NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Adenoma

An adenoma is a collection of growths (-oma) of glandular origin. Adenomas can grow from many organs including the colon, adrenal, pituitary, thyroid, etc. These growths are benign, although over time they may progress to become malignant (at which point they are called adenocarcinomas). Though adenomas are benign, they can cause serious health complications by compressing other structures (mass effect) and by producing large amounts of hormones in an unregulated manner (paraneoplastic syndrome). The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // C00-D48 - Neoplasms (C00-C14) Malignant neoplasms, lip, oral cavity and pharynx (C00) Malignant neoplasm of lip (C01) Malignant neoplasm of base of tongue (C02) Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified parts of tongue (C03) Malignant neoplasm of gum (C04) Malignant neoplasm of floor of mouth (C05) Malignant neoplasm of... // C00-D48 - Neoplasms (C00-C14) Malignant neoplasms, lip, oral cavity and pharynx (C00) Malignant neoplasm of lip (C01) Malignant neoplasm of base of tongue (C02) Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified parts of tongue (C03) Malignant neoplasm of gum (C04) Malignant neoplasm of floor of mouth (C05) Malignant neoplasm of... // C00-D48 - Neoplasms (C00-C14) Malignant neoplasms, lip, oral cavity and pharynx (C00) Malignant neoplasm of lip (C01) Malignant neoplasm of base of tongue (C02) Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified parts of tongue (C03) Malignant neoplasm of gum (C04) Malignant neoplasm of floor of mouth (C05) Malignant neoplasm of... // C00-D48 - Neoplasms (C00-C14) Malignant neoplasms, lip, oral cavity and pharynx (C00) Malignant neoplasm of lip (C01) Malignant neoplasm of base of tongue (C02) Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified parts of tongue (C03) Malignant neoplasm of gum (C04) Malignant neoplasm of floor of mouth (C05) Malignant neoplasm of... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) is a domain specific extension of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems for tumor diseases. ... The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) is a domain specific extension of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems for tumor diseases. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Large intestine. ... In mammals, the adrenal gland (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad, near or at + renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines... Located at the base of the skull, the pituitary gland is protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica. ... Look up Benign in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... When normal cells are damaged or old they undergo apoptosis; cancer cells, however, avoid apoptosis. ... Adenocarcinoma is a form of carcinoma that originates in glandular tissue. ... Mass Effect is an action role-playing game under development by BioWare exclusively for the Xbox 360, which will be the first installment of a planned trilogy. ... Hormone is also the NATO reporting name for the Soviet/Russian Kamov Ka-25 military helicopter. ... A paraneoplastic phenomenon is a disease or symptom that is the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body, but is not due to the local presence of cancer cells. ...

Histopathology

Adenoma is a benign epithelial tumor arising in epithelium of mucosa (stomach, small intestine and bowel), glands (endocrine and exocrine) and ducts. In hollow organs (digestive tract) the adenoma grows upwards into the lumen - adenomatous Polyp (medicine)polyp or polypoid adenoma. Depending on the type of the insertion base, adenoma may be pedunculated lobular head with a long slender stalk, covered by normal mucosa or sessile (broad base).

The adenomatous proliferation is characterized by different degrees of cell dysplasia (atypia or loss of normal differentiation of epithelium) irregular cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, (pseudo)stratified nuclei, nucleolus, decreased mucosecretion and mitosis. The architecture may be tubular, villous or tubulo-villous. Basement membrane and muscularis mucosae are intact.

Locations

Colon

Adenomas of the colon are quite prevalent. They are found commonly at colonoscopy. They are removed because of their tendency to become malignant and lead to colon cancer.

Renal

This is a tumor which is most often small and asymptomatic and its derived from renal tubules. It may be a precursor lesion to renal carcinoma.

