At the end of pregnancy, the fetus must take the journey of childbirth to leave the reproductive female mother. Upon its entry to the air-breathing world, the newborn must begin to adjust to life outside the uterus. A pregnant woman near the end of her term Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more embryos or fetuses by female mammals, including humans, inside their bodies. ... Human fetus at eight weeks. ... Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a human pregnancy with the emergence of a newborn infant from its mothers uterus. ... Reproduction is the creation of one thing as a copy of, product of, or replacement for a similar thing, e. ... Look up Female in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A human infant The word Infant derives from the Latin in-fans, meaning unable to speak. ... The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ of most mammals, including humans. ...

Breathing and circulation

Perfusing its body by breathing independently instead of utilizing placental oxygen is the first challenge of a newborn. With the first breaths, there is a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance, and an increase in the surface area available for gas exchange due to the loss of low-resistance placental circulation. Overall, there is an increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR). There is a rapid subsequent increase in oxygenation due to the cardiovascular system changes. The decrease in venous return results in left atrial pressure being slightly higher than right atrial pressure, which closes the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale fetal circulation shunts, and another increase in pulmonary blood flow from approximately 4% to 100% of cardiac output. The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present only in female placental vertebrates during gestation (pregnancy). ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Atomic mass 15. ... Vascular resistance is a term used to define the resistance to flow that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system. ... Gas exchange or respiration takes place at a respiratory surface - a boundary between the external environment and the interior of the body. ... The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present only in female placental vertebrates during gestation (pregnancy). ... Total peripheral resistance refers the cumulative resistance of the thousands of arterioles in the body, or the lungs, respectively. ... The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals. ... In the circulatory system, a vein is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart. ... Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. ... In the developing fetus, the ductus arteriosus (DA) is a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch that allows much of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus fluid-filled lungs. ... In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. ... Human fetus at eight weeks. ... Cardiac output is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular a ventricle in a minute. ...

All of these changes result in the adaptation of the cardiovascular system from fetal circulation patterns to an adult circulation pattern. At this point, most congenital heart disease –which was not symptomatic in utero – starts to cause cyanosis or other symptoms. Usually, these problems are caused by cardiac or respiratory problems, though other causes may rarely contribute. A young woman who is 18 years old. ... Diagram of the human circulatory system. ... Cyanosis refers to the bluish coloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessels near the skin surface. ... In animal physiology, respiration is the transport of oxygen from the ambient air to the tissue cells and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. ...

At birth, there is a maturation of the alveoli and capillary networks of the lungs, as well as the deployment of surfactants to keep the alveoli open. At this point, a baby's rhythmic breathing also commences. If there are any problems with breathing, management can include stimulation, bag and mask ventilation, intubation and ventilation. Cardiorespiratory monitoring is essential to keeping track of potential problems. Pharmacological therapy such as caffeine can also be given to increase heart rate. A positive airway pressure should be maintained, and neonatal sepsis must be ruled out. The alveoli (singular:alveolus), tiny hollow sacs which are continuous with the airways, are the sites of gas exchange with the blood. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. ... Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lower the interfacial tension between two liquids. ... For the play Breath by Samuel Beckett, see Breath (play). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... In respiratory physiology, ventilation is the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lung. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ... Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound that acts as a stimulant in humans. ... Heart rate is used to describe the frequency of the cardiac cycle. ...

Potential neonatal respiratory problems include apnea, transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), airway obstruction, and pneumonia. Apnea (British spelling - apnoea) (Greek απνοια, from α-, privative, πνεειν, to breathe) is a technical term for suspension of external breathing. ... Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB) is a respiratory problem seen in the newborn shortly after delivery. ... There are two forms of respiratory distress syndrome: ARDS, which is acute (or adult) respiratory distress syndrome or infant respiratory distress syndrome which is a complication of premature birth. ... Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS, alternatively Neonatal aspiration of meconium) occurs when infants take meconium into their lungs during or before delivery. ... Airway obstruction is a respiratory problem caused by increased resistance in the bronchioles (usually from a decreased radius of the bronchioles) that reduces the amount of air inhaled in each breath and the oxygen that reaches the pulmonary arteries. ... Pneumonia is an illness of the lungs and respiratory system in which the alveoli (microscopic air-filled sacs of the lung responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere) become inflamed and flooded with fluid. ...

