Otto Adolf Eichmann (known as Adolf Eichmann; March 19, 1906 – June 1, 1962) was a high-ranking Nazi and SS Obersturmbannführer (equivalent to Lieutenant Colonel). Due to his organizational talents and ideological reliability, he was charged by Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich with the task of facilitating and managing the logistics of mass deportation to ghettos and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe. After the war, he traveled to Argentina using a fraudulently obtained laissez-passer issued by the International Red Cross^[1][2] and lived there under a false identity. He was captured by Israeli Mossad agents in Argentina and tried in Israeli court on fifteen criminal charges, including crimes against humanity and war crimes. He was convicted and hanged. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Müngstener Brücke, a railroad bridge between Solingen and Remscheid. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ramla (Hebrew רמלה Ramlāh; Arabic الرملة ar-Ramlah, colloquial Ramleh), is a city in the Center District of Israel in Israel. ... SS-Obersturmbannführer Rank Patch SA-Obersturmbannführer Rank Patch Obersturmbannführer was a paramilitary Nazi Party rank which was used by both the SA and the SS. The title was first created as an SA rank in 1932 after an expansion of the SA created the need for an... SS redirects here. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal         Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... SS redirects here. ... SS-Obersturmbannführer Rank Patch SA-Obersturmbannführer Rank Patch Obersturmbannführer was a paramilitary Nazi Party rank which was used by both the SA and the SS. The title was first created as an SA rank in 1932 after an expansion of the SA created the need for an... In the U.S. Army, Air Force and Marine Corps, a lieutenant colonel is a commissioned officer superior to a major and inferior to a colonel. ... SS-Obergruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zalewski SS-Obergruppenführer patch SA-Obergruppenführer insignia Obergruppenführer was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was first created in 1932 as a rank of the SA. Translated as Senior Group Leader, the rank of SA-Obergruppenführer was held by... Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was an SS-Obergruppenführer, chief of the Reich Security Main Office (including the Gestapo, SD and Kripo Nazi police agencies) and Reichsprotektor (Reich Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... A boy working in the Warsaw Ghetto cemetery drags a corpse to the edge of the mass grave where it will be buried. ... Extermination camps were one type of facility that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become known as the Holocaust. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... A laissez-passer is a travel document issued by a national government or an international treaty organization. ... The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is the worlds largest group of humanitarian non-governmental organizations, often known simply as the Red Cross, after its original symbol. ... For the Haganah branch responsible for coordinating Jewish immigration into the British Mandate of Palestine, see Mossad Lealiyah Bet. ... In international law, a crime against humanity consists of acts of persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people, as being the criminal offence above all others. ... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ... Hanging is the suspension of a person by a ligature, usually a cord wrapped around the neck, causing death. ...

Early life

Born in Solingen, Germany, Adolf Eichmann was the son of a businessman and industrialist, Adolf Karl Eichmann, and Maria née Schefferling.^[3] In 1914, his family moved to Linz, Austria, after his mother died. During the First World War, Eichmann's father served in the Austro-Hungarian Army. At the war's conclusion, Eichmann's father returned to the family and had a business in Linz. Eichmann himself left high school (Realschule) without having graduated and began a training to become a mechanic, which he also discontinued. In 1923 he started working in the mining company of his father, from 1925 to 1927 he worked as a salesclerk for the Oberösterreichische Elektrobau AG and then until spring 1933 Eichmann worked as district agent for the Vacuum Oil Company AG, a subsidiary of Standard Oil. In July 1933 he moved back to Germany.^[4] Müngstener Brücke, a railroad bridge between Solingen and Remscheid. ... The Poestlingberg church in Linz. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The Austro-Hungarian Army was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. ... Standard Oil was a predominant integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. ...

Eichmann married Veronica Liebl (1909-97)^[5] on March 21, 1935. The couple had four sons: Klaus Eichmann, (b. 1936 in Berlin), Horst Adolf Eichmann, (b. 1940 in Vienna), Dieter Helmut Eichmann, (b. 1942 in Prague), and Ricardo Francisco Eichmann, (b. 1955 in Buenos Aires). is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ...

Work with the Nazi Party and the SS

On the advice of family friend Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Eichmann joined the Austrian branch of the NSDAP (member number 889 895) and of the SS, enlisting on April 1, 1932, as an SS-Anwärter. He was accepted as a full SS member that November, appointed an SS-Mann, and assigned the SS number 45326. Ernst Kaltenbrunner (October 4, 1903 – October 16, 1946) was a senior Nazi official during World War II. He was the highest ranking SS leader to face trial. ... The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: , or NSDAP, commonly, the Nazi Party), was a political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... NSDAP Anwärter insignia for full party members Anwärter is a German title which translates as “Candidate”. In modern day Germany, the title of Anwärter is typically used by those applying for employment and also as a designation for members of the Bundeswehr who are under consideration for... Mann, was a paramilitary rank used by several Nazi Party paramilitary organizations between 1925 and 1945. ...

