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Encyclopedia > Adderall

Adderall XR 15 mg capsule
Adderall XR 15 mg capsule

Adderall is a brand-name pharmaceutical psychostimulant composed of mixed amphetamine salts. The drug is used primarily to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. Adderall has also been used successfully to manage severe cases of treatment-resistant depression. Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmakon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and lego (λέγω) to tell (about)) is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ... A psychostimulant is a substance that enhances locomotor behavior. ... Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. ... This article is about the term salt as referred to in chemistry. ... DISCLAIMER Please remember that Wikipedia is offered for informational use only. ... For other uses, see Narcolepsy (disambiguation). ... On the Threshold of Eternity. ...

Contents

History

Shire Pharmaceuticals introduced the Adderall brand in 1996 in the form of a multi-dose, instant-release tablet derived from an original formula of the weight management drug Obetrol. In 2006, Shire agreed to sell rights to the Adderall name for this instant-release medication to Duramed Pharmaceuticals[1] and this instant-release medication has since become available in a generic formulation of "mixed amphetamine salts"[citation needed]. The active ingredients of Adderall include a combination of dextroamphetamine and racemic DL-amphetamine salts.[citation needed] In 2006, Shire Pharmaceuticals introduced an extended-release preparation of these ingredients in a variety of dosages under the brand name "Adderall XR" (extended release), on which Shire retains exclusive patent rights until the patent expiry, expected in 2009. Shire Pharmaceuticals is British manufacturer of pharmaceuticals products including Adderall and Carbatrol. ... Obetrol is a pharmaceutical stimulant amphetamine used as an anoretic to treat exogenous obesity and ADHD, and is available today under the brand name Adderall. ... Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. ... This article is about the term salt as referred to in chemistry. ... Dextroamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant which produces increased wakefulness, energy and self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. ... In chemistry, a racemate is a mixture of equal amounts of left- and right-handed stereoisomers of a chiral molecule. ... Shire Pharmaceuticals is British manufacturer of pharmaceuticals products including Adderall and Carbatrol. ... Sustained-release (SR), extended-release (ER, XR, or XL), time-release or timed-release, controlled-release (CR), or continuous-release (CR or Contin) tablets are pills formulated to dissolve slowly and release a drug over time. ... 2009 (MMIX) will be a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...


Chemistry

Specifically, Adderall XR is composed of the following proportions of active ingredients[2]:

These four salts are metabolized at different rates and possess diverse half lives, therefore resulting in a less dramatic onset and termination of therapeutic action; as compared to single-salt amphetamine preparations.[citation needed] Dextroamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant which produces increased wakefulness, energy and self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. ... Dextroamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant which produces increased wakefulness, energy and self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. ... The sulfate anion, SO42− The structure and bonding of the sulfate ion In inorganic chemistry, a sulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; also sulphate in British English) is a salt of sulfuric acid. ... In chemistry, a racemate is a mixture of equal amounts of left- and right-handed stereoisomers of a chiral molecule. ... Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. ... Aspartic acid, also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. ... In chemistry, a racemate is a mixture of equal amounts of left- and right-handed stereoisomers of a chiral molecule. ... Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. ... The sulfate anion, SO42− The structure and bonding of the sulfate ion In inorganic chemistry, a sulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; also sulphate in British English) is a salt of sulfuric acid. ... Structure of the coenzyme adenosine triphosphate, a central intermediate in energy metabolism. ...


The average elimination half-life in adults for dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine is 10 hours and 13 hours respectively. Breakdown rates are affected by many factors including urinary and stomach pH, weight, gender, other medications being taken, and age. The urinary system is a system of organs, tubes, muscles, and nerves that work together to create, store, and carry, urine. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ...


Urinary and stomach pH levels can have the strongest effect on DL-amphetamine excretion and absorption. Co-administration of acidic substances (e.g. citric acid) causes an accelerated excretion of DL-amphetamine while co-administration of alkaline agents (e.g. antacids) causes a marked increase in both retention and absorption of amphetamines potentially resulting in dangerously high serum amphetamine levels. Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. ... An antacid is any substance that counteracts stomach acidity. ... Look up Serum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...


Adderall's effects are similar to other CNS stimulants of the same class and preparation (see amphetamine for details). A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. ...