Energy metabolism

Energy metabolism in the fetus must be converted from a continuous placental supply of glucose to intermittent feeding. While the fetus is dependent on maternal glucose as the main source of energy, it can use lactate, free-fatty acids, and ketone bodies under some conditions. Plasma glucose is maintained by glycogenolysis. Human fetus at eight weeks. ... The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present only in female placental vertebrates during gestation (pregnancy). ... Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is the most important carbohydrate in biology. ... Lactic acid is a chemical compound that plays a role in several biochemical processes. ... Glycogenolysis is the catabolism of glycogen (requiring removal of glucose unit from glycogen and addition of phosphate) thus producing glucose 1-phosphate, and subsequently reconfigured (C-1 -> C-6) to yield glucose 6-phosphate, a potent reaction intermediary leading to glucose available to the blood and brain, pyruvic acid (yet...

Glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle begins in the late second trimester of pregnancy, and storage is completed in the third trimester. Glycogen stores are maximal at term, but even then, the fetus only has enough glycogen available to meet energy needs for 8-10 hours, which can be depleted even more quickly if demand is high. Newborns will then rely on gluconeogenesis for energy, which requires integration, and is normal at 2-4 days of life. The liver is an organ in some animals, including vertebrates (and therefore humans). ... A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle (from Latin musculus little mouse [1]) is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. ... For the term trimester used in academic settings, see Academic term The human gestation period of approximately 40 weeks between the time of the last menstrual cycle and delivery is traditionally divided into three periods of three months, or trimesters. ... A pregnant woman near the end of her term Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more embryos or fetuses by female mammals, including humans, inside their bodies. ... For the term trimester used in academic settings, see Academic term The human gestation period of approximately 40 weeks between the time of the last menstrual cycle and delivery is traditionally divided into three periods of three months, or trimesters. ... Electron micrograph of a section of a liver cell showing glycogen deposits as accumulations of electron dense particles (arrows). ... A human infant The word Infant derives from the Latin in-fans, meaning unable to speak. ... Pyruvic acid Oxaloacetic acid Phosphoenolpyruvate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose Gluconeogenesis is the generation of glucose from non-sugar carbon substrates like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids (primarily alanine and glutamine). ...

Fat stores are the largest storage source of energy. At 27 weeks gestation, only 1% of a fetus' body weight is fat. At 40 weeks, that number increases to 16%. FAT may mean: DILL :]] Factory acceptance test (see Acceptance test), a software engineering concept Far Eastern Air Transport, an airline of the Republic of China on Taiwan File Allocation Table, a file system format used by Microsoft operating systems; and others Forces Armées Tchadiennes, the Chad armed forces of...

Inadequate available glucose substrate can lead to hypoglycemia, fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, or other problems. Similarly, excess substrate can lead to problems, such as infant of a diabetic mother (IDM), hypothermia or neonatal sepsis. Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is the most important carbohydrate in biology. ... Hypoglycemia (hypoglycæmia in the UK) is a medical term referring to a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood. ... Intrauterine growth retardation or Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to the condition during pregnancy where a fetus is considered to be too small for its gestational age (generally in the 10th percentile). ... Hypothermia refers to any condition in which the temperature of a body drops below the level required for normal metabolism and/or bodily function to take place. ...

Anticipating potential problems is the key to managing most neonatal problems of energy metabolism. For example, early feeding in the delivery room or as soon as possible may prevent hypoglycemia. If the blood glucose is still low, then an intravenous (IV) bolus of glucose may be delivered, with continuous infusion if necessary. Rarely, steroids or glucagon may have to be employed. Hypoglycemia (hypoglycæmia in the UK) is a medical term referring to a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood. ... In medicine, blood sugar is glucose in the blood. ... An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... Steroid skeleton of lanosterol. ... Glucagon ball and stick model A microscopic image stained for glucagon. ...

Temperature regulation

Newborns come from a warm environment to the cold and fluctuating temperatures of this world. They are usually naked, wet, have a larger surface area than in the womb (on account of not being curled up), with variable amounts of insulation, limited metabolic reserves, and an inability to shiver. As such, it is not surprising that some newborns may have problems regulating their temperature. As early as the 1880s, infant incubators were used to help newborns maintain warmth, with humidified incubators being used as early as the 1930s. Female internal reproductive anatomy The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ of most mammals, including humans. ... Thermal insulation on the Huygens probe The term thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer. ... Shivering is a human bodily function in response to cold. ... Fig. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... The word incubation (from Latin incubare, to lie upon - cf. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ...

Basic techniques for keeping newborns warm include keeping them dry, wrapping them in blankets, giving them hats and clothing, or increasing the ambient temperature. More advanced techniques include incubators (at 36.5°C), humidity, heat shields, thermal blankets, double-walled incubators, and radiant warmers. The word incubation (from Latin incubare, to lie upon - cf. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...