydride, also known as ethanoic anhydride, is one of the simplest of acid anhydrides. ... Celanese is a large American chemical company. ... This article is about pressure in the physical sciences. ... Standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure. ... For other uses, see Cobalt (disambiguation). ... This article is about the German chemical company. ... General Name, Symbol, Number rhodium, Rh, 45 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 9, 5, d Appearance silvery white metallic Standard atomic weight 102. ... The Monsanto Company (NYSE: MON) is a multinational agricultural biotechnology corporation. ... A major route to Acetic acid is the rhodium-catalysed Monsanto process. ... This article is about the energy corporation. ... The CativaTM process is a route to the manufacture of Acetic acid. ... General Name, Symbol, Number Ruthenium, Ru, 44 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 5, d Appearance silvery white metallic Atomic mass 101. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... Green chemistry is a chemical philosophy encouraging the design of products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. ...

Acetaldehyde oxidation

Prior to the commercialisation of the Monsanto process, most acetic acid was produced by oxidation of acetaldehyde. This remains the second most important manufacturing method, although it is uncompetitive with methanol carbonylation. The acetaldehyde may be produced via oxidation of butane or light naphtha, or by hydration of ethylene. R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , Flash point âˆ’39 Â°C Autoignition temperature 185 Â°C RTECS number AB1925000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ...

When butane or light naphtha is heated with air in the presence of various metal ions, including those of manganese, cobalt and chromium; peroxides form and then decompose to produce acetic acid according to the chemical equation Butane, also called n-butane, is the unbranched alkane with four carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH2CH3. ... Naphtha (CAS No. ... This article is about the electrically charged particle. ... General Name, symbol, number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 54. ... For other uses, see Cobalt (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 51. ... The general structure of an organic peroxide. ... A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. ...

Typically, the reaction is run at a combination of temperature and pressure designed to be as hot as possible while still keeping the butane a liquid. Typical reaction conditions are 150 °C and 55 atm. Several side products may also form, including butanone, ethyl acetate, formic acid, and propionic acid. These side products are also commercially valuable, and the reaction conditions may be altered to produce more of them if this is economically useful. However, the separation of acetic acid from these by-products adds to the cost of the process. Butane, also called n-butane, is the unbranched alkane with four carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH2CH3. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... For other uses, see Temperature (disambiguation). ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , Flash point âˆ’9 Â°C Autoignition temperature 505 Â°C RTECS number EL6475000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , Flash point âˆ’4 Â°C Related Compounds Related carboxylate esters Methyl acetate, Butyl acetate Related compounds Acetic acid, ethanol Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. ... Propionic acid (systematically named propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH. In the pure state, it is a colorless, corrosive liquid with a pungent odor. ...

Under similar conditions and using similar catalysts as are used for butane oxidation, acetaldehyde can be oxidised by the oxygen in air to produce acetic acid It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , Flash point âˆ’39 Â°C Autoignition temperature 185 Â°C RTECS number AB1925000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Air redirects here. ...

Using modern catalysts, this reaction can have an acetic acid yield greater than 95%. The major side products are ethyl acetate, formic acid, and formaldehyde, all of which have lower boiling points than acetic acid and are readily separated by distillation. R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , Flash point âˆ’39 Â°C Autoignition temperature 185 Â°C RTECS number AB1925000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , Flash point âˆ’4 Â°C Related Compounds Related carboxylate esters Methyl acetate, Butyl acetate Related compounds Acetic acid, ethanol Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. ... The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal) is a gas with a pungent smell. ... Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ... Laboratory distillation set-up: 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed control 13: Stirrer/heat plate...

Ethylene oxidation

Acetaldehyde may be prepared from ethylene via the Wacker process, and then oxidised as above. More recently a cheaper single-stage conversion of ethylene to acetic acid was commercialised by chemical company Showa Denko, which opened an ethylene oxidation plant in Ōita, Japan, in 1997.^[15] The process is catalysed by a palladium metal catalyst supported on a heteropoly acid such as tungstosilicic acid. It is thought to be competitive with methanol carbonylation for smaller plants (100–250 kt/a), depending on the local price of ethylene. Ethylene (or IUPAC name ethene) is the chemical compound with the formula C2H4. ... The Wacker process or the Hoechst-Wacker process (named after the chemical companies of the same name) originally referred to the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde by oxygen in the presence of a palladium(II) chloride catalyst. ... ShÅwa DenkÅ K. K. (æ˜å’Œé›»å·¥) is a Japanese chemical company. ... ÅŒita Prefecture ) is located on KyÅ«shÅ« Island, Japan. ... For other uses, see Palladium (disambiguation). ... A heteropoly acid is a chemical compound composed of: a metal such as tungsten, molybdenum or vanadium, termed the addenda atom; oxygen; an element generally from the p-block of the periodic table, such as silicon, phosphorus or arsenic termed the hetero atom; acidic hydrogen atoms. ... Tungstosilicic acid is the most commonly encountered heteropoly acid. ...