For the next year, Eichmann was a member of the Allgemeine SS and served in a mustering formation operating from Salzburg. The Allgemeine-SS was the name for the General SS (as in generic or basic SS) which consisted of part-time mustering SS formations created under the Nazi Party between 1925 and 1945. ... This article is about the capital of the Austrian state of Salzburg. ...

In 1933 when the Nazis came to power, Eichmann returned to Germany and submitted an application to join the active duty SS regiments. He was accepted, and in November 1933, was promoted to Scharführer and assigned to the administrative staff of the Dachau concentration camp. SS-Scharführer Collar Patch SA-Scharführer Collar Patch Scharführer was a Nazi Party title that was used by several paramilitary organizations from 1925 to 1945. ... The main entrance just after the liberation Memorial at the camp, 1997. ...

By 1934, Eichmann requested transfer into the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) which had, by that time, become a very powerful and feared organization. Eichmann's transfer was granted in November 1934, and he was assigned to the headquarters of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) in Berlin. Eichmann was promoted to Hauptscharführer in 1935 and, in 1937, commissioned as an SS-Untersturmführer. The Sicherheitspolizei (security police) was a term used in Nazi Germany to described the combined forces of the Gestapo and Sicherheitsdienst (the SD) between 1934 and 1939. ... Sicherheitsdienst (SD) sleeve insignia. ... SS-Hauptscharführer insignia Hauptscharführer was a Nazi paramilitary rank which was used by the Schutzstaffel (SS) between the years of 1934 and 1945. ... SS-Untersturmführer insignia Untersturmführer was a paramilitary rank of the German Schutzstaffel first created in July 1934. ...

Adolf Eichmann's "Lebenslauf" (i.e. Curriculum Vitae) for his application for promotion from SS-Hauptscharführer to SS-Untersturmführer in 1937

In 1937 Eichmann was sent to the British Mandate of Palestine with his superior Herbert Hagen to assess the possibilities of massive Jewish emigration from Germany to Palestine. They landed in Haifa but could only obtain a transit visa, so they went on to Cairo. There, they met Feival Polkes, an agent of the Haganah, who discussed with them the plans of the Zionists and tried to enlist their assistance in facilitating Jewish emigration from Europe.^{[citation needed]} According to an answer Eichmann gave at his trial, he had also planned to meet Arab leaders in Palestine; this never happened because entry to Palestine was refused by the British authorities. Adolf Eichmanns SS Officer Application File links The following pages link to this file: Untersturmführer Categories: National Archives and Records Administration images ... Adolf Eichmanns SS Officer Application File links The following pages link to this file: Untersturmführer Categories: National Archives and Records Administration images ... ... Flag The approximate borders of the British Mandate circa 1922. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... A 2003 satellite image of the region. ... Hebrew Arabic حَيْفَا Founded in 3rd century CE Government City District Haifa Population 267,000 1,039,000 (metropolitan area) Jurisdiction 63,666 dunams (63. ... Visa or VISA has several meanings: Look up visa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Visa (document) — a document required to enter a specific country. ... For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ... The Haganah (Hebrew: Defense, ×”×’× ×”) was a Zionist para-military organization in Palestine during the British mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. ... This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the History of Israel. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ...

In 1938, Eichmann was assigned to Austria to help organize SS Security Forces in Vienna after the Anschluss of Austria into Germany. Through this effort, Eichmann was promoted to SS-Obersturmführer (1st lieutenant) and, by the end of 1938, Eichmann had been selected by the SS leadership to form the Central Office for Jewish Emigration, charged with forcibly deporting and expelling Jews from Austria. Through this work, Eichmann became a student of Judaism, even studying Hebrew. German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ... Obersturmführer collar insignia Obersturmführer was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi party that was used by the Schutzstaffel and also as a rank of the SA. Translated as “Senior Storm Leader”, the rank of Obersturmführer was first created in 1932 as the result of an expansion of... The Central Office for Jewish Emigration was established in Vienna in August 1938 and was headed by Adolf Eichmann of the Jewish Department of the SD. The purpose was to force as many Jews as possible to emigrate. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Hebrew redirects here. ...

