Adams George Archibald

The Honourable Sir Adams George Archibald, KCB , PC (May 3, 1814 – December 14, 1892) was a Canadian lawyer and politician, and a father of Confederation. He was based in Nova Scotia for most of his career, though he also served as Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba from 1870 to 1872. From [1], in the public domain This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... From [1], in the public domain This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The prefix The Honourable or The Honorable ( or formerly The Honble) is a title of quality attached to the names of certain classes of persons. ... A statue of an armoured knight of the Middle Ages For the chess piece, see knight (chess). ... Military Badge of the Order of the Bath The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. ... The Queens Privy Council for Canada is the ceremonial council of advisors to the Queen of Canada, whose members are appointed by her Governor General in Canada for life on the advice of the Prime Minister. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... December 14 is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1892 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Canadian Confederation, or the Confederation of Canada, was the process that ultimately brought together a union among the provinces, colonies and territories of British North America to form the Dominion of Canada, a Dominion of the British Empire, which today is a federal nation state simply known as Canada. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (One defends and the other conquers) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant Governor Myra A. Freeman Premier John Hamm (PC) Area {{{TotalArea}}} km² (12th)  - Land 53,338 km²  - Water 1,946 km² (3. ... A Lieutenant Governor is a government official who is the subordinate or deputy of a Governor or Governor-General. ... Motto: Gloriosus et Liber (Glorious and free) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Winnipeg Largest city Winnipeg Lieutenant Governor John Harvard Premier Gary Doer (NDP) Area 647,797 km² (8th)  - Land 553,556 km²  - Water 64,241 km² (14. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1872 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Archibald was born in Truro to a prominent family in Nova Scotian politics (one of his relatives was Samuel G.W. Archibald, who had served as the province's Attorney General from 1830 to 1841). He studied science and medicine for a few years, and subsequently articled in law and was called to the Nova Scotia bar in January 1839. Archibald held a number of local offices over the next decade, and was appointed a probate judge in 1848. One of Truros tree sculptures Truro (2001 population 11,457; urban area population 44,276) is a town in central Nova Scotia, Canada. ... 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Political career

Archibald was elected to the Nova Scotia legislature in 1851 as a supporter of Joseph Howe's governing Reformers, topping the poll in the two-member riding of Colchester County. Once in the legislature, Archibald frequently took positions that were opposed by other members of the Liberal caucus. He supported elected municipal governments, for instance, and was a vociferous proponent of taxation for a state-run school system (regarded by many Nova Scotia Liberals as an unnecessary expense). Archibald also supported reciprocity with the United States, and opposed any efforts to expand the province's electoral franchise. Events January 23 - The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in Oregon is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning. ... The Liberal Party of Nova Scotia is a political party in Nova Scotia, Canada. ... Colchester County is a county in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. ...

Archibald was re-elected in 1855, and was appointed Solicitor General on August 14, 1856. His term in office was cut short by a sectarian quarrel in the legislature, which occurred after the President of the Charitable Irish Society was dismissed from his government job and charged with treason. The Liberal government had previously been supported by a majority of the province's Catholic population, but in early 1857 eight Catholic Liberals and two Protestant Liberals from Catholic ridings defected to the Conservative opposition, which was then able to form government. Archibald was forced to resign his position on February 21, 1857. 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Solicitor General is a cabinet position in several countries, dealing with legal affairs. ... August 14 is the 226th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (227th in leap years), with 139 days remaining. ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Nova Scotia Progressive Conservative Party is a centre-right political party in Nova Scotia, Canada. ... February 21 is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

In the provincial election of 1859, Howe's Liberals were returned to office on a platform of defending Protestant interests. This was essentially a cynical appeal to popular prejudice, and no significant actions were taken against the province's Catholics following the election. Archibald did not run, but was nevertheless appointed Attorney General in Howe's government on February 10, 1860. He returned to parliament following a by-election victory on March 8, 1860. In his new capacity, Archibald was a leading proponent of provincial railway development, even following the economic downturn of 1862. 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... In most common law jurisdictions, the Attorney General is the main legal adviser to the government, and in some jurisdictions may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions. ... February 10 is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (68th in Leap years). ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

In December 1862, Premier Howe was appointed Imperial Fisheries Commissioner by the British government. Archibald succeeded him as Liberal leader, although Howe continued to serve as Premier until the next election was called.