Fermentation

Oxidative fermentation

For most of human history, acetic acid, in the form of vinegar, has been made by bacteria of the genus Acetobacter. Given sufficient oxygen, these bacteria can produce vinegar from a variety of alcoholic foodstuffs. Commonly used feeds include apple cider, wine, and fermented grain, malt, rice, or potato mashes. The overall chemical reaction facilitated by these bacteria is: Acetobacter is a genus of acetic acid bacteria characterized by the ability to convert alcohol (ethanol) to acetic acid in the presence of air. ... Cider in a pint glass Cider (or cyder) is an alcoholic beverage made primarily from the juices of specially grown varieties of apples. ... For other uses, see Wine (disambiguation). ... Grain redirects here. ... Malted barley Malting is a process applied to cereal grains, in which the grains are made to germinate and then are quickly dried before the plant develops. ... RICE is a treatment method for soft tissue injury which is an abbreviation for Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation. ... For other uses, see Potato (disambiguation). ...

A dilute alcohol solution inoculated with Acetobacter and kept in a warm, airy place will become vinegar over the course of a few months. Industrial vinegar-making methods accelerate this process by improving the supply of oxygen to the bacteria. Grain alcohol redirects here. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ...

The first batches of vinegar produced by fermentation probably followed errors in the winemaking process. If must is fermented at too high a temperature, acetobacter will overwhelm the yeast naturally occurring on the grapes. As the demand for vinegar for culinary, medical, and sanitary purposes increased, vintners quickly learned to use other organic materials to produce vinegar in the hot summer months before the grapes were ripe and ready for processing into wine. This method was slow, however, and not always successful, as the vintners did not understand the process. Winemakers often use carboys like these to ferment smaller quantities of wine Winemaking, or vinification, is the process of wine production, from the selection of grapes to the bottling of finished wine. ... For must meaning compulsion, see wikt:must. ... Typical divisions Ascomycota (sac fungi) Saccharomycotina (true yeasts) Taphrinomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes (fission yeasts) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Urediniomycetes Sporidiales Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with approximately 1,500 species described. ... Species Vitis acerifolia Vitis aestivalis Vitis amurensis Vitis arizonica Vitis x bourquina Vitis californica Vitis x champinii Vitis cinerea Vitis x doaniana Vitis girdiana Vitis labrusca Vitis x labruscana Vitis monticola Vitis mustangensis Vitis x novae-angliae Vitis palmata Vitis riparia Vitis rotundifolia Vitis rupestris Vitis shuttleworthii Vitis tiliifolia Vitis...

One of the first modern commercial processes was the "fast method" or "German method", first practised in Germany in 1823. In this process, fermentation takes place in a tower packed with wood shavings or charcoal. The alcohol-containing feed is trickled into the top of the tower, and fresh air supplied from the bottom by either natural or forced convection. The improved air supply in this process cut the time to prepare vinegar from months to weeks. Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. ... Air redirects here. ... Convection in the most general terms refers to the internal movement of currents within fluids (i. ...

Most vinegar today is made in submerged tank culture, first described in 1949 by Otto Hromatka and Heinrich Ebner. In this method, alcohol is fermented to vinegar in a continuously stirred tank, and oxygen is supplied by bubbling air through the solution. Using modern applications of this method, vinegar of 15% acetic acid can be prepared in only 24 hours in batch process, even 20% in 60 h fed-batch process. A microbiological culture is a way to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply (reproduce) in predetermined media. ...

Anaerobic fermentation

Some species of anaerobic bacteria, including several members of the genus Clostridium, can convert sugars to acetic acid directly, without using ethanol as an intermediate. The overall chemical reaction conducted by these bacteria may be represented as: An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen. ... Species Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium aerotolerans Clostridium botulinum Clostridium colicanis Clostridium difficile Clostridium formicaceticum Clostridium novyi Clostridium perfringens Clostridium sordelli Clostridium tetani Clostridium piliforme Clostridium tyrobutyricum etc. ...