Dosing and administration

Adderall is marketed as either an immediate-release tablet, Adderall, or an extended-release capsule, Adderall XR ("Extended Release"). Doses for both Adderall XR and Adderall are 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 milligram strengths with instant-release Adderall having two extra ones, 7.5 and 12.5 milligrams and Adderall XR having a 25 milligram dose.[citation needed] The milligram (symbol mg) is an SI unit of mass. ...


Adderall XR utilizes the Microtrol extended-release delivery system, incorporating two types of beads. The first dissolves immediately, releasing half of the medication, while the second type dissolves much more slowly releasing the remaining medication four hours later. Maximum plasma concentration is achieved in seven hours, compared to instant-release Adderall, which reaches maximum plasma concentration within three hours. As a result of its high bioavailability, Adderall XR's effectiveness is not altered by food absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. However, mean plasma concentration is prolonged by 2.5 hours (using a standard high-fat meal as the control).[2] Medications that alter urinary pH will cause variations in amount and method of excretion and usage should be monitored when taken concurrently with Adderall.[citation needed] Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ... In pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. ...


Manufacturer's claims of instant release have been disputed. A US patent granted for Adderall[3] was a pharmaceutical composition patent listing a rapid immediate release oral dosage form. No claim of increased or smooth drug delivery was made. A recent double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, conducted among children, indicated that patients behaved similarly to other immediate release amphetamines. The authors found that sustained-release dexamphetamine (the main isomeric-amphetamine component of Adderall) had a longer duration of action, though D-amphetamine was less effective in the first few hours.[4] The double blind is ray charles is ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesis ray charlesof the scientific method, used to prevent research... For other uses, see Placebo (disambiguation). ... A crossover trial is one where patients are given all of the medications to be studied in random order. ...


Generic equivalents/alternatives

The closest generic equivalent to Adderall is dextroamphetamine sulfate also known as Dexadrine and available in a sustained release form called Dexedrine ER. It should be noted that Adderall uses "mixed amphetamine salts" and Dexadrine is a single salt therefore Dexedrine ER is not a strict generic equivalent for Adderall XR, though it may, in terms of physiological and psychological effects, be a de facto generic alternative. The savings between Adderall XR and generic Dexedrine ER are significant: 90 dextroamphetamine extended-release capsules cost $20 at a retail pharmacy in the United States, while the equivalent 90 Adderall XR capsules cost $270. The difference is due to the fact that Adderall is still protected under patent in the United States. Until this patent expires, generic versions of Adderall XR will not become available. Dextroamphetamine is a psychostimulant which produces increased wakefulness, energy and self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. ... Sustained-release (SR), extended-release (ER, XR, or XL), time-release or timed-release, controlled-release (CR), or continuous-release (CR or Contin) pills are tablets or capsules formulated to dissolve slowly and release a drug over time. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... For other uses, see Pharmacy (disambiguation). ...


Vyvanse is a derivative of Dexedrine, yet it behaves differently in the body (see Dextroamphetamine at "Formulations"). The manufacturer has added extra ingredients (in the case of Adderall) or created a prodrug (a precursor) of dextroamphetamine (in the case of Vyvanse) in order to patent allegedly "improved" products that are similar to Dexedrine yet cannot be produced generically for the time being. Lisdexamfetamine (L-lysine-d-amphetamine) is a prodrug consisting of the psychostimulant d-amphetamine coupled with the essential amino acid L-lysine. ... Dextroamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant which produces increased wakefulness, energy and self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. ... A prodrug is a pharmacological substance (drug) which is administered in an inactive (or significantly less active) form. ...


Mechanism of action

Main article: Dextroamphetamine#Mixed_amphetamine_salts

Adderall’s inclusion of levoamphetamine provides the pharmaceutical with a quicker onset and longer clinical effect compared to pharmaceuticals exclusively formulated of dextroamphetamine.[5] Although it seems that where the human brain has a preference for dextroamphetamine over levoamphetamine, it has been reported that certain children have a better clinical response to levoamphetamine.[6] Dextroamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant which produces increased wakefulness, energy and self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. ...


Side effects

In children

A mood disorder is a condition where the prevailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances. ...

