Coordinates: 9.1210° N 79.5217° E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Map of Adam's Bridge and environs

Landsat 5 image of Adam's Bridge

Adam's Bridge also known as Ram Setu (from Sanskrit:राम सेतु)^[1] meaning "Rama's Bridge", is a chain of limestone shoals, between the islands of Mannar, near northwestern Sri Lanka, and Rameswaram, off the southeastern coast of India. Hindus believe that this bridge was built by Rama incarnation of Lord Vishnu to rescue his wife Sita who was abducted to Lanka by Ravana, as mentioned in the Ramayana. Many historical inscriptions, coins, old travel guides, old dictionary references, old religious maps indicate that this structure is considered as sacred by Hindus.^[2][3] Geological evidence indicates that this bridge acted as former land connection between India and Sri Lanka.^[4] Image File history File links Map of Adams Bridge, India/Sri Lanka Extracted from http://www. ... Image File history File links Map of Adams Bridge, India/Sri Lanka Extracted from http://www. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 455 pixelsFull resolution (2818 × 1601 pixel, file size: 276 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A subset of Landsat 5 TM true color composite of Ramas bridge or Ram Setu (referred by British cartographers as Adams Bridge). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 455 pixelsFull resolution (2818 × 1601 pixel, file size: 276 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A subset of Landsat 5 TM true color composite of Ramas bridge or Ram Setu (referred by British cartographers as Adams Bridge). ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Rama ( in IAST, in DevanāgarÄ«) or Ramachandra is a legendary or historical king of ancient India. ... For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ... Look up Shoal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Mannar is a district of Sri Lanka. ... This article is about temple town. ... Rama ( in IAST, in DevanāgarÄ«) or Ramachandra is a legendary or historical king of ancient India. ... Vishnu (IAST , Devanagari ), (honorific: Sri Vishnu) also known as Narayana is the Supreme Being (i. ... Lord Rama (center) with wife Sita, brother Lakshmana and devotee Hanuman. ... A depiction of Ravana, Hindu rakshasa King of Lanka In Hinduism, Ravana; sometimes transliterated as Raavana or Ravan or Revana) is the principal antagonist of Rama in the Hindu epic, the Ramayana. ... For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ...

The bridge is 30 miles (48 km) long and separates the Gulf of Mannar (southwest) from the Palk Strait (northeast). Some of the sandbanks are dry and the sea in the area is very shallow, being only 3 ft to 30 ft (1 m to 10 m) deep in places, which hinders navigation.^[4] There are controversies about whether this structure is natural or manmade. Few scientists have claimed that this structure is natural one whereas others including former Geological survey of India director S.Badrinaryanan claims that this structure is man made. The Madras high court, the highest court of law in Tamil Nadu (the state where this bridge lies) has said that this bridge is man-made, but later it has been reported in the media that the court did not consider all the available research data. ^[5][6] “km” redirects here. ... The Gulf of Mannar is an arm of the Indian Ocean, lying between the southern tip of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka at a width of between 160 and 200 km (100 to 125 mi). ... The Palk Strait is a 40-85 mi (64-137 km) wide strait that lies between Indias Tamil Nadu state and the island nation of Sri Lanka. ... This article is about the unit of length. ...

In 2001, the Government of India approved a controversial multi-million dollar Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project that aims to create a ship channel across the Palk Strait by dredging through a portion of this causeway. Some organizations oppose this project using current alignment based on religious, economic and environmental grounds and suggest implementation of the same through one of the 5 alternative alignments considered earlier^[7][8] without damaging this structure. The Government of India (Hindi: भारत सरकार [1]Bhārat Sarkār), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of... Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project proposes linking the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka by creating a shipping canal through the shallow sea sometimes called Setu Samudram, and through the island chain of Ramas Bridge, also known as Adams Bridge. ... The Palk Strait is a 40-85 mi (64-137 km) wide strait that lies between Indias Tamil Nadu state and the island nation of Sri Lanka. ...

Etymology

Famous 12th century venetian traveller Marco Polo's travel map shows that he has travelled around Adam's bridge area. His travel book calls this area as Setabund-Rameswara.[[8]] which means bridge constructed by Rama.

