Menderes greets his supporters

Ali Adnan Ertekin Menderes (1899 - September 17, 1961) was a Turkish statesman and prime minister between 1950–1960. He founded the Democratic Party (DP) in 1946, the third legal opposition party of Turkey. He was hanged following the 1960 coup d'état, along with two other cabinet members, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Democratic Party (Turkey, current). ... This page summarizes the history after the Multi-party period. ... The Military coup in Turkey, 1960 was a coup detat staged by a group of radical officers in their mid-forties and in the ranks of colonel and below of the Turkish Armed Forces against the 19th government of the Democratic Party on May 27, 1960. ... Fatin Rüştü Zorlu (1910 - 1961) was a Turkish diplomat and politician. ... Hasan Polatkan (1915 - 1961) was a Turkish politician and Minister of Labor and Finance, who was executed by hanging after the coup détat in 1960 along with two other cabinet members. ...

Early life and career

He was born in 1899 in Aydın, the son of a wealthy landowner. After primary school, Menderes attended the American College in İzmir. He graduated from the Law School of Ankara Üniversitesi in 1935. In 1930, Menderes organized a branch of the short lived Liberal Republican Party (Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası) in Aydın. After the ban of this party, he joined Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Republican People’s Party) and was elected deputy of Aydın in 1931. In 1945, he was expelled from the party with two other colleagues due to inner-party opposition. Aydın (Greek: Αϊδίνιο) is a city in western Turkey and the seat of the Turkish province of the same name (Aydın Province). ... Ä°zmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the countrys largest port after Ä°stanbul. ... Atatürk, with the educators and students at the opening ceremony of The Ankara School of Law (5 November 1925) Ankara University, Law School, was founded as a part of legal revolution in Turkey by endavours of Mahmut Esat Bozkurt. ... Ankara University is a public university in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Liberal Republican Party (sometimes referred to as the Free Republican Party; in Turkish Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası) was a political party founded by Ali Fethi Okyar in the early years of the Turkish Republic. ... The Republican Peoples Party (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi or CHP) is a left-wing, social democratic and secular Turkish nationalist political party in Turkey. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Rise to power

Menderes on the cover of Time magazine

Further information: Multi-Party Period of Republic of Turkey

On January 7, 1946, he formed the Demokrat Parti (Democratic Party), the third legal opposition party in Turkey, after the Liberal Republican Party (Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası) established by Ali Fethi Okyar in 1930, and the National Development Party (Milli Kalkınma Partisi) established by Nuri Demirağ in 1945. He was elected deputy of Kütahya in the 1946 elections and became the highest-ranking man in the party after Celal Bayar. When the DP came to power after the first free elections in Turkish history on May 14, 1950, Menderes became prime minister, and in 1955 he also assumed the duties of foreign minister. He later won two more free elections, one in 1954 and the other in 1957. No other politician since then has been able to win three general elections in a row in Turkey. During the 10 years of his term of prime ministry, Turkish domestic and foreign politics underwent great changes. Industrialization and urbanization started in Turkey. Agriculture was mechanized; transport, energy, education, health care, insurance and banking progressed.^{[citation needed]} In 1955, Menderes was implicated in the organisation of the Istanbul Pogrom, which targeted the city's substantial Greek minority. On February 17, 1959 Menderes survived a plane crash. The Turkish Airlines plane "Sev" carrying him to London Gatwick Airport crashed a few miles before the runway, near Horley. He was on his way to sign the London Agreements on the Cyprus issue with the British and Greek prime-ministers, which gave the three sides the right to intervene in Cyprus in case peace is broken by any of the parties. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Time (whose trademark is capitalized TIME) is a weekly American newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report. ... This page summarizes the history after the Multi-party period. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Liberal Republican Party (sometimes referred to as the Free Republican Party; in Turkish Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası) was a political party founded by Ali Fethi Okyar in the early years of the Turkish Republic. ... Atatürk and Okyar, August 1930 Ali Fethi Okyar (29 April 1880 - 7 May 1943) was an early Turkish nationalist and politician. ... Nuri DemiraÄŸ Nuri DemiraÄŸ was a Turkish industrialist. ... Kütahya is a city in western Turkey with 170,000 inhabitants (2004 estimate), lying on the Porsuk river, at 930 metres above sea level. ... Celal Bayar Mahmut Celal Bayar (May 16, 1883 - August 22, 1986) was a Turkish politician, statesman and the third President of Turkey. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This is a chronological list of every government formed by the Prime Ministers of the Republic of Turkey. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... The Istanbul Pogrom (also known as Istanbul Riots; Greek: (Events of September); Turkish: (Events of September 6-7)), was a pogrom directed primarily at Istanbuls 100,000-strong Greek minority on September 6 and 7, 1955. ... is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Capt. ... Turkish Airlines (Turkish Türk Hava Yolları) (THY) is the national airline of Turkey based in Istanbul. ... Gatwick Airport (IATA: LGW, ICAO: EGKK) is Londons second largest airport and the second busiest airport in the UK after Heathrow. ... , Horley is a town in Surrey, England, situated south of the twin towns of Reigate and Redhill, and north of Gatwick Airport and Crawley. ...