World War II

At the start of World War II, Eichmann had been promoted to SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) and had made a name for himself with his Office for Jewish Emigration. Through this work Eichmann made several contacts in the Zionist movement, which he worked with to speed up Jewish emigration from the Third Reich. Hauptsturmführer was a Nazi rank of the SS which was used between the years of 1934 and 1945. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

Eichmann returned to Berlin in 1939 after the formation of the Reich Central Security Office (RSHA). In December 1939, he was assigned to head RSHA Referat IV B4, the RSHA department that dealt with Jewish affairs and evacuation. In August 1940, he released his Reichssicherheitshauptamt: Madagaskar Projekt (Reich Central Security Office: Madagascar Project), a plan for forced Jewish deportation that never materialized. He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer in late 1940, and less than a year later to Obersturmbannführer. Reinhard Heydrich - the first director of RSHA The RSHA, or Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Main Office), was a subordinate organization of the SS created by Heinrich Himmler on September 22, 1939, through the merger of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD, or Security Agency), the Gestapo (Secret State Police) and the Kriminalpolizei (Criminal Police). ... The Madagascar Plan was a policy of the Third Reich government of Nazi Germany to forcibly relocate the entire Jewish population of Europe to the French island colony of Madagascar, off the coast of Africa. ... Sturmbannführer Collar Patch Sturmbannführer was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party which was used by both the Sturmabteilung (SA) and the Schutzstaffel (SS). ... SS-Obersturmbannführer Rank Patch SA-Obersturmbannführer Rank Patch Obersturmbannführer was a paramilitary Nazi Party rank which was used by both the SA and the SS. The title was first created as an SA rank in 1932 after an expansion of the SA created the need for an...

In 1942, Reinhard Heydrich ordered Eichmann to attend the Wannsee Conference as recording secretary, where Germany's anti-Semitic measures were set down into an official policy of genocide. Eichmann was given the position of Transportation Administrator of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question", which put him in charge of all the trains which would carry Jews to the death camps in the territory of occupied Poland. The Wannsee Conference was a meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime, held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on 20 January 1942. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see Genocide (disambiguation). ... This article is about the term with respect to the Jewish Question in World War II. For other uses, see Final Solution (disambiguation). ... A death camp is either a concentration camp, the important (though not necessarily single) function of which is to facilitate mass murder of the people deported into such a camp (such as the Nazis Auschwitz and Majdanek, which acquired their murderous functions only some time after they had been...

In 1944, he was sent to Hungary after Germany had occupied that country in fear of a Soviet invasion. Eichmann at once went to work deporting Jews, sending 400,000 Hungarians to their deaths in the gas chambers. CCCP redirects here. ... For other uses, see Gas chamber (disambiguation). ...

By 1945, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler had ordered Jewish extermination halted and evidence of the Final Solution destroyed. Eichmann was appalled by Himmler's turnabout, and continued his work in Hungary against official orders. Eichmann was also working to avoid being called up in the last ditch German military effort, since a year before he had been commissioned as a Reserve Untersturmführer in the Waffen-SS and was now being ordered to active combat duty. Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( ; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was commander of the Schutzstaffel (SS) and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and the Nazi hierarchy. ... Waffen-SS recruitment poster; Volunteer to the Waffen-SS The Waffen-SS was the armed wing of the Schutzstaffel. ...

Eichmann fled Hungary in 1945 as the Soviets entered, and he returned to Austria, where he met up with his old friend Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Kaltenbrunner, however, refused to associate with Eichmann since the latter's duties as an extermination administrator had left him a marked man by the Allies. In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ...

Post World War II

Adolf Eichmann Argentine passport

At the end of World War II, Eichmann was captured by the US Army, who did not know that this man who presented himself as "Otto Eckmann" was in fact a much bigger catch. Early in 1946, he escaped from US custody and hid in various parts of Germany for a few years. In 1948 he obtained a landing permit for Argentina, but did not use it immediately. At the beginning of 1950, Eichmann went to Italy, where he posed as a refugee named Riccardo Klement. With the help of a Franciscan friar who had connections with archbishop Alois Hudal, who organized one of the first ratlines, Eichmann obtained an International Committee of the Red Cross humanitarian passport in Geneva and an Argentinian visa, both issued to "Riccardo Klement, technician." (In early May 2007, this fake passport was discovered in court archives in Argentina by a student doing research on Eichmann's abduction ^[6]. The passport has been handed to the Argentina Holocaust Museum in Buenos Aires.) He boarded a ship heading for Argentina on July 14, 1950. For the next 10 years, he worked in several odd jobs in the Buenos Aires area (from factory foreman, to junior water engineer and professional rabbit farmer). Eichmann also brought his family to Argentina. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... Dr. Alois Hudal, Roman Catholic bishop â€“ and, during the 1930s, a honorary Nazi Party member. ... Ratlines were systems of escape routes for Nazis and other fascists fleeing Europe at the end of World War II. These escape routes mainly led toward safe havens in South America, particularly Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil and Chile. ... The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a private humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. ... Geneva (pronunciation //; French: Genève //, German:   //, Italian: Ginevra //, Romansh: Genevra) is the second most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich), and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). ... is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Rabbit (disambiguation). ...