The name Rama's Bridge or Rama Setu (Sanskrit; setu: bridge) for the shoal of islands derives from the Sanskrit epic Ramayana (written versions dated from 500 BCE to 100 BCE), in which a bridge from Rameswaram was built by allies of Rama that he used to reach Lanka and rescue his abducted wife Sita from the asura king, Ravana.^[9] The sea separating India and Sri Lanka is called Sethusamudram "Sea of the Bridge". Maps prepared by Netherland cartographer during 1747 which is available in Tanjore Saraswathi mahal library shows this area as Ramancoil, a colloquial form of the Tamil Raman Kovil (Rama's Temple). Another map of Mogul India prepared by J.Rennel in 1788 retrieved from same library gives indications that this area would have been called as Rama Temple or Ramar Bridge. Many other maps in Schwartzberg's historical atlas and other sources call this area with various names like Koti, Sethubandha, Sethubandha Rameswaram etc. All these names are connected with names in hindu scriptures.^[10] Valmiki Ramayan calls this bridge built by Lord Rama as setu bandhanam in verse 2-22-76^[11].Earliest map which calls this area as Adam's bridge is prepared by British cartographer in 1804.^[12] Various travel guides,books, dictionary prepared during 18th and 19th century, including translations of Marco Polo's account of his travels, call this area as Setabund Rameswara or Ramar Bridge.^[13] Download high resolution version (1000x631, 124 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1000x631, 124 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Marco Polo (September 15, 1254 – January 8, 1324) was a Venetian trader and explorer who gained fame for his worldwide travels, recorded in the book Il Milione (The Million or The Travels of Marco Polo). ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... The ancient Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, laid the cornerstone for much of Hindu religion. ... For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ... Rama ( in IAST, in Devanāgarī) or Ramachandra is a legendary or historical king of ancient India. ... Lord Rama (center) with wife Sita, brother Lakshmana and devotee Hanuman. ... // In Hinduism In Hindu mythology, the Asura (Sanskrit: असुर) are a group of power-seeking deities, sometimes misleadingly referred to as demons. ... A depiction of Ravana, Hindu rakshasa King of Lanka In Hinduism, Ravana; sometimes transliterated as Raavana or Ravan or Revana) is the principal antagonist of Rama in the Hindu epic, the Ramayana. ... Sethusamudram (also Setusamudram, from Sanskrit; setu bridge and samudram sea) is the sea that separates Tamil Nadu, India from Sri Lanka. ... Thanjavur, also known as Tanjore, is a city in Tamil Nadu, in southeastern India. ... Rama ( in IAST, in Devanāgarī) or Ramachandra is a legendary or historical king of ancient India. ... Marco Polo (September 15, 1254 – January 8, 1324) was a Venetian trader and explorer who gained fame for his worldwide travels, recorded in the book Il Milione (The Million or The Travels of Marco Polo). ...

The name Adam's Bridge is due to an Islamic myth, according to which Adam used the bridge to reach Adam's Peak in Sri Lanka, where he stood repentant on one foot for 1,000 years, leaving a large hollow mark resembling a foot print. Both the peak and the bridge are named after this story. ^[4][9] The name first appears in the 11th century, mentioned by Alberuni; Ibn Khordadbeh in his Book of Roads and Kingdoms (ca. 850 AD) calls it Set Bandhai or "Bridge of the Sea".^[14] Islam (Arabic: ; ( ▶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... For other uses, see Adam (disambiguation). ... Adams Peak, also known as Sri Pada, is a 2,243 metre (7,360 feet) tall conical mountain in central Sri Lanka. ... Biruni commemorated on a Soviet stamp for his millennial anniversary. ... Abul Qasim UbaidAllah ibn Khordadbeh (c. ... The Book of Roads and Kingdoms (Arabic: ‎, Kitāb al-Masālik w’al- Mamālik) is a 9th century geography text by ibn Khordadbeh. ...

Geology and ecology

Rama Setu consists of a series of parallel ledges of sandstone and conglomeration, that is hard at the surface and grows coarse and soft as it descends to sandy banks. In the 19th century, there were two prevalent theories explaining the structure. One considered it to be formed by a process of accretion and rising of the land, while the other surmised that it was formed by the breaking away of Sri Lanka from the Indian subcontinent.^[15] The friable calcerous ridges are broken into large rectangular blocks, which perhaps gave rise to the belief that the causeway is an artificial construction.^[16]

During periods of lowered sea level over the last 100,000 years,Ram Setu has provided an intermittent land connection between India and Sri Lanka, which according to famous ornithologists Sidney Dillon Ripley and Bruce Beehler supports the vicariance model for speciation in some birds of the Indian sub-continent.^[17] Ornithology (from the Greek ornitha = chicken and logos = word/science) is the branch of biology concerned with the scientific study of birds. ... Sidney Dillon Ripley (20 September 1913 - 12 March, 2001 ) was an ornithologist. ... Dr. Bruce Beehler (born October 11, 1951 in Baltimore) is an ornithologist and vice-president of Conservation Internationals Melanesia Center for Biodiversity Conservation (CBC). ... Allopatric speciation, also known as geographic speciation, occurs when populations physically isolated by an extrinsic barrier evolve intrinsic (genetic) reproductive isolation such that if the barrier between the populations breaks down, individuals of the two populations can no longer interbreed. ...