In adults

  • Dry mouth[2]
  • Loss of appetite[2]
  • Difficulty falling asleep[2]
  • Weight loss
  • Symptoms of depression/anxiety
  • Nicotine cravings

From overdose

These symptoms require immediate medical assistance:

Tourettism refers to tics associated with conditions other than Tourette syndrome. ... In psychology and other social and behavioral sciences, aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm or pain. ... On the Threshold of Eternity. ... This article is about epileptic seizures. ... EEG redirects here. ... For other forms of hypertension, see Hypertension (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Adderall abuse

Tolerance, extreme psychological dependence, and severe social disability can occur when amphetamines are abused. The manufacturer warns against exceeding the prescribed dosage, injecting the drug, or insufflation of the drug. Prolonged high doses of amphetamines followed by an abrupt cessation can result in extreme fatigue and mental depression. Chronic abuse of amphetamines can manifest itself as psychosis, often indistinguishable from schizophrenia.[2] Insufflation (Latin insufflatio blowing on or into) is the practice of inhaling substances into a body cavity. ...


Contraindications, interactions, and precautions

The following provides only general guidelines and is not comprehensive. Please refer to a more comprehensive list for further information regarding co-administration of amphetamine with other substances.

  • SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, e.g., Fluoxetine, Citalopram, Paroxetine, etc.) — While rare, the possibility for serotonin syndrome exists with this combination. Use only when it is directed.
  • NRIs (norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, e.g., Atomoxetine, Strattera, etc.) — NRI medications and amphetamine both enhance noradrenergic activity. Possible augmentation/potentiation of effects. Use only when directed.
  • SNRIs (selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) — See SSRIs and NRIs.
  • Bupropion (Zyban, Wellbutrin IR, ~SR, ~XL, etc.) — Both bupropion and amphetamine have noradrengic and dopaminergic activity. Possible augmentation/potentiation of effects. Bupropion has pro-convulsant properties that may be enhanced or cumulatively potentiated by amphetamine. Use only when directed.
  • MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors, e.g., Phenelzine, Nardil, Selegiline, Emsam, Iproniazid, Iprozid, etc.) — Do not administer amphetamines for a minimum of two weeks after last use of MAOI type drug. Possible hypertensive crises, dangerously elevated amphetamine levels. Preliminary trials of low dose amphetamine and MAOIs being administered together are in progress. However, this is to only be done under strict supervision of the prescribing parties.
  • Tricyclics (tricyclic antidepressants, e.g., Imipramine, Tofranil, Janamine, etc.) — See SNRIs and SSRIs. Possible potentiation of 5htp (serotonin), dopamine and norepinephrine related drug effects. Use only when indicated.

SSRI redirects here; for other uses, see SSRI (disambiguation). ... Prozac redirects here. ... Citalopram is an antidepressant drug used to treat depression associated with mood disorders. ... Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat, Pexeva) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. ... Serotonin syndrome is a rare, but potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction that results from intentional self-poisoning, therapeutic drug use, or inadvertent interactions between drugs. ... Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) are compounds that increase amounts of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain by inhibiting its reuptake at synapses. ... Atomoxetine is the first non-stimulant drug approved for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ... Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. ... Serotonin Norepinephrine Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant used in the treatment of clinical depression and other affective disorders. ... Bupropion (INN; also amfebutamone,[1] brand names Wellbutrin, Zyban, Budeprion and Buproban) is an atypical antidepressant, which acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and dopamine reuptake inhibitor,[2] and a nicotinic antagonist. ... MAOI redirects here. ... Phenelzine (brand name Nardil) is an antidepressant drug that belongs to the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) class of drugs. ... Selegiline (l-deprenyl, Eldepryl® or Anipryl® [veterinary]) is a drug used for the treatment of early-stage Parkinsons disease and senile dementia. ... Iproniazid is a monamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) that was developed as the first anti-depressant (Also first psychiatric drug). ... Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. ... Imipramine (sold as Antideprin, Deprenil, Deprimin, Deprinol, Depsonil, Dynaprin, Eupramin, Imipramil, Irmin, Janimine, Melipramin, Surplix, Tofranil) is an antidepressant medication, a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzazepine group. ...

Performance-enhancing use

Due to side effects including appetite suppression and weight loss, Adderall has also been used as an off-label drug for obesity.[7] Off-label use is the practice of prescribing drugs for a purpose outside the scope of the drugs approved label, most often concerning the drugs indication. ...