CIA inaction

In June 2006, old CIA documents regarding Nazis and stay-behind networks dedicated to anti-communism were released. Among the 27,000 documents released, a March 1958 memo from the German BND agency to the CIA stated that Eichmann was reported to have lived in Argentina since 1952, using the alias "Clemens". The CIA took no action on this information, however, because Eichmann's arrest threatened to be an embarrassment to the Americans and Germans by turning public attention to the former Nazis they had recruited after WWII. For example, the West German government at the time, headed by Konrad Adenauer, was worried about what Eichmann might say, especially about the past of Hans Globke, Adenauer's national security adviser, who had worked with Eichmann in the Jewish Affairs department and helped draft the 1935 Nuremberg Laws.^[7][8][9] At the request of Bonn, the CIA persuaded Life magazine to delete any reference to Globke from Eichmann's memoirs, which it had bought from his family.^[10] By the time the CIA and the BND had this information, Israel had temporarily given up looking for Eichmann in Argentina because they could not figure out his alias.^[10] Neither the CIA, nor the U.S. government as a whole, at that time had a policy of pursuing Nazi war criminals.^[8] In addition to protecting Eichmann and Globke, the CIA also protected Reinhard Gehlen,^[11] who recruited hundreds of former Nazi spies for the CIA. CIA redirects here. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Ideologies Communist internationals Prominent communists Related subjects Anti-communism refers to opposition to communism. ... The Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal Intelligence Service, BND) is the foreign intelligence agency of the German government, under the control of the Bundeskanzleramt (Federal Chancellery). ... West Germany was the informal but almost universally used name for the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 until 1990, during which years the Federal Republic did not yet include East Germany. ... For other uses, see Konrad Adenauer (disambiguation). ... Hans Josef Maria Globke (10 September 1898–13 February 1973) was a jurist and high ranking public servant after World War II in the newly formed Federal Republic of Germany. ... The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. ... Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. ... Philippe Halsmans famous portrait of Marilyn Monroe Life generally refers to two American magazines: A humor and general interest magazine published from 1883 to 1936; A publication created by Time founder Henry Luce in 1936, with a strong emphasis on photojournalism. ... The following is a list of people suspected of commiting war crimes on behalf of Nazi Germany or any of the Axis Powers during World War Two. ... Reinhard Gehlen (April 3, 1902 – June 8, 1979) was a Major General in the Nazi Wehrmacht during World War II, with the position of chief of intelligence-gathering on the Eastern Front. ... Spy and Secret agent redirect here. ...

Capture

Throughout the 1950s, many Jews and other victims of the Holocaust dedicated themselves to finding Eichmann and other notorious Nazis. Among them was the Jewish Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal. In 1954, Wiesenthal's suspicions that Eichmann was in Argentina were sparked upon receiving a postcard from an associate who had moved to Buenos Aires. "Ich sah jenes schmutzige Schwein Eichmann, (I saw that dirty pig Eichmann.)" the letter read in part, "Er wohnt beinahe in Buenos Aires und arbeitet für ein Wassergeschäft. (He lives near Buenos Aires and works for a water company)". With this and other information collected by Wiesenthal, the Israelis had solid leads regarding Eichmann's whereabouts. “Shoah” redirects here. ... A Nazi hunter is a private individual or group who tracks down and gathers information on former Nazis so that they can be punished for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in the Holocaust. ... Simon Wiesenthal, KBE, (Buczacz, December 31, 1908 – Vienna, September 20, 2005) was an Austrian-Jewish architectural engineer who hunted down Nazi war criminals, after surviving the Holocaust. ...

(Isser Harel, the then-head of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad, however, later claimed in an unpublished manuscript that Wiesenthal "'had no role whatsoever' in Eichmann's apprehension but in fact had endangered the entire Eichmann operation and aborted the planned capture of Auschwitz doctor Josef Mengele."^[12]) Isser Harel (1912 — 18 February 2003) was spymaster of the intelligence and the security services of Israel and the Director of the Mossad (1952 - 1963). ... For the Haganah branch responsible for coordinating Jewish immigration into the British Mandate of Palestine, see Mossad Lealiyah Bet. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ... Mengele in uniform Dr. Josef Mengele (March 16, 1911– February 7, 1979), was a German SS officer and a physician in the German Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. ...

Also instrumental in exposing Eichmann's identity was Lothar Hermann, a worker of Jewish descent who fled to Argentina from Germany following his incarceration in the Dachau concentration camp, where Eichmann had served as an administrator. By the 1950s, Hermann had settled into life in Buenos Aires with his family; his daughter Sylvia became acquainted with the Eichmann's family and romantically involved with Klaus, the oldest Eichmann son. Due to Klaus' boastful remarks about his father's life as a Nazi and direct responsibility for the Holocaust, Hermann knew he had struck gold in 1957 after reading a newspaper report about German war criminals - of which Eichmann was one.

