Activated carbon

Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a general term which covers carbon material mostly derived from charcoal. For all three variations of the name, "activated" is sometimes substituted by "active". By any name, it is a material with an exceptionally high surface area. Just one gram of activated carbon has a surface area of approximately 500 m², typically determined by nitrogen gas adsorption, and includes a large amount of microporosity. Sufficient activation for useful applications may come solely from the high surface area, though often further chemical treatment is used to enhance the absorbing properties of the material. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. ... Area is the measure of how much exposed area any two dimensional object has. ... BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (the adsorbate). ...

Production

It can be produced in two different processes from a variety of carbonaceous source materials, e.g. nutshells, wood, coal. It can be produced using one of the two following processes: For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). ... Coal Coal (IPA: ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ...

1. Physical reactivation: The precursor is developed into activated carbons using gases. This is generally done by using one of or combining the following processes:
   • Carbonization: Material with carbon content is pyrolysed at temperatures in the range 600-900 °C, in absence of air (usually in inert atmosphere with gases like argon)
   • Activation/Oxidation: Raw material or carbonised material is exposed to oxidizing atmospheres (carbon dioxide, oxygen, or steam) at temperatures above 250 °C, usually in the temperature range 600-1200 °C.
2. Chemical activation: Impregnation with chemicals such as acids like phosphoric acid or bases like potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or salts like zinc chloride, followed by carbonization at temperatures in the range 450-900 °C. It is believed that the carbonization / activation step proceeds simultaneously with the chemical activation. This technique can be problematic in some cases because, for example, zinc trace residues may remain in the end product. However, chemical activation is preferred over physical activation owing to the lower temperatures and shorter time needed for activating material.

Saturated activated carbon can be regenerated by heating. Simple sketch of pyrolysis chemistry Pyrolysis usually means the chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of oxygen or any other reagents, except possibly steam. ... Carbonization is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue. ... For other uses, see Acid (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... In chemistry, saturation has four different meanings: In physical chemistry, saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance and additional amounts of that substance will appear as a precipitate. ...

Properties

A gram of activated carbon can have a surface area in excess of 500 m², with 1500 m² being readily achievable. For comparison, a tennis court is about 260 m². Carbon aerogels, while more expensive, have even higher surface areas, and are used in special applications. BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A 2. ...

Under an electron microscope, the structure of activated carbon looks a little like ribbons of paper which have been crumpled together, intermingled with wood chips. There are a great number of nooks and crannies, and many areas where flat surfaces of graphite-like material run parallel to each other, separated by only a few nanometers or so. These micropores provide superb conditions for adsorption to occur, since adsorbing material can interact with many surfaces simultaneously. Tests of adsorption behaviour are usually done with nitrogen gas at 77 K under high vacuum, but in everyday terms activated carbon is perfectly capable of producing the equivalent, by adsorption from its environment, liquid water from steam at 100 °C and a pressure of 1/10,000 of an atmosphere. An electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses electrons to illuminate and create an image of a specimen. ... For other uses, see Graphite (disambiguation). ... This article is about the unit of length. ... Look up micro- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (the adsorbate). ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... Look up Vacuum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Steam (disambiguation). ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ... Standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure. ...

Physically, activated carbon binds materials by Van der Waals force or London dispersion force. In chemistry, the term van der Waals force originally referred to all forms of intermolecular forces; however, in modern usage it tends to refer to intermolecular forces that deal with forces due to the polarization of molecules. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...

Activated carbon does not bind well to certain chemicals, including alcohols, glycols, ammonia, strong acids and bases, metals and most inorganics, such as lithium, sodium, iron, lead, arsenic, fluorine, and boric acid. Activated carbon does absorb iodine very well and in fact the iodine number, mg/g, (ASTM D28 Standard Method test) is used as an indication of total surface area. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name:ethane-1,2-diol) is a chemical compound widely used as an automotive antifreeze (coolant). ... For other uses, see Ammonia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Acid (disambiguation). ... Acids and bases: Acid-base extraction Acid-base reaction Acid dissociation constant Acidity function Buffer solutions pH Proton affinity Self-ionization of water Acids: Lewis acids Mineral acids Organic acids Strong acids Superacids Weak acids Bases: Lewis bases Organic bases Strong bases Superbases Non-nucleophilic bases Weak bases edit In... This article is about metallic materials. ... Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. ... This article is about the chemical element named Lithium. ... For sodium in the diet, see Edible salt. ... For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ... For Pb as an abbreviation, see PB. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Standard atomic weight 74. ... Distinguished from fluorene and fluorone. ... Boric acid, also called boracic acid or orthoboric acid or Acidum Boricum, is a mild acid often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, in nuclear power plants to control the fission rate of uranium, and as a precursor of other chemical compounds. ... For the record label, see Iodine Recordings. ... ASTM International is an international voluntary standards organization that develops and produces technical standards for materials, products, systems and services. ...