In early 1863, Howe's outgoing ministry passed a bill which re-introduced property qualifications for voters. The bill did not become law before the provincial election of May 1863, however, and it was largely due to the bill's unpopularity that Archibald's Liberals were dealt a crushing defeat. The party won only 14 seats out of 55, though Archibald was personally re-elected in Colchester South. 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

Despite serving as leader of the opposition from 1863 to 1867, Archibald frequently sided with the Conservative ministry against his own caucus on important legislative initiatives. He supported the education tax plan put forward by Charles Tupper's government, although it was opposed by most members of his own party. Archibald was later the Nova Scotia Liberal Party's representative to the first conference on Canadian Confederation, held at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island in 1864. Following the conference, he was the only member of the Liberal caucus to support Nova Scotia's entry into confederation. Sir Charles Tupper, P.C., G.C.M.G.,D.C.L., LL.D., M.D. (July 2, 1821 – October 30, 1915) was the sixth Prime Minister of Canada and, as of 2005, the one with the shortest term of office. ... For the federal electoral district see Charlottetown (electoral district) Charlottetown is a Canadian city and the provincial capital of Prince Edward Island, with a population of 32,245 as of 2001. ... 1864 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Archibald faced a leadership challenge from anti-confederate William Annand in 1866, but emerged victorious. When Nova Scotia joined the new nation of Canada on July 1, 1867, Archibald was appointed Secretary of State for the Provinces in the cabinet of John A. Macdonald. William Annand (April 10, 1808 - October 12, 1887) was a Nova Scotia publisher and politician. ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Right Honourable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, GCB, QC, PC (January 11, 1815 – June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister of Canada from July 1, 1867 – November 5, 1873 and October 17, 1878 – June 6, 1891. ...

Nova Scotia's political system was transformed by the debate on Confederation, and its concurrent provincial and federal elections in September 1867 were fought by Confederation and anti-Confederation parties, rather than by Liberals and Conservatives. The Confederation Party suffered a massive defeat, and Archibald (despite spending a very large sum of money) was defeated by Archibald McLelan in the riding of Colchester. He resigned his cabinet post on April 30, 1868. Archibald McLelan Archibald Woodbury McLelan (20 December 1824 – 26 June 1890) was a Canadian shipbuilder and politician. ... Arms of Colchester Borough Council Colchester town centre Map sources for Colchester at grid reference TL9925 Colchester is an historical town in the north of the English county of Essex, with a population of about 160,000. ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining, as the last day in April. ... 1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Popular opinion in Nova Scotia subsequently shifted in favour of Confederation, particularly after one-time anti-confederate Joseph Howe joined Macdonald's government in 1869. McLelan followed Howe to the Confederation side, and was appointed to the Senate in August 1869. This allowed Archibald to run for the riding in a by-election, in which he defeated Liberal Frederick Pearson, 1585 votes to 1230. Archibald was by this time a Liberal-Conservative, and continued to support the Macdonald government in parliament (though he was not re-appointed to cabinet). 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Senate (French: Sénat) is a component of the Parliament of Canada, which also includes the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and the House of Commons. ... 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Liberal Party of Canada (French: Parti libéral du Canada) is Canadas largest political party. ...

In 1870, Archibald gave a speech in favour of conciliation towards the leaders of the Red River Rebellion in Manitoba. This was noticed by George-Etienne Cartier, who was the de facto leader of the Canadian government while Macdonald was recovering from a serious illness. Cartier asked Archibald to become the first Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. Although he had little interest in the region, he agreed on condition that he be appointed to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia after serving a single term. 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Métis provisional government The Red River Rebellion of 1869 – 1870 is the term most often used to describe the actions of a provisional government established by Métis leader Louis Riel in 1869 at the Red River Settlement in what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba. ... Sir George-Étienne Cartier (September 6, 1814 - May 20, 1873) was a French-Canadian statesman and Father of Confederation. ... A former territory in the United States is called Northwest Territory. ...

Archibald was sworn into office in August 1870, in Niagara Falls, Ontario. He then travelled to Manitoba, and began piecing together the province's first government. There was considerable antagonism between the province's Métis population and recently-arrived soldiers from Ontario, and Archibald had difficulties finding suitable candidates to work with him. Until January 1871, the only members of his cabinet were local merchant Alfred Boyd and Marc-Amable Girard, a recent arrival from Quebec. Archibald himself was the province's de facto Premier, and often determined policy without consulting his ministers. Location of Niagara Falls in the Niagara Region Niagara Falls, Ontario (2001 population 78,815) is a city located on the Niagara River, in the Golden Horseshoe region. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Loyal it began, loyal it remains) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Area 1,076,395 km² (4th)  - Land 917,741 km²  - Water 158,654 km² (14. ... The Métis (pronounced MAY tee, IPA: , in French: or ) are one of three recognized Canadian aboriginal groups whose homeland consists of the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and the Northwest Territories. ... 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Alfred Boyd (c. ... Marc-Amable Girard (April 25, 1822-September 12, 1892) was an early Premier of the Canadian province of Manitoba. ...