Professional poker player Paul Phillips claimed that the use of Adderall and other medications prescribed to him for ADHD treatment made him a much better player and helped him earn more than $2.3 million in poker. The drugs improved his concentration during high-stakes tournaments, he said, allowing him to better track all the action at his table.[8]


Adderall is also reportedly widely used as a "study drug" at most major American universities. Adderall is reported to help focus energy and concentration to a much higher level than normal. It is an amphetamine and works similarly to cocaine, enabling the user to focus and stay awake.[9] Stories of students writing papers for an unusual number of continuous hours [(e.g., 14 hours], or cramming all night for an exam with no loss of energy or concentrations are common. However, the user reportedly can suffer from drastic side effects the following day if Adderall was used to avoid a normal sleep pattern. These reported side effects include temporary loss of vision, sleeping over 14 hours, muscle spasms, vomiting, mental confusion, etc. William Frankenberger, psychology professor at University of Wisconsin at Eau Claire, led at a study at the university in 2004 that reported 14% of the campus had abused some form of ADHD drug, including Adderall.[10]. College campuses known to be highly competitive or have a high rate of binge drinking had up to 25% of students who misused an ADHD medication within one year, a survey of students at 119 colleges across the country concluded.[11]. Other forms of ADHD medication used as a performance enhancing drug include Ritalin, Concerta, and Dexedrine.[12].


Government warnings

On February 9, 2005, Health Canada suspended all sales of Adderall XR after data collected by manufacturer Shire Pharmaceuticals linked the drug to 12 sudden deaths in American children.[13] Further research, found data suggesting use of Adderall resulted in an increased risk of cardiac defect. Given the more than 37,000,000 prescriptions for Adderall filled during the four years, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration could find no increased risk of sudden death among Adderall users beyond the normal rate of the general population.[14][15] In August 2005, Health Canada followed the committee report of three independent physicians and lifted the ban on Adderall XR.[16][17] Given that persons with ADHD are more likely to engage in risky or dangerous behavior, it has been suggested that stimulant medications for persons with ADHD may actually result in lower incidence of premature death.[18] The use of Adderall is generally not advised in those persons with pre-existing cardiac or mental illnesses. It is also not advised in persons who have a history of drug abuse.[19] Although FDA safety advisors voted 8 to 7 to issue a black box warning, the FDA's pediatric advisory committee refused to give the drug its most severe black box warning in March 2006.[20] A Black Box Warning regarding amphetamine abuse potential is in place, however. is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... sex Canada (French: Santé Canada) is the department of the government of Canada with responsibility for national public health. ... Shire Pharmaceuticals is British manufacturer of pharmaceuticals products including Adderall and Carbatrol. ... FDA redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Black_Box_Warning. ...


Notes and references

  1. ^ Press Release: Barr and Shire Sign Three Agreements, August 14, 2006, Accessed May 1, 2008.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Shire US Inc., "Prescribing Information" sheet (PDF) for Adderall XR, March, 2007. Accessed May 1, 2008
  3. ^ US6,384,020 (PDF version) (2002-05-07) Flanner, Henry H., et al. A pharmaceutical composition comprising lactitol and one or more amphetamine salts in a rapid release formulation 
  4. ^ http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/pediatrics/pharma-news/v8n3.pdf
  5. ^ Glaser, et al. (2005). "Differential Effects of Amphetamine Isomers on Dopamine in the Rat Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens Core". Psychopharmacology 178: 250-258 (Pages: 255,256). 
  6. ^ Arnold (2000). "Methylphenidate vs Amphetamine: Comparative Review". Journal of Attention Disorders 3 (4): 200-211. doi:10.1177/108705470000300403. 
  7. ^ Quick-fix diet drugs: Effective or harmful? - Eating Well - MSNBC.com
  8. ^ Drugs to build up that mental muscle - Los Angeles Times
  9. ^ Twohey, Megan. "Pills become an addictive study aid: At colleges, students take a deadly risk by abusing ADHD drug." Knight Rider Tribune Business News. 26 March 2006: 1.
  10. ^ Twohey, Megan. "Pills become an addictive study aid: At colleges, students take a deadly risk by abusing ADHD drug." Knight Rider Tribune Business News. 26 March 2006: 1.
  11. ^ Twohey, Megan. "Pills become an addictive study aid: At colleges, students take a deadly risk by abusing ADHD drug." Knight Rider Tribune Business News. 26 March 2006: 1.
  12. ^ Monson, PharmD, Kristi and Schoenstadt, MD, Arthur. "Alternatives to Adderall." 10 April 2008. http://adhd.emedtv.com/adderall/alternatives-to-adderall-p2.html
  13. ^ Public Health Advisory for Adderall and Adderall XR
  14. ^ Ibid.
  15. ^ Sudden Death in 12 Kids on ADHD Drug Adderall
  16. ^ Report of the Adderall XR New Drug Committee
  17. ^ Canada Reverses Ban On ADHD Medication - Rosack 40 (19): 2 - Psychiatr News
  18. ^ Resources for Information about ADD/ADHD and Related Disorders
  19. ^ Patient Information Sheet for Adderall
  20. ^ Dire Warning Not Urged for ADHD Drugs - washingtonpost.com