Activated carbon can be used as a substrate for the application of various chemicals to improve the adsorptive capacity for some inorganic (and problematic organic) compounds such as hydrogen sulphide H₂S), ammonia (NH₃), formaldehyde (HCOH), radioisotopes iodine-131 (¹³¹I) and mercury (Hg). This property is known as chemisorption. Chemisorption is a process whereby a molecule adheres to a surface through the formation of a chemical bond, as opposed to physisorption where that is not the case. ...

Classifications

Activated carbons are complex products which are difficult to classify on the basis of their behaviour, surface characteristics and preparation methods. However, some broad classification is made for general purpose based on their physical characteristics.

Powdered activated carbon (PAC)

Traditionally, active carbons are made in particular form as powders or fine granules less than 1.0 mm in size with an average diameter between .15 and .25 mm. ^{[citation needed]} Thus they present a large internal surface with a small diffusion distance. PAC is made up of crushed or ground carbon particles, 95–100% of which will pass through a designated mesh sieve or sieve. Granular activated carbon is defined as the activated carbon being retained on a 50-mesh sieve (0.297 mm) and PAC material as finer material, while ASTM classifies particle sizes corresponding to an 80-mesh sieve (0.177 mm) and smaller as PAC. PAC is not commonly used in a dedicated vessel, owing to the high headloss that would occur. PAC is generally added directly to other process units, such as raw water intakes, rapid mix basins, clarifiers, and gravity filters.

Granulated activated carbon (GAC)

Granulated activated carbon has a relatively larger particle size compared to powdered activated carbon and consequently, presents a smaller external surface. Diffusion of the adsorbate is thus an important factor. These carbons are therefore preferred for all adsorption of gases and vapours as their rate of diffusion are faster. Granulated carbons are used for water treatment, deodourisation and separation of components of flow system. GAC can be either in the granular form or extruded. GAC is designated by sizes such as 8x20, 20x40, or 8x30 for liquid phase applications and 4x6, 4x8 or 4x10 for vapour phase applications. A 20x40 carbon is made of particles that will pass through a U.S. Standard Mesh Size No. 20 sieve (0.84 mm) (generally specified as 85% passing) but be retained on a U.S. Standard Mesh Size No. 40 sieve (0.42 mm) (generally specified as 95% retained). AWWA (1992) B604 uses the 50-mesh sieve (0.297 mm) as the minimum GAC size. The most popular aqueous phase carbons are the 12x40 and 8x30 sizes because they have a good balance of size, surface area, and headloss characteristics.

Pelleted activated carbon (EAC)

Consists of extruded and cylindrical shaped activated carbon with diameters from 0.8 to 5 mm. These are mainly used for gas phase applications because of their low pressure drop, high mechanical strength and low dust content.

Impregnated carbon

Porous carbons containing several types of inorganic impregnant such as iodine, silver, cation such as Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Li, Ca have also been prepared for specific application in air pollution control especially in museums and galleries. Silver loaded activated carbon is used as an adsorbent for purifications of domestic water. Drinking water can be obtained from natural water by treating the natural water with a mixture of activated carbon and flocculating agent Al(OH)₃. Impregnated carbons are also used for the adsorption of H₂S and mercaptans. Adsorption rates for H₂S as high as 50% by weight have been reported.

Polymers coated carbon

This is a process by which a porous carbon can be coated with a biocompatible polymer to give a smooth and permeable coat without blocking the pores. The resulting carbon is useful for hemoperfusion. Hemoperfusion is a treatment technique in which large volumes of the patient's blood are passed over an absorbent substance in order to remove toxic substances from the blood.

Other

Activated carbon is also available in special forms such as cloths and fibres.

Properties of activated carbon

• Iodine Number

Many carbons preferentially adsorb small molecules. Iodine number is the most fundamental parameter used to characterize activated carbon performance. It is a measure of activity level (higher number indicates higher degree of activation), often reported in mg/g (typical range 500-1200 mg/g). It is a measure of the micropore content of the activated carbon (0 to 20 Å, or up to 2 nm) by adsorption of iodine from solution. It is equivalent to surface area of activated carbon between 900 m²/g and 1100 m²/g. It is the standard measure for liquid phase applications. A nanometre (American spelling: nanometer) is 1. ...