Soon after, he sent Sylvia to the Eichmanns' home on a fact-finding mission. She was met at the door by Eichmann himself, and after unsuccessfully asking for Klaus, she inquired as to whether she was speaking to his father. Eichmann confirmed this fact. Hermann soon began a correspondence with Fritz Bauer, chief prosecutor for the West German state of Hesse, and provided details about Eichmann's person and life. He contacted Israeli officials, who worked closely with Hermann over the next several years to learn about Eichmann and to formulate a plan to capture him. Fritz Bauer, born on July 16, 1903 in Stuttgart, Germany -- died on July 1, 1968 in Frankfurt am Main, was a German judge and prosecutor. ... The prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries adopting the common law adversarial system or the civil law inquisitorial system. ... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE7 Capital Wiesbaden Largest city Frankfurt Minister-President Roland Koch (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 5 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  21,100 km² (8,147 sq mi) Population 6,077,000 (08/2006)[1]  - Density...

In 1960, Mossad discovered that Eichmann was in Argentina and began an effort to locate his exact whereabouts when, through relentless surveillance, it was confirmed that Ricardo Klement was, in fact, Adolf Eichmann. The Israeli government then approved an operation to capture Eichmann and bring him to Jerusalem for trial as a war criminal. For other uses, see Surveillance (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ...

Eichmann was captured by a team of Mossad and Shabak^[13] agents in a suburb of Buenos Aires on May 11, 1960, as part of a covert operation. After surveiling Eichmann for an extensive period of time, a team of Mossad agents waited for him as he arrived home from his work as foreman at a Mercedes Benz factory. One kept lookout waiting for his bus to arrive while two agents pretended to be fixing a broken down car. An unconfirmed fourth would ride on the bus to make sure he would leave. Once Eichmann alighted and began walking the short distance to his home, he was asked by the agent at the car, Zvi Aharoni, for a cigarette. When Eichmann reached in his pocket he was set upon by the two by the car. Eichmann fought but team member Tzvika Maljin (Peter Malkin), a Polish Jew and a black belt in karate, knocked Eichmann unconscious with a strike to the back of his neck and bundled him into the car and took him to the safe house. The agents kept him in a safe house until it was judged that he could be taken to Israel without being detected by Argentine authorities. Disguising themselves and a heavily-sedated Eichmann as part of a delegation of Jewish union members, Eichmann was smuggled out of Argentina on board an El Al Bristol Britannia commercial air flight from Argentina to Israel on May 21. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not include all significant viewpoints. ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... From The U.S. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms - Joint Publication JP1-02 dated 05 January 2007: Covert Operation: An operation that is so planned and executed as to conceal the identity of or permit plausible denial by the sponsor. ... Mercedes-Benz Cars is a German brand of automobiles, buses, coaches, and trucks owned by Daimler AG, previously Daimler-Benz (1926–1998). ... Zvi Aharoni was an Israeli Mossad agent who was instrumental in the capture of Adolf Eichmann. ... Peter Malkin was an Israeli secret agent. ... In many martial arts, each practitioners level is marked by the colour of the belt. ... For other uses, see Karate (disambiguation). ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... Categories: Airline stubs | Companies of Israel | Transportation in Israel | Airlines of Israel ... Bristol Britannia was also a car produced by Bristol Cars from 1982 to 1993. ...

There was a backup plan in case the plan to kidnap did not go as planned. If the police happened to intervene one of the agents was to handcuff himself to Eichmann and make full explanations and disclosure. For some time the Israeli government denied involvement in Eichmann's capture, claiming that he had been taken by Jewish volunteers who eagerly turned him over to government authorities. This claim was made due to the influence of anti-Semitic sectors in the Argentinian government and military. Negotiations followed between Prime minister David Ben-Gurion and Argentinian president Arturo Frondizi, while the abduction was met from radical right sectors with a violent wave of anti-Semitism, carried on the streets by the Tacuara Nationalist Movement (including murders, torture and bombings).^[14] Ben Gurion redirects here. ... Arturo Frondizi Ercoli (October 28, 1908 - April 18, 1995) was the President of Argentina between 1 May 1958 and 29 March 1962 for the Intransigent Radical Civic Union. ... The term far-right refers to the relative position a group or person occupies within a political spectrum. ... The Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara (MNT, Tacuara Nationalist Movement) was an Argentine far right group in the 1960s, which, after having violently opposed Peronism, later integrated Juan Perón’s right-wing “Special Formations”. Linked to the more conservative sectors of the Peronist movement, and directly inspired by Julio Meinvielle’s... For other uses, see Torture (disambiguation). ...

Ben Gurion then announced Eichmann's capture to the Knesset (Israel's parliament) on May 23, receiving a standing ovation in return. Isser Harel, head of the Mossad at the time of the operation, wrote a book about Eichmann's capture entitled The House on Garibaldi Street; some years later a member of the kidnapping team, Peter Malkin, authored Eichmann in My Hands, a book that explores Eichmann's character and motivations, but whose veracity has been attacked. Type Unicameral Speaker of the Knesset Dalia Itzik, Kadima since May 4, 2006 Deputy Speaker Majalli Wahabi, Kadima since May 4, 2006 Members 120 Political groups Kadima Labour-Meimad Shas Likud Last elections March 28, 2006 Meeting place Knesset, Jerusalem, Israel Web site www. ... The House of Representatives Chamber of the Parliament of Australia in Canberra. ...