is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... For other uses, see March (disambiguation). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 127th day of the year (128th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

Further reading

  • Hanna, Mohab "Making the Connection: A Parent's Guide to Medication in ADHD" Ladner-Drysdale 2006
</
v • d • e
Stimulants
Eugeroics
Phenethylamines

4-Fluoroamphetamine • 4-Fluoromethamphetamine • 4-Methylmethcathinone • 4-MTA • α-PPP • Aletamine • Amphechloral • Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Adderall) • Amphetaminil • Benzphetamine • Bupropion • Cathinone • Chlorphentermine • Clobenzorex • Clortermine • Cypenamine • Diethylpropion • Dimethoxyamphetamine • Dimethylamphetamine • Dimethylcathinone • Ephedrine • Epinephrine • Ethcathinone • Ethylamphetamine • Fencamfamine • Fenethylline • Fenfluramine • Fenproporex • Feprosidnine • Furfenorex • Levomethamphetamine • Lisdexamfetamine • MDMA • Mefenorex • Methamphetamine • Methcathinone • Methoxyphedrine • Methylone • Methylphenidate • Octopamine • Parahydroxyamphetamine • PMA • PMEA • PMMA • PPAP • Phendimetrazine • Phenmetrazine • Phentermine • Phenylephrine • Phenylpropanolamine • Prolintane  Propylamphetamine • Pseudoephedrine • Selegiline • Synephrine • Xylopropamine Sustained-Release 15mg Dexedrine Spansules. ... Adrafinil chemical structure Adrafinil is a mild central nervous system stimulant drug used to relieve excessive sleepiness and inattention in elderly patients. ... Armodafinil (Nuvigil®) is a drug produced by the pharmaceutical company Cephalon, currently in the process of receiving FDA approval. ... Carphedon was developed in Russia and is claimed to increase physical stamina along with improved tolerance to cold, its also used for amnesia treatment. ... Modafinil is a eugeroic drug generally prescribed to treat narcolepsy, made by the pharmaceutical company Cephalon Inc. ... Phenethylamine is an alkaloid and monoamine. ... 4-FMP, also known by its full chemical name 4-fluoroamphetamine, or 4-Fluoro-alpha-Methyl-Phenethylamine, is a central nervous system stimulant. ... Alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP) is a stimulant drug. ... Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. ... Dextroamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant which produces increased wakefulness, energy and self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. ... Amphetaminil is a cental nervous system stimulant. ... USA by Pharmacia. ... Bupropion (INN; also amfebutamone,[1] brand names Wellbutrin, Zyban, Budeprion and Buproban) is an atypical antidepressant, which acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and dopamine reuptake inhibitor,[2] and a nicotinic antagonist. ... Cathinone (β-ketoamphetamine) is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis (Khat). ... Chlorphentermine (Apsedon, Desopimon, Lucofen) is a stimulant drug which was used as an appetite suppressant. ... Clobenzorex (also known under the brand names Asenlix, Finedal, or Rexigen; or the US slang greenies) is a stimulant drug used as an anorectic (that is, a medication that suppresses appetite). ... Clortermine is a stimulant drug which was used as an appetite suppressant. ... Cypenamine is a stimulant drug. ... Diethylcathinone, more commonly called Diethylpropion in the medical field (Tenuate®) is a sympathomimetic stimulant drug marketed as an appetite suppressant. ... DMA, or dimethoxyamphetamine, is a series of lesser-known psychedelic drugs similar in structure to Amphetamine and to TMA (Trimethoxyamphetamine). ... N,N-Dimethylamphetamine is a stimulant drug related to other amphetamines such as methamphetamine. ... Dimethylcathinone is a phenethylamine that is synthesized from dichloromethane, bromopropiophenone, and dimethylamine. ... Ephedrine (EPH) is