More interestingly from the point of view of an industrial chemist, many of these acetogenic bacteria can produce acetic acid from one-carbon compounds, including methanol, carbon monoxide, or a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen: Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ... The term acetogen refers to a bacterium that generates acetate as a product of anaerobic respiration. ... Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naptha or wood spirits, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable, poisonous liquid with a distinctive odor that is somewhat milder and sweeter than ethanol (ethyl alcohol). ... Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ...

This ability of Clostridium to utilize sugars directly, or to produce acetic acid from less costly inputs, means that these bacteria could potentially produce acetic acid more efficiently than ethanol-oxidisers like Acetobacter. However, Clostridium bacteria are less acid-tolerant than Acetobacter. Even the most acid-tolerant Clostridium strains can produce vinegar of only a few per cent acetic acid, compared to some Acetobacter strains that can produce vinegar of up to 20% acetic acid. At present, it remains more cost-effective to produce vinegar using Acetobacter than to produce it using Clostridium and then concentrating it. As a result, although acetogenic bacteria have been known since 1940, their industrial use remains confined to a few niche applications. Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...

Applications

Acetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of many chemical compounds. The largest single use of acetic acid is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, closely followed by acetic anhydride and ester production. The volume of acetic acid used in vinegar is comparatively small. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 280 KB) Photo by uploader User:Petaholmes File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 280 KB) Photo by uploader User:Petaholmes File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of volume. ... A reagent is a material used to start a {[chemical reaction]}. For example hydrochloric acid is the chemical reagent that would cause calcium carbonate to release carbon dioxide. ... In chemistry, a monomer (from Greek mono one and meros part) is a small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer. ...

Vinyl acetate monomer

The major use of acetic acid is for the production of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM). This application consumes approximately 40% to 45% of the world's production of acetic acid. The reaction is of ethylene and acetic acid with oxygen over a palladium catalyst. This article needs to be wikified. ... Ethylene (or IUPAC name ethene) is the chemical compound with the formula C2H4. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... For other uses, see Palladium (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ...

Vinyl acetate can be polymerised to polyvinyl acetate or to other polymers, which are applied in paints and adhesives. Ethylene (or IUPAC name ethene) is the chemical compound with the formula C2H4. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... H2O and HOH redirect here. ... Polyvinyl acetate formula Polyvinyl acetate or PVA is a rubbery synthetic polymer. ... A polymer is a long, repeating chain of atoms, formed through the linkage of many molecules called monomers. ... For other uses, see Paint (disambiguation). ... For the band, see Adhesive (band). ...

Ester production

The major esters of acetic acid are commonly used solvents for inks, paints and coatings. The esters include ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and propyl acetate. They are typically produced by catalysed reaction from acetic acid and the corresponding alcohol. For other uses, see Ester (disambiguation). ... An ink is a liquid containing various pigments and/or dyes used for coloring a surface to render an image or text. ... For other uses, see Paint (disambiguation). ... A coating is a covering that is applied to an object to protect it or change its appearance. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , Flash point âˆ’4 Â°C Related Compounds Related carboxylate esters Methyl acetate, Butyl acetate Related compounds Acetic acid, ethanol Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... The chemical compound n-butyl acetate, also known as 1-butyl ethanoate, is commonly used as a solvent in the production of lacquers and other products. ... Flash point 18 Â°C R/S statement R: S: , , , RTECS number ? Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... The chemical compound propyl acetate, also known as propyl ethanoate, is a common solvent. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Most acetate esters, however, are produced from acetaldehyde using the Tishchenko reaction. Additionally, some ether acetates are used as solvents for nitrocellulose, acrylic lacquers, varnish removers and wood stains. First glycol monoethers are produced from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with alcohol, which are then esterified with acetic acid. The three major products are ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (EEA), ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EBA), and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PMA). This application consumes about 15% to 20% of worldwide acetic acid. Some of these ether acetates, for example EEA, have been shown to be harmful to human reproduction. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Ester (disambiguation). ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... An Alkyl is a univalent radical containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in a chain. ... R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , Flash point âˆ’39 Â°C Autoignition temperature 185 Â°C RTECS number AB1925000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... The Tishchenko reaction is a chemical reaction that involves disproportionation of an aldehyde lacking a hydrogen atom in the alpha position in the presence of an alkoxide. ... Skeletal formula of nitrocellulose Ball-and-stick model of a section of nitrocellulose Nitrocellulose (also: cellulose nitrate, flash paper) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through, for example, exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. ... A Bigger Splash, 1967. ... Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. ... â€œOxiraneâ€ redirects here. ... Flash point âˆ’37 Â°C Autoignition temperature 747 Â°C Explosive limits 2. ...