International dispute over capture

In June 1960, after unsuccessful secret negotiations with Israel, Argentina requested an urgent meeting of the United Nations Security Council, to protest what Argentina regarded as the "violation of the sovereign rights of the Argentine Republic".^[15] In the ensuing debate, the Israeli representative Golda Meir argued that the incident was only an "isolated violation of Argentine law" since the abductors were not Israeli agents but private individuals.^[15] Eventually the Council passed a resolution which requested Israel "to make appropriate reparation", while stating that "Eichmann should be brought to appropriate justice for the crimes of which he is accused" and that "this resolution should in no way be interpreted as condoning the odious crimes of which Eichmann is accused".^[16] “Security Council” redirects here. ... Golda Meir (‎, Arabic: , born Golda Mabovitz, May 3, 1898 - December 8, 1978, known as Golda Meyerson from 1917-1956) was one of the founders of the State of Israel. ...

After further negotiations, on August 3, Israel and Argentina agreed to end their dispute with a joint statement that "the Governments of Israel and the Republic of the Argentine, imbued with the wish to give effect to the resolution of the Security Council of June 23, 1960, in which the hope was expressed that the traditionally friendly relations between the two countries will be advanced, have decided to regard as closed the incident that arose out of the action taken by Israel nationals which infringed fundamental rights of the State of Argentina."^[17]

In the subsequent trial and appeal, the Israeli courts avoided the issue of the legality of Eichmann's capture, relying instead on legal precedents that the circumstances of his capture had no bearing on the legality of his trial. The Israeli Court also determined that because "Argentina has condoned the violation of her sovereignty and has waived her claims, including that for the return of the Appellant, any violation of international law that may have been involved in this incident has thus been remedied".^[18]

Trial

Eichmann in a bullet-proof glass booth during the public trial

Eichmann's trial in front of an Israeli court in Jerusalem started on April 11, 1961. He was indicted on 15 criminal charges, including charges of crimes against humanity, crimes against the Jewish people and membership of an outlawed organization. As in Israeli criminal procedure, his trial was presided over by three judges: Moshe Landau (president), Benjamin Halevi and Yitzhak Raveh. Gideon Hausner, the Israeli attorney general, acted as chief prosecutor. The three judges sat high atop a plain dais. Directly below them were four different interpreters ready to render all questions and testimony in Hebrew, English, French, and German. The building where the trial was held was the newly built auditorium called Beit Ha'am (House of the People). Image File history File links Eichmann2. ... Image File history File links Eichmann2. ... Public trial or open trial is a trial open to public, as opposed to the secret trial. ... is the 101st day of the year (102nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gideon Hausner ( Israel, 1915 – 1990), the legal adviser of the Israeli Government, was the main prosecutor at the war crimes trial of Adolf Eichmann in 1961. ... The word Hebrew most likely means to cross over, referring to the Semitic people crossing over the Euphrates River. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

The legal basis of the charges against Eichmann was the 1950 "Nazi and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law".^[19]

The trial caused huge international controversy as well as an international sensation. The Israeli government allowed news programs all over the world to broadcast the trial live with few restrictions. The trial began with various witnesses, including many Holocaust survivors, who testified against him and his role in transporting victims to the extermination camps. One key witness for the prosecution was an American judge named Michael A. Musmanno, who was a U.S. naval officer in 1945 who questioned the Nuremberg defendants. He testified that the late Hermann Göring, "made it very clear that Eichmann was the man to determine, in what order, in what countries, the Jews were to die." The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... For the 1947 Soviet film about the trials, see Nuremberg Trials (film). ... Hermann Wilhelm Göring ( ) (also Goering in English) (January 12, 1893 – October 15, 1946) was a German politician and military leader, a leading member of the Nazi Party, second in command of the Third Reich, and commander of the Luftwaffe. ...

When the prosecution rested, Eichmann's defense lawyers, Dr. Robert Servatius and Dieter Wechtenbruch, opened up the defense by explaining why they did not cross-examine any of the prosecution witnesses. Eichmann himself, speaking in his own defense, said that he did not dispute the facts of what happened during the Holocaust. During the whole trial, Eichmann insisted that he was only "following orders" - the same defense used by some of the Nazi war criminals during the 1945-1946 Nuremberg Trials. He explicitly declared that he had abdicated his conscience in order to follow the Führerprinzip. Eichmann claimed that he was merely a "transmitter" with very little power. He testified that: "I never did anything, great or small, without obtaining in advance express instructions from Adolf Hitler or any of my superiors." This defense in time would inspire the Milgram experiment. Dr Robert Servatius was a 20th century German lawyer. ... In law, cross-examination is the interrogation of a witness called by ones opponent. ... The Nuremberg Defense is a legal defense that essentially states that the defendant was only following orders (befehl ist befehl) and is therefore not responsible for his crimes. ... For the 1947 Soviet film about the trials, see Nuremberg Trials (film). ... François Chifflart (1825-1901), The Conscience (after Victor Hugo) Conscience is an ability or faculty or sense that leads to feelings of remorse when we do things that go against our moral values, or which informs our moral judgment before performing such an action. ... Adolf Hitler made believe he was the incarnation of the Führerprinzip The Führerprinzip, the German name for the leader principle, refers to a system with a hierarchy of leaders that resembles a military structure. ... Hitler redirects here. ... The experimenter (V) orders the subject (L) to give what the subject believes are painful electric shocks to another subject (S), who is actually an actor. ...