• Molasses

Some carbons are more adept at adsorbing large molecules. Molasses number or molasses efficiency is a measure of the macropore content of the activated carbon (greater than 20 Å, or larger than 2 nm) by adsorption of molasses from solution. A high molasses number indicates a high adsorption of big molecules (range 95-600). Molasses efficiency is reported as a percentage (range 40%-185%) and parallels moalsses number (600 = 185%, 425 = 85%). The European molasses number (range 525-110) is inversely related to the North American molasses number. A nanometre (American spelling: nanometer) is 1. ...

• Tannin

Tannins are a mixture of large and medium size molecules. Carbons with a combination of macropores and mesopores adsorb tannins. The ability of a carbon to adsorb tannins is reported in parts per million concentration (range 200 ppm-362 ppm).

• Methylene Blue

Some carbons have a mesopore structure which adsorbs medium size molecules, such as the dye Methylene Blue. Methylene Blue adsorption is reported in g/100g (range 11-28 g/100g).

• Apparent density

Higher density provides greater volume activity and normally indicates better quality activated carbon.

• Hardness/abrasion number

It is a measure of the activated carbon’s resistance to attrition. It is important indicator of activated carbon to maintain its physical integrity and withstand frictional forces imposed by backwashing, etc. There are large differences in the hardness of activated carbons, depending on the raw material and activity level.

• Ash content

It reduces the overall activity of activated carbon. It reduces the efficiency of reactivation. The metals (Fe₂O₃) can leach out of activated carbon resulting in discoloration. Acid/water soluble ash content is more significant than total ash content.

• Carbon tetrachloride activity

Measurement of the porosity of an activated carbon by the adsorption of saturated carbon tetrachloride vapour.

• Particle size distribution

The finer the particle size of an activated carbon, the better the access to the surface area and the faster the rate of adsorption kinetics. In vapour phase systems this needs to be considered against pressure drop, which will affect energy cost. Careful consideration of particle size distribution can provide significant operating benefits.

Examples of adsorption

• Heterogeneous catalysis

The most commonly encountered form of chemisorption in industry, occurs when a solid catalyst interacts with a gaseous feedstock, the reactant/s. The adsorption of reactant/s to the catalyst surface creates a chemical bond, altering the electron density around the reactant molecule and allowing it to undergo reactions that would not normally be available to it. Heterogeneous catalysis is a chemistry term which describes catalysis where the catalyst is in a different phase (ie. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ...

• Adsorption refrigeration

Adsorption refrigeration and heat pump cycles rely on the adsorption of a refrigerant gas into an adsorbent at low pressure and subsequent desorption by heating. The adsorbent acts as a "chemical compressor" driven by heat and is, from this point of view, the "pump" of the system. It consists of a solar collector, a condenser or heat-exchanger and an evaporator that is placed in a refrigerator box. The inside of the collector is lined with an adsorption bed packed with activated carbon absorbed with methanol. The refrigerator box is insulated filled with water. The activated carbon can adsorb a large amount of methanol vapours in ambient temperature and desorb it at a higher temperature (around 100 degrees Celsius). During the daytime, the sunshine irradiates the collector, so the collector is heated up and the methanol is desorbed from the activated carbon. In desorption, the liquid methanol adsorbed in the charcoal heats up and vaporizes. The methanol vapour condenses and is stored in the evaporator. The absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that utilizes a heat source to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling system rather than being dependent on electricity to run a compressor. ...

At night, the collector temperature decreases to the ambient temperature, and the charcoal adsorbs the methanol from the evaporator. The liquid methanol in the evaporator vaporizes and adsorbs the heat from the water contained in the trays. Since adsorption is a process of releasing heat, the collector must be cooled efficiently at night. As mentioned above, the adsorption refrigeration system operates in an intermittent way to produce the refrigerating effect.

Helium gas can also be 'pumped' by thermally cycling activated carbon 'sorption pumps' between 4 kelvins and higher temperatures. An example of this is to provide the cooling power for the Oxford Instruments AST series dilution refrigerators. ³He vapour is pumped from the surface of the dilute phase of a mixture of liquid ⁴He and its isotope ³He. The ³He is adsorbed onto the surfaces of the carbon at low temperature (typically <4K), the regeneration of the pump between 20 and 40 K returns the ³He to the concentrated phase of the liquid mixture. Cooling occurs at the interface between the two liquid phases as ³He 'evaporates' across the phase boundary. If more than one pump is present in the system a continuous flow of gas and hence constant cooling power can be obtained, by having one sorption pump regenerating while the other is pumping. Systems such as this allow temperatures as low as 10 mK (0.01 kelvin) to be obtained with very few moving parts. For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ...

• Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy [SERS]

SERS is totally dependent on the interactions between a usually metalic enhancing surface and the adsorbed analytes and leads to the amplification of the usually very weak emission of raman radiation—characteristic of the molecule which is adsorbed. If the surface plasmon wave of the enhancing surface is of a specific frequency [depending on the excitation laser used] super enhancement can be achieved and is known as SERRS—Surface Enhanced Raman Resonance Spectroscopy. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy was discovered by Martin Fleischmann (later of cold fusion infamy) et al. ...

Applications

Activated carbon is used in gas purification, metal extraction, water purification, medicine, sewage treatment, air filters in gas masks and filter masks, filters in compressed air and many other applications. Air pollution is a chemical, particulate matter, or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. ... Extractive metallurgy is the practice of extracting metal from ore, purifying it, and recycling it. ... Control room and schematics of the water purification plant to Bret lake. ... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ... Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, both runoff and domestic. ... Air filter in an Opel Astra car, top side=clean side Air filter in an Opel Astra car, bottom side=dust side Automotive air filter clogged with dust and debris. ... Belgian 1930s era L.702 model civilian mask. ... A half face particulate mask is generally worn to protect the wearer from dust and paint fumes A filter mask or particulate mask is a protective mask which usually covers the mouth and nose only. ...

One major industrial application invoves use of activated carbon in metal finishing field. It is very widely employed for purification of electroplating solutions. For example, it is a main purification technique for removing organic impurities from bright nickel plating solutions. Variety of organic chemicals are added to plating soultions for imroving the deposit qualities and for enhancing its properties like brightness,smoothness and ductility etc. Due to passage of direct current and electrolytic reactions of anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction, organic additives generate unwanted break down products in solution. Their Excessive built up can adversly affect the plating quality and phyiscal properties of deposited metal. Acivated carbon treatment removes such impurities and restores plating prformance to a desired optimum level.

Environmental applications

Carbon adsorption has numerous applications in removing pollutants from air or water streams both in the field and in industrial processes such as: Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (the adsorbate). ... Many of the compounds which are dangerous to the environment can also be harmful to humans in the long-term range and come from mineral and fossil sources or are produced by humans themselves. ...

• Spill cleanup
• Groundwater remediation
• Drinking water filtration
• Air Purification
• Volatile organic compounds capture from painting, dry cleaning and other processes

Missing main definition------ someone add if you know it please. ... Generally, remediation means giving a remedy. ... Drinking water Mineral Water Drinking water is water that is intended to be ingested by humans. ... Look up filtration in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject in the Terminology and legal definitions section. ... “Painter” redirects here. ... Dry cleaning is any cleaning process for clothing and textiles using an organic solvent other than water — generally known as dry cleaning fluid, and typically this is tetrachloroethylene. ...

Medical applications

Activated carbon is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. It prevents absorption of the poison by the gastrointestinal tract. In cases of suspected poisoning, medical personnel either administer activated carbon on the scene or at a hospital's emergency department. Dosing is usually empirical at 1 gram/kg of body weight, usually given every 2 hours. Activated carbon has become the treatment of choice for many poisonings, and other decontamination methods such as ipecac-induced emesis or stomach pumps are now used rarely. The skull and crossbones symbol (Jolly Roger) traditionally used to label a poisonous substance. ... A drug overdose occurs when a chemical substance (i. ... In general terms, eating (formally, ingestion) is the process of consuming something edible, i. ... Upper and Lower gastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), also called the digestive tract, or the alimentary canal, is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. ... The emergency department (ED), sometimes termed the emergency room (ER), emergency ward (EW), accident & emergency (A&E) department or casualty department is a hospital or primary care department that provides initial treatment to patients with a broad spectrum of illnesses and injuries, some of which may be life-threatening and... Syrup of Ipecac (derived from the dried rhizome and roots of the Ipecacuanha plant), is an emetic—a substance used to induce vomiting. ... Vomiting (or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth. ... A stomach pump is a device used to remove the contents of the stomach, usually comprised of a length of tubing attached to a suction device. ...