Despite opposition from many of the province's Anglophones, Archibald was able to settle the province's electoral boundaries by December 1870. Archibald himself was the leader of the government side in the election which followed; the francophone population was mostly united in support of him, while John Christian Schultz led a group of ultra-loyalist Anglophones who opposed the conciliation policy. Archibald was successful, as Schultz's opposition won only five seats and Schultz was personally defeated in Winnipeg and St. John. John Christian Schultz (January 1, 1840-April 13, 1896) was a Manitoba politician. ...

Archibald put together a five-member cabinet in January 1871, which included Boyd, Girard, Henry Joseph Clarke, James Mackay and Thomas Howard -- a group which balanced the province's ethnic, religious and linguistic divisions. Archibald himself remained the real Premier. Henry Joseph Clarke (July 7, 1833-September 13, 1889), who sometimes used the middle names Hynes and OConnell, was a lawyer and Manitoba politician. ... Thomas Howard was the name of several prominent English noblemen who lived between the 15th century and the 17th century. ...

Archibald continued to pursue a policy of conciliation with the province's Métis population, encouraging them to register their lands and even meeting with Louis Riel after an armed Métis band had defended the government against Fenian invaders from America. His real intentions were to prevent another Métis uprising in the short-term, and to allow for the gradual hegemony of new Canadian settlers in the region. Nevertheless, the specifics of his conciliation policy were opposed by Macdonald and Howe alike (Howe was by this time Macdonald's Indian Affairs minister). In the face of this opposition, Archibald submitted his resignation in late 1871. Macdonald initially had difficulty finding a replacement and asked Archibald to reconsider. The federal government chose Francis Godschall Johnson as his replacement on April 9, 1872, but this commission was revoked before Johnson was sworn in. It was not until October 1872 that Archibald returned to Ontario. Louis Riel Louis David Riel (October 22, 1844 – November 16, 1885), was a Canadian politician and leader of the Métis people of the Canadian prairies. ... Fenian is a term used since the 1860s for an Irish nationalist who espouses violence, usually by people opposed to their aims. ... 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Francis Godschall Johnson (January 1, 1817-May 27, 1894) was a Canadian office holder. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... 1872 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1872 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Loyal it began, loyal it remains) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Area 1,076,395 km² (4th)  - Land 917,741 km²  - Water 158,654 km² (14. ...

Archibald was not immediately appointed to the Nova Scotia court, and was instead made a director of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company in February 1873. He was finally appointed to the bench in June, but withdrew days later to be appointed Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (former Conservative Premier James W. Johnston initially received this appointment, but had to withdraw due to ill health). This position required much less intervention than Archibald had exercised in Manitoba, although he attended cabinet meetings in 1873 and 1874. After 1876, he came to regard the position as primarily ceremonial, and above partisan concerns. The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR; AAR reporting marks CP, CPAA, CPI), known as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a Canadian Class I railway operated by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited. ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... James William Johnston (1792-1873) was a Nova Scotia lawyer and politician. ... 1874 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

Archibald served as Lt. Governor of Nova Scotia until June 1883, when his second term came to an end. In 1886, he became President of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, which he had helped to found six years earlier. He courted controversy by a public defense of the 18th-century Acadian expulsion later in the year. 1883 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1886 is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ...

In 1888, Archibald McLelan was appointed Lt. Governor of Nova Scotia. McLelan had resigned his Senate seat in 1881 and subsequently returned to the House of Commons. His appointment meant that the riding of Colchester again became vacant, and, ironically, Archibald was once again prevailed upon to stand for the riding as a Liberal-Conservative candidate. He was re-elected to the Commons on August 15, 1888, eighteen years after his previous departure. Archibald was little involved in the activities of the House following his return, and did not make any speeches. He did not run again in 1891 due to ill health, and died the following year. 1888 is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Archibald McLelan Archibald Woodbury McLelan (20 December 1824 – 26 June 1890) was a Canadian shipbuilder and politician. ... 1881 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The House of Commons (French: Chambre des communes) is a component of the Parliament of Canada, which also includes the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and the Senate. ... August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ... 1888 is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... 1891 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

External links

• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

This is a historical list of the lieutenant governors of Manitoba, a province of Canada. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1872 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Alexander Morris (March 17, 1826_October 28, 1889) was a Canadian politician. ... 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1888 is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... 1891 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...