Early surveys and dredging efforts

Adam's Bridge seen from above the Mannar island, Sri Lanka.

Due to shallow waters, Ram Setu presents a formidable hindrance to navigation through the Palk strait. Though trade across the India-Sri Lanka divide has been active since at least the first millennium BCE, it has been limited to small boats and dinghies. Larger ocean going vessels from the West have had to navigate around Sri Lanka to reach India' eastern coast.^[18] Eminent British geographer Major James Rennell, who surveyed the region as a young officer in the late eighteenth century, suggested that a "navigable passage could be maintained by dredging the strait of Ramisseram [sic]". However little notice was given to his proposal, perhaps because it came from "so young and unknown an officer", and the idea was only revived 60 years later.^[19] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 283 KB) Image of the Adams Bridge taken by me while flying from Hyderabad, India to Colombo, Sri Lanka. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 283 KB) Image of the Adams Bridge taken by me while flying from Hyderabad, India to Colombo, Sri Lanka. ... James Rennell (December 3, 1742 - March 29, 1830) was a British geographer. ...

In 1822, Sir Arthur Cotton (then an Ensign), was entrusted the responsibility to survey the Pamban channel, which separates the Indian mainland from the island of Rameswaram and forms the first link of Ram Setu. Geological evidence indicates that this was at one point bridged by a land connection, and some temple records suggest that the connection was broken by violent storms in 1480. Cotton suggested that the channel be dredged to enable passage of ships, but nothing was done till 1828, when some rocks were blasted and removed under the direction of Major Sim.^[20][21] General Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton (15 May 1803 Oxford – 25 July 1899 Dorking) was a British general and irrigation engineer. ... Ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy. ... Pamban Bridge The Pamban Bridge on the Palk Strait connects Rameswaram island to mainland India. ... // For other uses, see Dredge (disambiguation). ...

A more detailed marine survey of Ram Setu was undertaken in 1837 by Lieutenants F. T. Powell, Ethersey, Grieve and Christopher along with draughtsman Felix Jones, and operations to dredge the channel were recommenced the next year.^[20][22] However these, and subsequent efforts in the 19th century, did not succeed in keeping the passage navigable for any vessels except those with a light draft.^[4]

Sethusamudram shipping canal project

Main article: Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project

Adam's Bridge as seen from the air

Opposition parties are demanding implementation of Sethusamudram canal project using one of the 5 alternative alignments considered by Government earlier without damaging Ramsetu structure

In 2001, the Government of India approved a multi-million dollar Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project that aims to create a ship channel across the Palk Strait by dredging the shallow ocean floor near Dhanushkodi. The channel is expected to cut over 400 km (nearly 30 hours of shipping time) off the voyage around the island of Sri Lanka. This proposed channel's current alignment requires dredging through this causeway. Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project proposes linking the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka by creating a shipping canal through the shallow sea sometimes called Setu Samudram, and through the island chain of Ramas Bridge, also known as Adams Bridge. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 × 1600 pixel, file size: 410 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Adams Bridge Metadata This file... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 × 1600 pixel, file size: 410 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Adams Bridge Metadata This file... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Government of India (Hindi: भारत सरकार [1]Bhārat Sarkār), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of... Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project proposes linking the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka by creating a shipping canal through the shallow sea sometimes called Setu Samudram, and through the island chain of Ramas Bridge, also known as Adams Bridge. ... The Palk Strait is a 40-85 mi (64-137 km) wide strait that lies between Indias Tamil Nadu state and the island nation of Sri Lanka. ... The Confluence Dhanushkodi is a city at the southern tip of the Rameswaram island, at the eastern coast of the Tamil Nadu state of India. ...

Political parties including the BJP, AIADMK, RJD, JD(S) and some Hindu organizations oppose dredging through the shoal on religious grounds — Rama's Bridge is popularly identified as a causeway described in the Ramayana — and suggest using an alternate alignment for the channel that avoids damage to Adam's Bridge.^[23][24] The state and central government have opposed such changes, with Union Shipping Minister T R Baalu saying the current proposal was well scrutinised for economic viability and environmental sustainability and that there were no other environmentally feasible alternatives.^[25][26][27] BJP could mean one of Indias largest political parties, the Bharatiya Janata Party British Journal of Photography British Journal of Psychiatry British Journal of Pharmocology This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) is a regional political party in India. ... The Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD; the name means National Peoples Party) is a political party in India. ... The Janata Dal (Secular) is a left of centre Indian political party. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ...

Opposition to dredging through this causeway also stems from concerns over its impact on the area's ecology and marine wealth, potential loss of thorium deposits in the area, and increased risk of damage due to tsunamis.^[28]. Some organizations are completely opposing this project on economical and environmental grounds and claims proper scientific studies were not conducted before undertaking this project.^[29] General Name, Symbol, Number thorium, Th, 90 Chemical series Actinides Group, Period, Block n/a, 7, f Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 232. ... For other uses, see Tsunami (disambiguation). ...