Acetic anhydride

The condensation product of two molecules of acetic acid is acetic anhydride. The worldwide production of acetic anhydride is a major application, and uses approximately 25% to 30% of the global production of acetic acid. Acetic anhydride may be produced directly by methanol carbonylation bypassing the acid, and Cativa plants can be adapted for anhydride production. A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties combine to form one single molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule. ... Acetic anhydride, also known as ethanoic anhydride, is one of the simplest of acid anhydrides. ... The CativaTM process is a route to the manufacture of Acetic acid. ...

Acetic anhydride is a strong acetylation agent. As such, its major application is for cellulose acetate, a synthetic textile also used for photographic film. Acetic anhydride is also a reagent for the production of aspirin, heroin, and other compounds. Acetylation describes a reaction, usually with acetic acid, that introduces an acetyl functional group into an organic compound. ... Cellulose acetate, first prepared in 1865, is the acetate ester of cellulose. ... For other uses, see Textile (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the drug. ... For other uses, see Heroin (disambiguation). ...

Vinegar

In the form of vinegar, acetic acid solutions (typically 5% to 18% acetic acid, with the percentage usually calculated by mass) are used directly as a condiment, and also in the pickling of vegetables and other foodstuffs. Table vinegar tends to be more diluted (5% to 8% acetic acid), while commercial food pickling generally employs more concentrated solutions. The amount of acetic acid used as vinegar on a worldwide scale is not large, but historically, this is by far the oldest and most well-known application. Vinegar is sometimes infused with spices or herbsâ€”as here, with oregano. ... Salt, sugar and pepper are the most essential condiments in Western cuisine. ... For other uses, see Pickle. ...

Use as solvent

Glacial acetic acid is an excellent polar protic solvent, as noted above. It is frequently used as a solvent for recrystallisation to purify organic compounds. Pure molten acetic acid is used as a solvent in the production of terephthalic acid (TPA), the raw material for polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Although currently accounting for 5%–10% of acetic acid use worldwide, this specific application is expected to grow significantly in the next decade, as PET production increases. In chemistry a protic solvent is a solvent that carries hydrogen bond between an oxygen as in a hydroxyl group or a nitrogen as in an amine group. ... Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3COOH best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. ... Recrystallization is an essentially physical process that has meanings in chemistry and geology. ... For other uses, see Solvent (disambiguation). ... Terephthalic acid is one isomer of the three phthalic acids. ... Polyethylene terephthalate (aka PET, PETE or the obsolete PETP or PET-P) is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in synthetic fibers; beverage, food and other liquid containers; thermoforming applications; and engineering resins often in combination with glass fiber. ...

Acetic acid is often used as a solvent for reactions involving carbocations, such as Friedel-Crafts alkylation. For example, one stage in the commercial manufacture of synthetic camphor involves a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement of camphene to isobornyl acetate; here acetic acid acts both as a solvent and as a nucleophile to trap the rearranged carbocation. Acetic acid is the solvent of choice when reducing an aryl nitro-group to an aniline using palladium-on-carbon. A carbocation (IPA pronunciation: ) is an ion with a positively-charged carbon atom. ... The Friedel-Crafts reactions were developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877. ... R-phrases 11-20/21/22-36/37/38 S-phrases 16-26-36 RTECS number EX1260000 (R) EX1250000 (S) Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... A Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement is a class of carbocation 1,2-rearrangement reactions in which a hydrogen, alkyl or aryl group migrates from one carbon to a neighbouring carbon. ... In chemistry, a nucleophile (literally nucleus lover) is a reagent which is attracted to centres of positive charge. ... A rearrangement reaction is a broad class of organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. ... Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... In the context of organic molecules, aryl refers to any member of the set of functional groups or substituents that are derived from a simple aromatic ring. ... Nitro compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups (-NO2). ... Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2. ... -1...