Mechanisms of action:

• Binding of the toxin to prevent stomach and intestinal absorption. Binding is reversible so a cathartic such as sorbitol may be added as well.
• It interrupts the enterohepatic circulation of some drugs/toxins and their metabolites
• Allows certain drugs/toxins to be drawn out of the blood and bind to the charcoal in the intestine - a kind of "gut dialysis"

Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.^[1] The use of activated charcoal is contraindicated when the ingested substance is an acid, an alkali, or a petroleum product. Catharsis is a sudden emotional breakdown or climax that constitutes overwhelming feelings of great pity, sorrow, laughter, or any extreme change in emotion that results in the renewal, restoration and revitalization for living. ... Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, is a sugar alcohol the body metabolises slowly. ... Enterohepatic circulation, is the excretion of a drug (or a metabolite of it) through the bile to be re-absorbed in the gut and sent again to the liver along the portal vein, so the excretion-reabsortion cycle can start again. ... Metabolites are the intermediates and products of metabolism. ... In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ... In medicine, aspiration is the entry of secretions or foreign material into the trachea and lungs. ...

For pre-hospital use, it comes in plastic tubes or bottles, commonly 12.5 or 25 grams, pre-mixed with water. The trade names include InstaChar, SuperChar, Actidose, and Liqui-Char, but it is commonly called simply Activated Charcoal.

As an over-the-counter drug, it is often used to treat mild diarrhea. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines that may be sold without a prescription, in contrast to prescription drugs. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause...

Gas purification

Filters with activated carbon are usually used in compressed air and gas purification to remove oil vapours, odours, and other hydrocarbons from the air. The most common designs use a 1 stage or 2 stage filtration principle where activated carbon is embedded inside the filter media. Activated charcoal is also used in spacesuit Primary Life Support Systems. Synthetic motor oil An oil is any substance that is in a viscous liquid state (oily) at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer, and is both hydrophobic (immiscible with water, literally water fearing) and lipophilic (miscible with other oils, literally fat loving). This general definition includes compound classes with otherwise unrelated... Oil refineries are key to obtaining hydrocarbons; crude oil is processed through several stages to form desirable hydrocarbons, used in fuel and other commercial products. ... Apollo 15 space suit A spacesuit is a complex system of garments, equipment, and environmental systems designed to keep a person alive and comfortable in the harsh environment of outer space. ... A Primary (or Portable) Life Support System, or PLSS, is the backpack of a spacesuit. ...

Vodka purification

Activated carbon filters can be used to filter vodka of organic impurities. Since the activated carbon does not bind well to alcohols, the percentage of ethanol is not significantly affected, but the carbon will bind to and remove many organic impurities which can affect color, taste, and odor. Passing an organically impure vodka through an activated carbon filter 6-12 times (or through the same number of filters in one pass) will result in vodka with an identical alcohol content and significantly increased organic purity, as judged by odor and taste. ^[2] Vodka bottling machine, Shatskaya Vodka Shatsk, Russia Vodka (Polish: wódka, Russian: водка) is one of the worlds most popular distilled beverages. ... Benzene is the simplest of the arenes, a family of organic compounds An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon and hydrogen; therefore, carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and elementary carbon are not organic (see below for more on the definition controversy... “Grain alcohol” redirects here. ...

In traditional medicine

In the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West - chapter 69, one of the ingredients used to cure the mysterious malady of the king was 'soot scraped from a cooking pot'. The four heroes of the story, left to right: Sūn Wùkōng, Xuánzàng, Zhū Bājiè, and Shā Wùjìng. ...

Footnotes

References

• Engber, Daniel (Nov. 28, 2005). "How Does Activated Carbon Work?". Slate.

Slate is an online news and culture magazine created in 1996 by former New Republic editor Michael Kinsley and owned by Microsoft (as part of MSN). ...

See also

• Carbon black
• Carbon filtering
• Zeocarbon

Carbon black is a material, today usually produced by the incomplete combustion of petroleum products. ... Activated carbon from a water filter used for Carbon filtering in powder and block form Carbon filtering is a method of filtering that uses a piece of activated carbon to remove contaminants and impurities, utilizing chemical adsorption. ... Zeocarbon (also called activated charcoal and zeolite mixture) is the more general term which includes material mostly derived from charcoal and volcanic rock. ...

External links

• Activated Carbon Supplier
• Activated Carbon Filtration for Household Water Supplies
• Activated Carbon 101
• Activated Carbon - What is it, How Does It Work?