Defense witnesses, all of them former high-ranking Nazis, were promised immunity and safe conduct from their German and Austrian homes to testify in Jerusalem for Eichmann's behalf. All of them refused to travel to Israel, but they sent court depositions. None of the depositions supported Eichmann's "following orders" defense, however. One deposition was from Otto Winkelmann, a former senior SS police leader in Budapest in 1944. He stated in his memo that "(Eichmann) had the nature of a subaltern, which means a fellow who uses his power recklessly, without moral restraints. He would certainly overstep his authority if he thought he was acting in the spirit of his commander (Adolf Hitler)". A former brigadier general in the German secret service named Franz Six said in his deposition that Eichmann was an absolute believer in National Socialism and would act to the most extreme of the party doctrine, and that Eichmann had greater power than other department chiefs. Immunity may refer to: Immunity (medical), a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, and is related to the functions of the immune system Immunity (legal), conferring a status on a person or body that makes that person or body free from... Deposition is a word used in many fields to describe different processes: In law, deposition is the taking of testimony outside of court. ... For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... Because of both the secrecy of secret services and the controversial nature of the issues involved, there is some difficulty in separating the definitions of secret service, secret police, intelligence agency etc. ... Franz Six Dr. Franz Alfred Six (August 12, 1909 in Mannheim - July 9, 1975 in Bolzano) first rose to prominence as dean of the faculty of Economics of the University of Berlin. ...

Execution

After 14 weeks of testimony with more than 1,500 documents, 100 prosecution witnesses (90 of whom were Nazi concentration camp survivors) and dozens of defense depositions delivered by diplomatic couriers from 16 different countries, the Eichmann trial ended on August 14. At that point, the judges began deliberations in seclusion. On December 11, the three judges announced their verdict: Eichmann was convicted on all counts. On December 15, he was sentenced to death. Eichmann appealed the verdict, mostly relying on legal arguments about Israel's jurisdiction and the legality of the laws under which he was charged. He also claimed that he was protected by the principle of "Acts of State" and repeated his "superior orders" defense. On May 29, 1962 Israel's Supreme Court, sitting as a Court of Criminal Appeal, rejected the appeal and upheld the District Court's judgement on all counts. On May 31, Israeli President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi turned down Eichmann's petition for mercy. A large number of prominent persons sent requests for clemency.^[20] Ben-Zvi replied quoting a passage from the First Book of Samuel: "As your sword bereaved women, so will your mother be bereaved among women." (1 Samuel 15:33, Samuel's words to Agag, king of the Amalekites).^[21] Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offense or a capital crime. ... In law, an appeal is a process for making a formal challenge to an official decision. ... is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (November 24, 1884, Poltava, Ukraine - April 23, 1963, Jerusalem, Israel) was a historian, Labor Zionist leader, and the second and longest serving Israeli president (1952 - 1963). ... A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it. ... The Books of Samuel (Hebrew: Sefer Shmuel ספר שמואל), are part of the Tanakh (part of Judaisms Hebrew Bible) and also of the Old Testament (of Christianity). ... Agag - flame, the usual title of the Amalekite kings, as Pharaoh was of the Egyptian. ... According to the Book of Genesis and 1 Chronicles, Amalek (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian ) was the son of Eliphaz and the grandson of Esau (Gen. ...

Eichmann was hanged a few minutes after midnight on June 1, 1962, at Ramla prison. This remains the only civil execution ever carried out in Israel, which has a general policy of not using the death penalty. Eichmann allegedly refused a last meal, preferring instead a bottle of Carmel, a dry red Israeli wine. He consumed about half of the bottle. He also refused to don the traditional black hood for his execution. is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Ramla (Hebrew רמלה Ramlāh; Arabic الرملة ar-Ramlah, colloquial Ramleh), is a city in the Center District of Israel in Israel. ... The last meal is a traditional part of a condemned prisoners last day. ... Carmel Winery is a vineyard and winery in Israel. ...