a sympathomimetic amine similar in structure to the synthetic derivatives amphetamine and methamphetamine. ... Adrenaline redirects here. ... N-ethylamphetamine (Etilamfetamine, Apetinil) is a stimulant drug derived from amphetamine which was invented in the early 1900s. ... Fencamfamine (Glucoenergan, Reactivan) is a stimulant which was developed in the 1960s as an appetite supressant, but was later withdrawn for this application due to problems with dependence and abuse. ... Fenethylline (Captagon) is a synthetic stimulant drug. ... Fenfluramine is a drug that was part of the Fen-Phen anti-obesity medication (the other drug being phentermine). ... Fenproporex (Perphoxene) is a stimulant drug which is used as an appetite suppressant. ... Feprosidnine (Sydnophen) is a stimulant drug which was developed in the USSR in the 1970s. ... Furfenorex (Frugalan) is a stimulant drug derived from amphetamine, which was developed in the 1960s and used as an appetite suppressant for the treatment of obesity. ... Levomethamphetamine (other names: l-desoxyephedrine, l-methamphetamine, levmetamfetamine ) is the l- stereoisomer of methamphetamine, a sympathomimetic vasoconstrictor which is the active ingredient used in some over-the-counter nasal decongestants. ... Lisdexamfetamine (L-lysine-d-amphetamine) is a prodrug of the psychostimulant d-amphetamine coupled with the essential amino acid L-lysine. ... ecstasy and religious ecstasy MDMA, most commonly known today by the street name ecstasy, is a synthetic entactogen of the phenethylamine family whose primary effect is to stimulate the brain to rapidly secrete large amounts of serotonin, causing a general sense of openness, empathy, energy, euphoria, and well-being. ... Mefenorex (Rondimen, Pondinil, Anexate) is a stimulant drug which was used as an appetite suppressant. ... This article is about the psychostimulant, d-methamphetamine. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Methoxyphedrine (Methedrone) is a stimulant drug. ... Methylone is a designer drug that is an analog of MDMA (Ecstasy). ... Vitamin R redirects here. ... Octopamine is a biogenic amine which is closely related to noradrenaline, and has a similar action to dopamine. ... p-Hydroxyamphetamine (4-hydroxyamphetamine, α-methyltyramine) is a drug that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. ... For other uses, see PMA (disambiguation). ... Para-methoxy-ethylamphetamine or PMEA is a stimulant drug related to PMA and ethylamphetamine. ... Para-methoxy-methamphetamine or PMMA is a stimulant drug related to PMA and methamphetamine. ... (-)-1-phenyl-2-propylaminopentane ((-)PPAP) is a drug with an unusual effects profile. ... Phendimetrazine (Bontril®) is a weight loss medication. ... Phenmetrazine is an amphetamine-like drug. ... Phentermine is an appetite suppressant of the amphetamine and phenethylamine class. ... Phenylephrine or Neo-Synephrine is an α-adrenergic receptor agonist used primarily as a decongestant, as an agent to dilate the pupil and to increase blood pressure. ... Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a drug of the phenethylamine family used as a decongestant and also as an appetite suppressant. ... Prolintane is a central nervous system simulant. ... N-propylamphetamine is a stimulant drug derived from amphetamine which was invented in the 1970s. ... Pseudoephedrine (commonly abbreviated as PSE) is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a decongestant. ... Selegiline (l-deprenyl, Eldepryl® or Anipryl® [veterinary]) is a drug used for the treatment of early-stage Parkinsons disease and senile dementia. ... Synephrine Synephrine is a dietary supplement aimed at encouraging fat loss. ... 3,4-dimethylamphetamine (Xylopropamine, α,3,4-trimethylphenethylamine) is a stimulant drug derived from amphetamine which was invented in the 1950s. ...