Glacial acetic acid is used in analytical chemistry for the estimation of weakly alkaline substances such as organic amides. Glacial acetic acid is a much weaker base than water, so the amide behaves as a strong base in this medium. It then can be titrated using a solution in glacial acetic acid of a very strong acid, such as perchloric acid. Acids and bases: Acid-base extraction Acid-base reaction Acid dissociation constant Acidity function Buffer solutions pH Proton affinity Self-ionization of water Acids: Lewis acids Mineral acids Organic acids Strong acids Superacids Weak acids Bases: Lewis bases Organic bases Strong bases Superbases Non-nucleophilic bases Weak bases edit In... Perchloric acid has the formula HClO4 and is a colorless liquid soluble in water. ...

Other applications

Dilute solutions of acetic acids are also used for their mild acidity. Examples in the household environment include the use in a stop bath during the development of photographic films, and in descaling agents to remove limescale from taps and kettles. The acidity is also used for treating the sting of the box jellyfish by disabling the stinging cells of the jellyfish, preventing serious injury or death if applied immediately, and for treating outer ear infections in people in preparations such as Vosol. Equivalently, acetic acid is used as a spray-on preservative for livestock silage, to discourage bacterial and fungal growth. Glacial acetic acid is also used as a wart and verruca remover. Acidity is a controversial novelette written for the popular South Asian website Chowk. ... The household is the basic unit of analysis in many microeconomic and government models. ... Stop bath is the second of three chemical baths usually used in processing traditional black-and-white photographic films, plates, and paper. ... A descaling agent, also known as descaling, anti-limestone, anti-limescale, anti-lime, or anti-scale, is a solution to remove limescale, e. ... Limescale is the hard, off-white, chalky deposit found in kettles, hot-water boilers and the inside of inadequately maintained hot-water central heating systems. ... Families see text Jellyfish net enclosure at Ellis Beach, Queensland Box jellyfish are water-dwelling invertebrates belonging to the class Cubozoa, named for their cube-shaped medusae. ... Otitis externa (swimmers ear) is an inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal. ... Vosol is an antiseptic used to treat otitis externa, a problem of the ear canal. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Silage (hay) somewhere in Allschwil or SchÃ¶nenbuch, near Basel, Switzerland. ... Subkingdom/Phyla Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Dikarya (inc. ... A wart is generally a small, rough tumor, typically on hands and feet, that can resemble a cauliflower or a solid blister. ... Plantar warts (verrucÃ¦ pedis; VP) are warts caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). ...

Substituted acetic acids produced include: Sodium acetate, (also rarely, sodium ethanoate) is the sodium salt of acetic acid. ... For other uses, see Textile (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For the mathematical constant see: E (mathematical constant). ... Flash point Non-flammable R/S statement R: 22-36/37/38-50/53 S: 26-60-61 Copper(II) acetate, also referred to as cupric acetate, is an inorganic compound consisting of two copper atoms and four acetate groups. ... Natural Ultramarine pigment in powdered form. ... A Fungicide is one of three main methods of pest control- chemical control of fungi in this case. ... Aluminium acetate, (CH3CO2)2AlOH. Categories: | | | ... Iron(II) acetate is an off-white or light brown solid ionic compound of iron. ... Look up Mordant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up dye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Palladium(II) acetate is a chemical compound of palladium with the empirical formula C4H6O4Pd, or more descriptively Pd(O2CCH3)2 or Pd(OAc)2. ... In organic chemistry, the Heck reaction or the Mizoroki-Heck reaction couples an unsaturated halide or triflate with an alkene in a basic solution. ...

Amounts of acetic acid used in these other applications together (apart from TPA) account for another 5%–10% of acetic acid use worldwide. These applications are, however, not expected to grow as much as TPA production. Monochloroacetic Acid, CClH2COOH, (chloroacetic acid, chloracetic acid, chloroethanoic acid or monochloroethanoic acid) is a carboxylic acid which is formed by chlorinating acetic acid. ... In organic chemistry, the chloroethanoic acids (trivial name chloroacetic acids) are three related chlorocarbon carboxylic acids: chloroethanoic acid (chloroacetic acid), CH2ClCOOH dichloroethanoic acid (dichloroacetic acid), CHCl2COOH trichloroethanoic acid (trichloroacetic acid), CCl3COOH As the number of chlorine atoms increases, the electronegativity of that end of the molecule increases, and the molecule... Indigo dye indigo molecule Indigo dye is an important dyestuff with a distinctive blue color (see indigo). ... R-phrases , S-phrases , Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Bromoacetic acid is the chemical compound with the formula CH2BrCO2H. This colorless solid is a relatively strong [[alkylating agent. ... estimate Flash point 47 Â°C R/S statement R: 26/27/28 S: 7/9, 26, 45 RTECS number AF6000000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a strong, hygroscopic, non-oxidizing, organic acid with a molecular formula C2HF3O2. ... Organic synthesis is the construction of organic molecules via chemical processes. ...