Dating controversies

NASA satellite photo of Adam's Bridge—oblique, Sri Lanka to the left

It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article entitled Sethusamudram_Shipping_Canal_Project#Religious. (Discuss)

Vaishnava News Network and some other U.S.-based news services suggested that it had discovered the remains of the bridge built by Rama and his Vanara army, that is referred to in the Ramayana, and that it was not a natural formation, basing their claim on 2002 NASA satellite footage.^[30] Some archaeologists and geologists have presented differing estimates. Thus, a team from Centre for Remote Sensing (CRS) of Bharathidasan University, Tiruchi led by Professor S.M. Ramasamy in 2003 claimed that the, "Rama's bridge could only be 3,500 years old" and, "as the carbon dating of the beaches roughly matches the dates of Ramayana, its link to the epic needs to be explored".^[31] Image File history File links NASA_satellite_photo_of_Rama's_Bridge. ... Image File history File links NASA_satellite_photo_of_Rama's_Bridge. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project proposes linking the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka by creating a shipping canal through the shallow sea sometimes called Setu Samudram, and through the island chain of Ramas Bridge, also known as Adams Bridge. ... For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ... This article is about the American space agency. ...

Such claims were rejected as untenable by experts. NASA distanced itself from the claims saying that what had been captured was nothing more than a 30 km long, naturally-occurring chain of sandbanks called Adam's bridge^[32]. It also clarified that, "The images reproduced on the websites may well be ours, but their interpretation is certainly not ours. Remote sensing images or photographs from orbit cannot provide direct information about the origin or age of a chain of islands, and certainly cannot determine whether humans were involved in producing any of the patterns seen"^[33] Prof. N. Ramanujam, Head, Post Graduate Department of Geology and Research Centre, V.O. Chidambaram College, astrophysicist Jayant Narlikar and a group of professors of Madurai Kamaraj University (which is in the state of Tamil Nadu and is directly under the control of the state ministry of education) stated that Adam's bridge is a natural geographical feature which formed some 17 million years ago.^[30][34] Professor Jayant Vishnu Narlikar (born July 19,1938) (Marathi: प्रा. जयंत विष्णू नारळीकर) is an eminent Indian astrophysicist. ...

Geological Survey of India's former director, S. Badrinarayanan claims that such a natural formation would be impossible, He justifies the same by the presence of loose sands layer under corals for entire stretch. Corals normally form above rocks.."^{[35] [36]}. He feels that thorough analysis was not conducted by Geological Survey of India before undertaking SSCP project. Former Archaeological survey of India director, T.Satyamurthy claims ASI has never conducted any study in Ram setu area. He wonders how ASI filed affidavit saying it is a natural structure without conducting any study whatsoever.^[37] Even the Madras High Court has conceded that the Rama Sethu is a man-made structure in its verdict. ^[38][39]

See also

• Pamban channel
• Kanyakumari

Pamban Bridge The Pamban Bridge on the Palk Strait connects Rameswaram island to mainland India. ... For other uses, see Kanyakumari (disambiguation). ...

References

The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Sir James Emerson Tennent, 1st Baronet (7 April 1804–6 March 1869), born James Emerson, was an English politician and traveller. ... Eduard Suess (August 20, 1831 – April 26, 1914) was a 19th century geologist who was an expert on the geography of the Alps. ... Sidney Dillon Ripley (20 September 1913 - 12 March, 2001 ) was an ornithologist. ... Dr. Bruce Beehler (born October 11, 1951 in Baltimore) is an ornithologist and vice-president of Conservation Internationals Melanesia Center for Biodiversity Conservation (CBC). ... The Journal of Biogeography (Blackwell Publishing), first published in 1974, is the leading international science journal in the subject of biogeography. ... Sir William Wilson Hunter (July 15, 1840 - February 6, 1900), British publicist, son of Andrew Galloway Hunter, a Glasgow manufacturer, was born at Glasgow. ... William Digby was a British author and humanitarian. ... is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Hindu is a leading English-language newspaper in South India, with its largest base of circulation in Tamil Nadu. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Common Man featured on a commemorative stamp released by the Indian Postal Service on the 150th Anniversary of the Times of India - 1988. ... is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Indian Express is an Indian newspaper started by Ram Nath Goenka, and is published from New Delhi. ... is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Hindu is a leading English-language newspaper in South India, with its largest base of circulation in Tamil Nadu. ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Hindu is a leading English-language newspaper in South India, with its largest base of circulation in Tamil Nadu. ... is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project
• Tourist Guide Adam's Bridge
• Complete Information about Sethusamudram
• Ram sethu campaign by Hindu Organizations