Piperazines

BZP • MeOPP • MBZP • mCPP • 2C-B-BZP Basic piperazine structure Piperazine is a six-sided organic ring compound containing two opposing nitrogen atoms (see image). ... Benzylpiperazine (street names include A2, frenzy and nemesis [1] However, there are some references to BZP in the literature that predate interest in piperazines as anthelmintics. ... 4-methoxyphenylpiperazine (Paraperazine, MeOPP, 4-MeOPP) is a piperazine derivative with stimulant effects which has been sold as an ingredient in Party pills, initially in New Zealand and subsequently in other countries around the world. ... MBZP (1-methyl-4-benzylpiperazine) is a stimulant drug which is a derivative of benzylpiperazine. ... Tablets containing mCPP confiscated by the DEA in Vernon Hills, Illinois 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazine (or meta-chlorophenylpiperazine, mCPP) is a piperazine-based 5-HT receptor agonist that has been used as a challenge drug in MDMA research. ... 2C-B-BZP is a research chemical and stimulant of the piperazine family. ...

Xanthines
Tropanes

3-Pseudotropyl-4-fluorobenzoate • Altropane • Brasofensine • CFT • β-CIT • Cocaethylene • Cocaine • β-CPPIT • FE-β-CPPIT • FP-β-CPPIT • PIT • PTT • RTI-113 • RTI-121 • RTI-336 • Tesofensine • Troparil • WF-23 • WF-33 Xanthine (IPA: ), (3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione), is a purine base found in most body tissues and fluids and in other organisms. ... For other uses, see Caffeine (disambiguation). ... Aminophylline is a drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine in 2:1 ratio. ... Paraxanthine, or 1,7-dimethylxanthine, is a dimethylxanthine compound structurally related to caffeine. ... Theobromine, also known as xantheose,[1] is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant. ... Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as COPD or asthma under a variety of brand names. ... Tropane is a nitrogenous bicyclic organic compound with chemical formula C8H15N. It is mainly known for a group of alkaloids derived from it (called tropane alkaloids), which include, among others, atropine and cocaine. ... Brasofensine is a serotonin-noradrenaline-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. ... (-)-2-β-Carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (β-CFT, WIN 35,428) is a stimulant drug used in scientific research. ... Cocaethylene is the chemical that is formed when cocaine and alcohol mix inside the body. ... For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation). ... (-)-2β-Carboisopropoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)tropane (RTI-121, IPCIT) is a stimulant drug used in scientific research, which was developed in the early 1990s. ... Tesofensine is a serotonin-noradrenaline-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, which also seems to increase the action of acetylcholine in the brain, probably due to downstream effects. ... (-)-2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-phenyltropane (Troparil, β-CPT, WIN-35065-2) is a stimulant drug used in scientific research. ...

Cholinergics
Convulsants
Phenylaminooxazoles

4-Methyl-aminorex • Aminorex • Clominorex • Fenozolone • Fluminorex • Pemoline • Thozalinone The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. ... Arecoline is an alkaloid-type natural product found in betel nuts from the betel palm (Areca catechu). ... Cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ... This article is about the medical condition. ... Bicuculline (BIC) is an antagonist of GABA receptors. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Metrazol is the commercial trademark of pentetrazol, pentamethylenetetrazol, or pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), a drug used as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant (another commercial name is Cardiazol). ... Picrotoxin is an antagonist of GABA receptors. ... Strychnine (pronounced (British, U.S.), or (U.S.)) is a very toxic (LD50 = 10 mg approx. ... Thujone is a ketone and a monoterpene that exists in two stereoisomeric forms: (+)-3-thujone or α-thujone and (-)-3-thujone or β-thujone. ... 4-Methyl-aminorex is a stimulant drug of the 2-Amino-5-Aryloxazoline class. ... Aminorex is an anorectic stimulant drug of the 2-Amino-5-Aryloxazoline class. ... Clominorex is a centrally acting sympathomimetic which is related to other drugs such as aminorex and pemoline. ... Fenozolone is a centrally acting sympathomimetic. ... Fluminorex is a centrally acting sympathomimetic which is related to other drugs such as aminorex and pemoline. ... Pemoline is a medication for Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ... Thozalinone is a centrally acting sympathomimetic which is related to other drugs such as pemoline and 4-methylaminorex. ...