Political style and beliefs

During a speech

Menderes became quite famous for selling or distributing most of the estate he had inherited to small shareholders. He was more tolerant towards traditional lifestyles and different forms of practice of Islam than Atatürk and his party had been - he campaigned in the 1950 elections almost exclusively on the single-issue platform of legalizing the Arabic language adhan, which had been banned by İsmet İnönü. One of his first accomplishments was to get rid of Inönü pictures on Turkish banknotes and stamps and instead put Atatürk pictures back, which were taken off when Inönü became President in 1938. Image File history File links Adnan_Menderes. ... Image File history File links Adnan_Menderes. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–November 10, 1938), Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and anti-imperialist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ... “Arabic” redirects here. ... Adhan (Azaan) (أَذَان) is the Islamic call to prayer, recited by the muezzin. ... For other uses, see Ä°nönü. Mustafa Ä°smet Ä°nönü (September 24, 1884–December 25, 1973) was a Turkish soldier, statesman and the second President of Turkey. ...

While remaining pro-Western, he was more active than his predecessors in building relations with Muslim states. Menderes had a more liberal economic policy than earlier prime ministers, and allowed more private enterprise. In general his economic policies made him popular among the poor half of the population, but it also brought the country to insolvency due to an enormous increase in imports of goods and technology.

He was most intolerant towards criticism, so he instituted press censorship and had journalists arrested, as well as attempted to oppress the opposing political parties (predominantly CHP) and take institutions such as universities under his control.^{[citation needed]} Menderes who was well liked by the people in general and also had the support of Cemal Gürsel who, in a personal patriotic memorandum, had advocated that Menderes should become the president of the republic to secure the national unity, became increasingly unpopular among the intellectuals, university students and a group of radical young officers in the military, who feared that the ideals of Atatürk were in danger. This eventually brought about his fall from power. Freedom of press in Turkey is regulated by several laws, including the Article 301 which took effect in June 2005. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Cemal Gürsel (October 13, 1895— September 14, 1966), a statesman and a soldier, was a Turkish army officer, political leader and the 4th president of Turkey. ...

Coup, trial, execution

On May 27, 1960 a military coup removed the government, and Menderes was arrested along with some other party members, charged with violating the constitution, sarcastically by the same people who had conspired to stage a military coup-d'etat against a democratically elected government. He and all the leaders of the DP were put on trial by a hastily formed ad-hoc court on the island of Yassıada. In addition to the charges of violating the constitution, the trial also referenced the Istanbul Pogrom, for which he and his fellow defendants were blamed. is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Military coup in Turkey, On 27 May 1960. ... Yassıada is a Turkish island located in the Marmara Sea. ... The Istanbul Pogrom (also known as Istanbul Riots; Greek: (Events of September); Turkish: (Events of September 6-7)), was a pogrom directed primarily at Istanbuls 100,000-strong Greek minority on September 6 and 7, 1955. ...

Menderes was sentenced to death. Despite pleas for forgiveness by Head of State Cemal Gürsel, and similar pleas from several world leaders, he was executed by hanging on the island of İmralı on September 17, 1961. Cemal Gürsel (October 13, 1895— September 14, 1966), a statesman and a soldier, was a Turkish army officer, political leader and the 4th president of Turkey. ... Ä°mralı is a small Turkish island located in the south of Sea of Marmara, west of Armutlu-Bozburun peninsula within the Bursa Province. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Legacy

On September 17, 1990, he was posthumously pardoned and his grave was moved to a mausoleum in İstanbul. Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan, the two other members of his cabinet who were hanged, were similarly pardoned. Adnan Menderes University in Aydın and Adnan Menderes Airport in İzmir are named after him. Two high schools, Istanbul Bahcelievler Adnan Menderes Anadolu Lisesi and Aydın Adnan Menderes Anadolu Lisesi, also adopted his name. Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... St. ... The location of Istanbul Province Maiden Tower and Historical Peninsula of Istanbul Istanbul (Turkish: Ä°stanbul) (the former Constantinople, Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις) is the largest city in Turkey, and arguably the most important. ... Aydın (Greek: Αϊδίνιο) is a city in western Turkey and the seat of the Turkish province of the same name (Aydın Province). ... Adnan Menderes Izmir International Airport (IATA: ADB, ICAO: LTBJ) has been named after the Turkish politician and former prime minister Adnan Menderes. ...