Adrenal

Adrenal adenomas are common, 1 in 10 people have them benign and asymptomatic. They are often found on of the abdomen, usually not as the focus of investigation; they are usually incidental findings. About one in 10,000 is malignant. Thus, a biopsy is rarely called for, especially if the lesion is homogeneous and smaller than 3 centimeters. Follow-up images in three to six months can confirm the stability of the growth.

While some adrenal adenomas do not secrete hormones at all , often some secrete cortisol causing Cushing's syndrome, aldosterone causing Conn's syndrome or androgens causing hyperandrogenism. Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex (in the adrenal gland). ... Aldosterone is a steroid hormone (mineralocorticoid family) produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. ... Conns syndrome is overproduction of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands. ... Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates. ... Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS, also known clinically as Stein-Leventhal syndrome), is an endocrine disorder that affects 5–10% of women. ...

Thyroid

About one in 10 people are found to have solitary thyroid nodules. Investigation is required because a small percentage of these are malignant. Biopsy usually confirms the growth to be an adenoma, but sometimes, excision at surgery is required, especially when the cells found at biopsy are of the follicular type.

Pituitary

Pituitary adenomas are commonly seen in 10% of the neurological patients. A lot of them remain undiagnosed. Treatment is usually surgical, to which patients generally respond well. The most common subtype, prolactinoma, is seen more often in women, and is frequently diagnosed during pregnancy as the hormone progesterone increases its growth. Medical therapy bromocriptine generally suppresses prolactinomas; progesterone antagonist therapy has not proven to be successful.

Liver

Hepatocellular adenoma, Hepatic adenomas are a rare benign tumour of the liver, which may present with hepatomegaly or other symptoms.

Breast

Appendix

Adenomas can also appear in the appendix. The condition is extremely rare and most physicians will never encounter an actual case, but they do happen. The most common version is called cystadenoma. They are usually discovered in the course of examination of the tissue following an appendectomy. If the appendix has ruptured and a tumor is present this presents challenges, especially if malignant cells have formed and thus spread to the abdomen. Former Vice President Dan Quayle was recently found to have cystadenoma in the appendix. James Danforth Dan Quayle (born February 4, 1947) was the 44th Vice President of the United States under George H. W. Bush (1989-1993). ...

