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In medicine, adjuvants are agents which modify the effect of other agents while having few if any direct effects when given by themselves. In this sense, they are very roughly analogous with chemical catalysts. Medicine is the branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining human health or restoring it through the treatment of disease and injury. ...
A catalyst (Greek: καταλÏτης, catalytÄ“s) is a substance that accelerates the rate (speed) of a chemical reaction (see also catalysis). ...
Pharmacology
In pharmacology, adjuvants are drugs that have few or no pharmacological effects by themselves, but may increase the efficacy or potency of other drugs when given at the same time. Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (φάÏμακον) meaning drug, and logos (λόγος) meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. ...
In general, efficacy is the ability to produce an effect, usually a specifically desired effect. ...
Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, is the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse regardless of the capability of ejaculation. ...
For instance, caffeine has minimal analgesic effect on its own, but may have an adjuvant effect when given with paracetamol. Flash point N/A RTECS number EV6475000 Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Caffeine, or teine, is a xanthine alkaloid found in the leaves and beans of the coffee tree, in tea, yerba mate...
An analgesic (colloquially known as painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain and to achieve analgesia. ...
Paracetamol (INN) or acetaminophen (USAN) is a common analgesic and antipyretic drug that is used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. ...
Immunology Similarly, in immunology an adjuvant is an agent which, while not having any specific antigenic effect in itself, may stimulate the immune system, increasing the response to a vaccine. Aluminum salts are used in some human vaccines [1]. The compound QS21 is under investigation as a possible immunological adjuvant[2] as is Chiron’s MF59 [3]. Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ...
An antigen is a molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies. ...
The immune system is the system of specialized cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological influences. ...
A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or wild strain of the organism. ...
QS21 is a plant extract that may improve the ability of the immune system to respond to disease. ...
Oncology The terms adjuvant and neoadjuvant have special meanings in oncology. Adjuvant therapy refers to additional treatment, usually given after surgery where all detectable disease has been removed, but where there remains a statistical risk of relapse due to occult disease. If known disease is left behind following surgery, then further treatment is not technically "adjuvant". Oncology is the medical subspecialty dealing with the study and treatment of cancer. ...
For example, radiotherapy or chemotherapy are commonly given as adjuvant treatments after surgery for a breast cancer. Oncologists use statistical evidence to assess the risk of disease relapse before deciding on the specific adjuvant therapy. The aim of adjuvant treatment is to improve disease-specific and overall survival. Because the treatment is essentially for a risk, rather than for provable disease, it is accepted that a proportion of patients who receive adjuvant therapy will already have been cured by their primary surgery. Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ...
Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. ...
Adjuvant chemotherapy is often given following surgery for colon cancer, and also following surgery for lung cancer. Adjuvant radiotherapy may be given following surgery for a number of different cancers, notably breast, prostate, and some gynaecological cancers.
Neoadjuvant therapy, in contrast to adjuvant therapy, is given before the main treatment. For example, chemotherapy that is given before removal of a breast is considered neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Other uses The term adjuvant was also adopted by visionary thinker Buckminster Fuller to describe Kiyoshi Kuromiya, who served as a writing partner for several books, including Critical Path, and the post-humously published Cosmography. Fuller chose that word very deliberately to describe the unique role that Kiyoshi had played in his last publications which he wished to acknowledge was a very active one. Fuller's usage comes from the dictionary's definition as "serving to aid or contribute; one that helps or facilitates." In the U.S. postage stamp commemorating Buckminster Fuller and his contributions to architecture and science, some of his inventions are visible. ...
References - ^ "Aluminum salts in vaccines--US perspective" by N. W. Baylor, W. Egan and P. Richman (2002) Vaccine Volume 20 Suppl 3, pages S18-23. Entrez PubMed 12184360
- ^ "Prototype Alzheimer's disease epitope vaccine induced strong Th2-type anti-Abeta antibody response with Alum to Quil A adjuvant switch" by A. Ghochikyan, M. Mkrtichyan, I. Petrushina, N. Movsesyan, A. Karapetyan, D. H. Cribbs and M. G. Agadjanyan (2005) Vaccine online December 5, 2005 ahead of print publication. Entrez PubMed 16368167
- ^ NIH "Chiron Corporation will produce the H9N2 vaccine at its manufacturing facility in Siena, Italy. The company will prepare different dosages of the vaccine, which is based on an inactivated strain of the H9N2 virus developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Some dosages will contain Chiron’s MF59 adjuvant—a substance designed to boost the vaccine’s protective effect."
The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ...
The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ...
H9N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ...
A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or wild strain of the organism. ...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ...
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