In 2006, Mehmet Feyyat, Attorney General of İstanbul at the time, suggested that "İsmet İnönü and Cemal Gürsel placed phone calls to the prison's administration for Menderes' execution to be halted but the Communications Office cut the lines off" (see below).

Trivia

• He spoke English, French and Greek.

The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Reference sources and supporting documentation

An extremely important document that sheds light on the past has been revealed. Testimony from eyewitnesses at the time helped make known that the letter had been modified after May 27, but the location of the original letter was unknown. This important document adds a new dimension to the May 27 revolution. We have come face to face with a new document that changes our written history. It was my greatest wish to obtain just such a document; not for my own satisfaction, but for my father, to prove this reality and obtain genuine evidence. I was thrilled when I heard about this. Mr Aydın Menderes, Author, the Son of Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, September 2006

"They cut off our phone lines. Adnan Menderes was hanged against the regulations. I was supposed to oversee the execution. The revolution tribunal's chief prosecutor Altay Egesel conducted the execution despite not being authorized. İsmet İnönü and Cemal Gürsel were already phoning for him (Menderes) not to be executed but the telecommunications' office cut off the lines and Egesel made use of the (communication) gap to conduct the execution." Mehmet Feyyat, District Attorney General, Istanbul Province Prosecutor General 1961, The Administrator of the Imrali Prison, The Lawyer of the Year, Senator. (Reported by Özkan GÜVEN, STAR Newspaper, November 13, 2006 with a summary in Turkish at Law in the Capital)

• The full text of Cemal Gürsel's letter in WikiSource

• Cemal Gürsel supported him and wanted him to become the Republic's president

External links

• Adnan Menderes Turkish Biography

See also

• Adnan Menderes University
• Adnan Menderes Airport

v • d • e Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey

Bekir Sami Kunduk • Ahmet Muhtar Mollaoğlu • Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk • İsmet İnönü • Şükrü Kaya • Tevfik Rüştü Aras • Şükrü Saracoğlu • Numan Menemencioğlu • Hasan Saka • Necmettin Sadak • Mehmet Fuat Köprülü • Adnan Menderes • Fatin Rüştü Zorlu • Ethem Menderes • Selim Sarper • Feridun Cemal Erkin • Hasan Esat Işık • İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil • Osman Olcay • Haluk Bayülken • Turan Güneş • Metin Esenbel • Gündüz Ökçün • Hayrettin Erkmen • Ertuğrul Ekrem Ceyhun • İlter Türkmen • Vahit Melih Halefoğlu • Mesut Yılmaz • Ali Bozer • Ahmet Kurtcebe Alptemoçin • Safa Giray • Hikmet Çetin • Mümtaz Soysal • Murat Karayalçın • Erdal İnönü • Coşkun Kırca • Deniz Baykal • Emre Gönensay • Tansu Çiller • İsmail Cem • Şükrü Sina Gürel • Yaşar Yakış • Abdullah Gül • Ali Babacan Adnan Menderes University (In Turkish: Adnan Menderes Ãœniversitesi) was founded on 1992. ... 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Erdal Ä°nönü, born on June 6, 1926 in Ankara, Turkey is a Turkish physicist and politician. ... Following is a list of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. ... Deniz Baykal, Turkish politician and lawyer, born July 20, 1938 in Antalya. ... Following is a list of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. ... Tansu Çiller Tansu Penbe Çiller (IPA: (born 9 October 1946) is an economist and politician in Turkey. ... Ä°smail Cem Ä°smail Cem Ä°pekçi, (1940, Istanbul – January 24, 2007, Istanbul) was a Turkish politician, journalist, statesman and former minister of foreign affairs. ... Şükrü Sina Gürel is a Turkish politician and former foreign minister of Turkey. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Abdullah Gül (born October 29, 1950) is the 11th President of the Republic of Turkey, serving in that office since 28 August 2007. ... Ali Babacan, born 1967 in Ankara, Turkey is a Turkish politician. ...