General Chemical Structure of an Acyl Chloride

In organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an organic compound which is a reactive derivative of a carboxylic acid. In its molecule, an acyl chloride has the reactive functional group -CO-Cl. An acyl chloride has the general formula RCOCl where R is an organic radical group. See the general chemical structure of an acyl chloride at right. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds that by definition contain carbon. ... An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon, with the exception of carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and gases containing carbon. ... Structure of a carboxylic acid Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)-OH, usually written as COOH. In general, the salts and anions of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates. ... A molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties. ... In ecology functional groups are collections of organisms based on morphological, physiological, behavioral, biochemical, or environmental responses or on trophic criteria. ... In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Atomic mass 35. ... An alkane in organic chemistry is a type of hydrocarbon in which the molecule has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and so has no double bonds (they are saturated). ... Chemical structure is the arrangement of atoms within a molecule, usually linked by covalent bonds. ...

Example of acyl chloride:
Acetyl Chloride

Acyl chlorides are a subset of acyl halides and undergo many of the chemical reactions mentioned under Acyl halide. A specific example of an acyl chloride is acetyl chloride (IUPAC name: ethanoyl chloride) CH₃COCl. See the simple diagram at left.
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... General Chemical Structure of an Acyl Halide An acyl halide (also known as an acid halide) is an organic compound containing a -COX functional group, which consists of a carbonyl group singly bonded to a halogen atom such as chlorine ( Cl ). The general formula for an acyl halide could be... A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of Chemical substances . ... An acyl halide (also known as an acid halide) is an organic compound containing a carbon atom which is double_bonded to an oxygen atom and singly bonded to a chlorine atom. ... Acetyl chloride, also known as ethanoyl chloride, is an acid chloride derived from acetic acid. ... The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international non-governmental organization devoted to the advancement of chemistry. ...

Chemical reactions

Acid chlorides are very reactive, the presence of the chlorine on the carbonyl carbon makes it a very good electrophile, since both the oxygen and chlorine are strongly electron withdrawing, giving the carbon a large partial positive charge. This means even a weak nucleophile can attack the carbon. Since a chloride ion is a good leaving group, this is a very useful compound synthetically, it can be used to prepare any carboxylic acid derivative: an acid anhydride, an ester or an amide by reacting acid chlorides with: a salt of a carboxylic acid, an alcohol, or an amine respectively. Acid chlorides will also react with water or a Gilman reagent (lithium diorganocopper compound). In most of these reactions, HCl (hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid) is also formed. General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Atomic mass 35. ... In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. ... In chemistry, an electrophile (literally electron-lover) is a reagent attracted to electrons that participates in a chemical reaction by accepting an electron pair in order to bond to a nucleophile. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Atomic mass 35. ... Properties The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle which carries a negative electric charge. ... In chemistry, a nucleophile (literally nucleus lover) is a reagent which is attracted to centres of positive charge. ... The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and are also called chlorides. ... Structure of a carboxylic acid Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)-OH, usually written as COOH. In general, the salts and anions of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates. ... In chemistry, an anhydride is typically an oxide of a nonmetallic element or an organic radical, capable of forming an acid by uniting with the elements of water. ... General formula of an ester of a carboxylic acid. ... In chemistry, the term amide has several meanings. ... Structure of a carboxylic acid Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)-OH, usually written as COOH. In general, the salts and anions of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates. ... In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... Ammonia Amines are organic compounds containing nitrogen as the key atom in the amine functional group. ... Water (from the Old English word wæter; c. ... A Gilman Reagent is a lithium and copper (diorganocopper) reagent compound, , where R is an organic radical. ... Hydrogen chloride, also known under the name HCl, is a highly corrosive and toxic colorless gas that forms white fumes on contact with humidity. ... The chemical substance hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas. ...

Hazards

Because acyl chlorides are such reactive compounds, they have toxicity and special precautions should be taken handling them. They are lachrymatory chemicals because they can react with water at the surface of the eye producing hydrochloric and organic acids irritating to the eye. Similar problems can result if one inhales acyl chloride vapors. Toxicity (from Greek τοξικότητα - poisonousness) is a measure to the degree to which something is toxic or poisonous. ... Categories: Stub | Chemical weapons ...

Synthesis

Acyl chlorides are often prepared by reacting a carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride. Thionyl chloride (or thionyl dichloride) is an inorganic compound with the formula SOCl2. ...

The sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) generated are both gases which can leave the reaction vessel, driving the reaction forward. They are also both toxic gases. Acyl chlorides can also be prepared using certain phosphorus chloride reagents such as phosphorus trichloride or phosphorus pentachloride. Sulfur dioxide (or Sulphur dioxide) has the chemical formula SO2. ... Hydrogen chloride, also known under the name HCl, is a highly corrosive and toxic colorless gas that forms white fumes on contact with humidity. ... For a list of biologically injurious substances, including toxins and other materials, as well as their effects, see poison. ... Phosphorus Trichloride Phosphorus Pentachloride Phosphorus Oxychloride[1] Phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) and phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) are reactive chemicals used as chlorinating reagents in a chemical laboratory. ... A reagent is any substance used in a chemical reaction. ... Phosphorus trichloride (formula PCl3) is the most important of the three phosphorus chlorides. ... Phosphorus Trichloride Phosphorus Pentachloride Phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) and phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) are reactive chemicals used as chlorinating reagents in a chemical laboratory. ...