Safety

Concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and must therefore be handled with appropriate care, since it can cause skin burns, permanent eye damage, and irritation to the mucous membranes. These burns or blisters may not appear until several hours after exposure. Latex gloves offer no protection, so specially resistant gloves, such as those made of nitrile rubber, should be worn when handling the compound. Concentrated acetic acid can be ignited with some difficulty in the laboratory. It becomes a flammable risk if the ambient temperature exceeds 39 °C (102 °F), and can form explosive mixtures with air above this temperature (explosive limits: 5.4%–16%). For the hazard, see corrosive. ... This article is about the typesetting system. ... Nitrile rubber is a synthetic rubber co-polymer of acrylonitrile (ACN) and butadiene. ... The explosive limit of a gas or a vapour, is the limiting concentration (in air) that is needed for the gas to ignite and explode. ...

The hazards of solutions of acetic acid depend on the concentration. The following table lists the EU classification of acetic acid solutions: Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (as amended) is the main European Union law concerning chemical safety. ...

Solutions at more than 25% acetic acid are handled in a fume hood because of the pungent, corrosive vapour. Dilute acetic acid, in the form of vinegar, is harmless. However, ingestion of stronger solutions is dangerous to human and animal life. It can cause severe damage to the digestive system, and a potentially lethal change in the acidity of the blood. Image File history File links Hazard_C.svg Summary Description: The hazard symbol for corrosive substances according to directive 67/548/EWG by the European Chemicals Bureau. ... Image File history File links Hazard_C.svg Summary Description: The hazard symbol for corrosive substances according to directive 67/548/EWG by the European Chemicals Bureau. ... For other uses, see Concentration (disambiguation). ... R-phrases are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. ... what was here was sick and improperly spelled. ... Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ...

Due to incompatibilities, it is recommended to keep acetic acid away from chromic acid, ethylene glycol, nitric acid, perchloric acid, permanganates, peroxides and hydroxyls. In chemistry, chromic acid is a chromium (Cr) compound, yet to be isolated, with the formula H2CrO4. ... Ethylene glycol (monoethylene glycol (MEG), IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol) is an alcohol with two -OH groups (a diol), a chemical compound widely used as an automotive antifreeze. ... The chemical compound nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen nitrate (anhydrous nitric acid). ... Perchloric acid has the formula HClO4 and is a colorless liquid soluble in water. ... The structure of the permanganate anion A permanganate is a chemical compound that contains the permanganate ion (MnO4âˆ’). Because manganese is in the +7 oxidation state, the permanganate ion is a strong oxidizer. ... A peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond. ... // Hydroxyl group The term hydroxyl group is used to describe the functional group -OH when it is a substituent in an organic compound. ...

Contents

Nomenclature

History

Chemical properties

Acidity

Cyclic dimer

Solvent

Chemical reactions

Detection

Biochemistry

Production

Methanol carbonylation

Acetaldehyde oxidation

Ethylene oxidation

Fermentation

Oxidative fermentation

Anaerobic fermentation

Applications

Vinyl acetate monomer

Ester production

Acetic anhydride

Vinegar

Use as solvent

Other applications

Safety

See also

Uses

Chemistry

Related chemicals

References

External links

Contents

Nomenclature var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};

History

Chemical properties

Acidity

Cyclic dimer

Solvent

Chemical reactions

Detection

Biochemistry

Production

Methanol carbonylation

Acetaldehyde oxidation

Ethylene oxidation

Fermentation

Oxidative fermentation

Anaerobic fermentation

Applications

Vinyl acetate monomer

Ester production

Acetic anhydride

Vinegar

Use as solvent

Other applications

Safety

See also

Uses

Chemistry

Related chemicals

References

External links

Nomenclature