External links

Categories: Endocrinology | Anatomical pathology | Oncology | Types of cancer The Collaborative Hypertext of Radiology (or CHORUS) is a reference database that is free of use. ... The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) is a domain specific extension of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems for tumor diseases. ... Types of epithelium In biology and medicine, epithelium is a tissue composed of a layer of cells. ... Papilloma refers to a benign epithelial tumor. ... In medicine, carcinoma apanting dog named rufis It is malignant by definition: carcinomas invade surrounding tissues and organs, and may spread to lymph nodes and distal sites (metastasis). ... Small cell carcinoma is a type of carcinoma usually associated with the lung, though it can be associated with other topographies, such as in cervical cancer. ... Biopsy of a highly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth. ... Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer. ... Transitional cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the kidney, bladder or ureter. ... Adenocarcinoma is a form of carcinoma that originates in glandular tissue. ... Linitis plastica is seen in diffuse gastric carcinoma. ... An insulinoma is a tumour of the pancreas derived from the beta cells which while retaining the ability to synthesize and secrete insulin is autonomous of the normal feedback mechanisms. ... A glucagonoma is a rare tumor of the alpha cells of the pancreas that results in up to a 1000-fold overproduction of the hormone glucagon. ... In humans, gastrin is a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the stomach. ... A VIPoma is an endocrine tumor, usually originating in the pancreas, which produces a vasoactive intestinal peptide and is believed to cause profound cardiovascular and electrolyte changes with vasodilatory hypotension, watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and dehydration. ... // [edit] Introduction Cholangiocarcinoma is an adenocarcinoma of the biliary duct system. ... Hepatocellular adenoma or Hepadenoma is an uncommon benign liver tumour which is associated with the use of oral contraceptive pills with a high oestrogen content. ... Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called hepatoma) is a primary malignancy (cancer) of the liver. ... Adenoid cystic cancer (AdCC) is a very rare type of cancer that can exist in many different body sites. ... A prolactinoma is a benign tumor (adenoma) of the pituitary gland that produces a hormone called prolactin. ... An oncocytoma is a tumor made up of oncocytes, which are a special kind of cells. ... A Hurthle cell is a large cell often associated with follicular thyroid cancer. ... Renal cell carcinoma is the most common form of kidney cancer arising from the renal tubule. ... Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) (or multiple endocrine adenomas, or multiple endocrine adenomatosis -- MEA) consists of three syndromes featuring tumors of endocrine glands, each with its own characteristic pattern. ... Endometrioid tumors are part of the surface epithelial tumor group of ovarian neoplasms (10-20% of which are the endometrioid type). ... Cystadenoma (or cystoma) refers to a type of cystic adenoma. ... Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP, sometimes informally known as jelly belly) is a very rare form of tumor, commonly known as jelly belly due to its production of mucus in the abdominal cavity. ... Acinic cell carcinoma is a tumor most commonly found in the parotid gland. ... Warthins tumor is a type of benign tumor of the salivary glands. ... Sex cord-stromal tumours are a group of sex cord ovarian neoplasms which accounts for 8% of all reported cases. ... Thecomas are benign ovarian neoplasms that are sex cord-stromal tumours. ... Granulosa cell tumours are part of the sex cord-stromal tumour group of ovarian neoplasms. ... The arrhenoblastoma is a rare ovarian stromal neoplasm that secretes testosterone. ... Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours are part of the sex cord-stromal tumour group of ovarian neoplasms. ... A paraganglioma is a rare neoplasm that can be found in the head and neck region and other less common areas. ... A phaeochromocytoma (pheochromocytoma in the US) is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands originating in the chromaffin cells, which secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines, usually adrenaline and noradrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine in the US). ... A glomus tumor is a rare neoplasm usually found in the skin of the extremities. ... Nodular melanoma (NM) is the most aggressive form of melanoma. ... A dysplastic nevus, (or naevus; pl. ... Lentigo maligna is a melanoma in situ, meaning it consists of malignant cells but does not show invasive growth. ... Superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) is the most common form of cutaneous melanoma in Caucasians. ... Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue. ... A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle (from Latin musculus little mouse [1]) is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. ... Malignant (cancerous) tumors that develop in soft tissue are called sarcomas, a term that comes from a Greek word meaning fleshy growth. ... Display of small round blue cells characteristic of desmoplastic small round cell tumor. ... Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the bowel and the eye (see uveal melanoma). ... Soft Fibroma (fibroma molle). ... Fibrosarcoma (fibroblastic sarcoma) is a malignant tumor derived from fibrous connective tissue and characterized by immature proliferating fibroblasts or undifferentiated anaplastic spindle cells. ... A lipoma is a common, benign tumor composed of fatty tissue. ... Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor that arises in fat cells in deep soft tissue, such as that inside the thigh or in the retroperitoneum. ... Multiple angiomyolipoma from a contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen of a patient with TSC. Angiomyolipoma is a benign renal lesion. ... A leiomyoma (plural is leiomyomata) is a benign smooth muscle neoplasm that is not premalignant. ... Leiomyosarcoma is a type of sarcoma which is a neoplasm of smooth muscle. ... A rhabdomyoma is a benign tumor of muscle. ... A rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of cancer, specifically a sarcoma (cancer of connective tissues), in which the cancer cells are thought to arise from skeletal muscle progenitors. ... Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common type of parotid gland tumor. ... Wilms tumor is a neoplasm of the kidneys that typically occurs in children. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Brenner tumours (aka Transitional cell tumours) are part of the surface epithelial-stromal tumour group of ovarian neoplasms. ... Fibroadenoma of the breast is a benign tumor characterized by proliferation of both glandular and stromal elements. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... // Introduction A synovial sarcoma is one of the rarer types of soft-tissue sarcomas. ... Germ cell tumours are ovarian neoplasms derived from germ cells. ... Germinomas are neoplasia (commonly referred to as cancers or tumors) which most closely resemble germ line cells. ... Dysgerminomas are one of the germ cell tumour ovarian neoplasms. ... Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. ... The embryonal carcinoma is one of the four types of testicular cancers, which also include the seminoma, teratoma, and choriocarcinoma. ... Endodermal sinus tumor, formerly often known as yolk sac tumor, is a member of the germ cell tumor group of neoplasms. ... Yolk sac tumours are members of the germ cell tumour group of ovarian neoplasms. ... Look up teratoma in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A parasitic twin is the result of a situation related to the process that results in teratomas, vanishing twin, and conjoined twins – two unique embryos begin developing in utero, but something goes wrong. ... A dermoid cyst is a teratoma that contains developmentally mature skin, with hair follicles and sweat glands, sometimes luxuriant clumps of long hair, and often pockets of sebum, blood, or fat. ... A teratoma is a type of tumor that derives from pluripotent germ cells. ... Choriocarcinoma is a rare cancer of the placenta, curable by chemotherapy. ... Polyembryoma is a rare, very aggressive form of germ cell tumor usually found in the ovaries. ... A gonadoblastoma is a complex neoplasm composed of a mixture of gonadal elements, such as large primordial germ cells, immature Sertoli cells or granulosa cells of the sex cord, and gonadal stromal cells. ... Hemangioma is a benign tumor, usually in the shape of a ball, but sometimes a flatter mat, formed by a collection of excess blood vessels in an area. ... Hemangiosarcoma is a rapidly growing, highly invasive variety of cancer. ... Angiomas are benign tumors that are made up of small blood vessels. ... Angiosarcoma is a rare, malignant tumor consisting of endothelial and fibroblastic tissue that proliferates and eventually surrounds vascular channels. ... Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (or BRBNS, or blue rubber bleb syndrome, or blue rubber-bleb nevus, or Bean syndrome) is a rare disorder that consists mainly of abnormal blood vessels affecting the gastrointestinal tract. ... Hemangioendothelioma is used to describe a group of vascular neoplasms that may be considered benign or malignant in their activity. ... A hemangiopericytoma (HPC) is a type of soft tissue sarcoma that originates in the pericytes in the walls of capillaries. ... Lymphangioma is a uncommon benign slow-growing congenital tumor derived of the lymphatic vessels. ... Lymphangioma is a uncommon benign slow-growing congenital tumor derived of the lymphatic vessels. ... An osteoma is a new piece of bone growing on another piece, typically the skull. ... Osteosarcoma is the most common type of malignant bone cancer, accounting for 35% of primary bone malignancies. ... A chondroma is a benign cartilaginous tumor, which is encapsulated with a lobular growing pattern. ... An Enchondroma is a cartiledge cyst found in the bone marrow, e. ... A chondrosarcoma is a cancer of the cartilage. ... Giant cell tumor of the bone (also called giant cell myeloma or osteoclastoma) is a relatively uncommon tumor. ... X-Ray of a child with Ewings sarcoma of the tibia Ewings sarcoma is the common name for primitive neuroectodermal tumor. ... Cementoblastoma, or benign cementoblastoma, is a relatively uncommon benign neoplasm of the cementum of the teeth. ... The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor is an odontogenic tumor arising from the enamel organ or dental lamina. ... Ameloblastoma is a rare, benign tumor of odontogenic epithelium (the cells that create the enamel, or outside portion, of the teeth during development) much more commonly appearing in the mandible than the maxilla. ... Craniopharyngioma is a type of tumor that comprises 9% of all pediatric brain tumors and usually occur in children between 5 and 10 years of age. ... Nervous tissue is the fourth major class of vertebrate tissue. ...

Contents

Histopathology GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");