Others

2-Benzylpiperidine • Amineptine • Bemegride • BPAP • Benzydamine • Clenbuterol • Clofenciclan • Cyclopentamine • Cyprodenate • Desoxypipradrol • Dimethocaine • Diphenyl prolinol • Ethylphenidate • Ethamivan • Gilutensin • GYKI-52895 • Hexacyclonate • Indanorex • Indatraline • Isometheptene • Mazindol • MDPV • Mesocarb • Methylphenidate (Dexmethylphenidate) • Naphthylisopropylamine • Nikethamide • Nocaine • Nomifensine • Phacetoperane • Phthalimidopropiophenone • Pipradrol • Prolintane • Propylhexedrine • Pyrovalerone • Sibutramine • Tuamine • Vanoxerine • Yohimbine • Zylofuramine Amineptine is an atypical tricyclic antidepressant that selectively inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine, thus exerting a powerful and fast-acting antidepressant effect. ... Bemegride is a CNS stimulant and antidote for barbiturate poisoning. ... (-)-1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane ((-)BPAP) is a drug with an unusual effects profile. ... Benzydamine, available as the hydrochloride, is a locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with local anaesthetic and analgesic properties providing both rapid and extended pain relief as well as a significant anti-inflammatory treatment for the painful inflammatory conditions of the mouth and throat. ... Clenbuterol is a drug prescribed to sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator. ... Clofenciclan (Chlorphencyclan, Tonquil) is a stimulant drug. ... Cyclopentamine is a stimulant drug structurally related to methamphetamine, wherein the aromatic phenyl ring is replaced with a cyclopentane ring. ... Cyprodenate (Actebral) is a stimulant drug. ... Desoxypipradrol, also known as 2-(diphenylmethyl)piperidine or 2-DPMP, is a long-acting stimulant drug. ... Diphenyl prolinol, or (R,S)(+,-)-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinyl-methanol, is a mild dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. ... Ethylphenidate is a stimulant drug. ... Ethamivan (Analepticon) is a respiratory stimulant drug[1] related to nikethamide. ... Gilutensin (Etifelmine) is a stimulant drug. ... GYKI-52895 is a drug which is a 2,3-benzodiazepine derivative. ... Hexacyclonate (Gevilon) is a stimulant drug. ... Indanorex (Dietor) is a stimulant drug which was developed in the 1970s. ... Illicit cocaine use is a major medical, public health problem, and economic problem, with approximately 2 million chronic users in the US alone. ... Isometheptene (usually as isometheptene mucate) is a sympathomimetic amine sometimes used in the treatment of migraines due to its vasoconstricting properties, that is, it causes constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels (arteries and veins). ... Mazindol is a central nervous system simulant. ... This page may meet Wikipedia’s criteria for speedy deletion. ... Mesocarb (Sidnocarb, Sydnocarb) is a stimulant drug which was developed in the USSR in the 1970s. ... Vitamin R redirects here. ... Dexmethylphenidate (commercially known as Focalin) is a pharmaceutical drug used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. ... Naphthylisopropylamine (PAL-287) is a stimulant drug developed for the treatment of amphetamine and cocaine addiction. ... Nikethamide is a stimulant which mainly affects the respiratory cycle. ... The Nocaine family includes a diverse assortment of piperidine based cocaine mimics. ... Nomifensine is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor that increases the amount of synaptic dopamine available to receptors by blocking dopamines re-uptake transporter. ... Phacetoperane (Levofacetoperane) is a stimulant drug. ... Pipradrol (Meretran) is a mild CNS stimulant which is no longer widely used in most countries due to concerns about its abuse potential, although this is less of a problem than with other stimulants that still are in current use such as methylphenidate. ... Prolintane is a central nervous system simulant. ... Propylhexedrine, also known as hexahydrodesoxyephedrine or dimethylcyclohexaneethanamine, is a sympathomimetic with varied medicinal uses, is an adrenergic compound used mainly to provide temporary symptomatic relief of nasal congestion due to colds, allergies and allergic rhinitis. ... Pyrovalerone (Centroton, Thymergix) is a stimulant drug developed in the late 1960s and used in France and some other European countries. ... Sibutramine (Meridia® in the USA, Reductil® in Europe), usually as sibutramide hydrochloride monohydrate, is an orally administered agent for the treatment of obesity. ... Tuaminoheptane (or tuamine) is a nasal preparation. ... Vanoxerine, also known as GBR-12909, is a piperazine derivative which is a potent and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor. ... Yohimbine, also known under the outdated names quebrachin, aphrodin, corynine, yohimvetol and hydroergotocin, is the principal alkaloid of the bark of the West-African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe Pierre (formerly Corynanthe yohimbe), family Rubiaceae (Madder family). ... Zylofuramine is a stimulant drug. ...

See also Sympathomimetic amines