According to an official account, there were supposedly two people who would pull the lever simultaneously, so neither would know for sure by whose hand Eichmann died.^[22]

Eichmann's last words were, reportedly, "Long live Germany. Long live Austria. Long live Argentina. These are the countries with which I have been most closely associated and I shall not forget them. I had to obey the rules of war and my flag. I am ready."^[23]

Shortly after the execution, Eichmann's body was cremated. The next morning, his ashes were scattered at sea over the Mediterranean, in international waters. This was to ensure that there could be no future memorial and that no nation would serve as his final resting place. ^[24] The crematorium at Haycombe Cemetery, Bath, England. ... Mediterranean redirects here. ... The terms international waters or trans-boundary waters apply where any of the following types of bodies of water (or their drainage basins) transcend international boundaries: oceans, large marine ecosystems, enclosed or semi-enclosed regional seas and estuaries, rivers, lakes, groundwater systems (aquifers), and wetlands [1]. Oceans and seas, waters...

Eichmann analysis

Since Eichmann's death, historians have speculated on certain facts regarding his life. The critical question is how responsible Eichmann was for the implementation of the Holocaust. Some argue that Eichmann knew exactly what he was doing, while others state that he was unfairly judged and that he was only doing his duty as a soldier. Eichmann's own son, Rudolph, condemned his father's actions, and said he harbored no resentment toward Israel for executing his father^[25]. Eichmann himself said he joined the SS not because he agreed or disagreed with its ethos, but because he needed to build a career.^[26]

A third analysis came from political theorist Hannah Arendt, a Jew who fled Germany before Hitler's rise to power, and who reported on Eichmann's trial for The New Yorker. In Eichmann in Jerusalem, a book formed by this reporting, Arendt concluded that, aside from a desire for improving his career, Eichmann showed no trace of antisemitism or psychological damage. She called him the embodiment of the "Banality of Evil," as he appeared at his trial to have an ordinary and common personality, displaying neither guilt nor hatred. She suggested that this most strikingly discredits the idea that the Nazi criminals were manifestly psychopathic and different from ordinary people. Hannah Arendt (October 14, 1906 – December 4, 1975) was a German Jewish political theorist. ... For other uses, see New Yorker. ... The cover of Eichmann in Jerusalem by Hannah Arendt Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil is a book written by political theorist Hannah Arendt, originally published in 1963. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... Psychological science redirects here. ... The Banality of Evil is a phrase coined in 1963 by Hannah Arendt in her work Eichmann in Jerusalem to describe the thesis that the great evils in history generally, and the Holocaust in particular, were not executed by fanatics or sociopaths but rather by very ordinary people who accepted... Psychopathy is defined in psychiatry and clinical psychology as a condition characterized by lack of empathy[1][2] or conscience, and poor impulse control[3][4] or manipulative behaviors. ...

Stanley Milgram, who interpreted Arendt's work as stating that even the most ordinary of people can commit horrendous crimes if placed in the right situation and given the correct incentives, wrote: "I must conclude that Arendt's conception of the banality of evil comes closer to the truth than one might dare imagine." ^[27] Arendt did not, however, suggest that Eichmann was normal or that any person placed in his situation would have done as he did: according to her account, Adolf Eichmann had abdicated his will to make moral choices, and thus his autonomy^[28]. Eichmann claimed he was just following orders, and that he was therefore respecting the duties of a "bureaucrat". Arendt thus argued that he had essentially forsaken the conditions of morality, autonomy and the ability to question orders. (see Führerprinzip). Stanley Milgram Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was a psychologist at Yale University, Harvard University and the City University of New York. ... // For the racing driver, see Will Power. ... Look up autonomy, autonomous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Adolf Hitler made believe he was the incarnation of the Führerprinzip The Führerprinzip, the German name for the leader principle, refers to a system with a hierarchy of leaders that resembles a military structure. ...

In Becoming Eichmann, David Cesarani has claimed that Eichmann was in fact extremely anti-Semitic, and that these feelings were important motivators of his genocidal actions.^[29] Professor David Cesarani (1956-) is an English historian who specialises in Jewish history, especially the Holocaust. ...

A footnote to Eichmann's SS career focuses on the point as to why he was never promoted to the rank of full SS-Colonel, known as Standartenführer. With Eichmann's record and responsibilities, he would have been a prime candidate for advancement. After 1941, however, his SS record contains no evidence that he was ever even recommended for another promotion. SS-Standartenführer insignia Standartenführer was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was used in both the SA and the SS. First created as a title in 1925, in 1928 the rank became one of the first commissioned Nazi ranks and was bestowed upon those SA and SS officers...

John Zerzan first used the metaphor "Little Eichmann" in 1995. The term was used again by Ward Churchill in his controversial essay about the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The controversy surrounding the essay and his use of the phrase "Little Eichmanns" created notable media coverage throughout the U.S. for years after 2001. John Zerzan (born 1943) is an American anarchist and primitivist philosopher and author. ... Pejorative; a comparison to Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann. ... Ward LeRoy Churchill (born October 2, 1947) is an American writer and political activist. ... Churchill book cover Historian and ethnic studies professor Ward Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 titled Some People Push Back: On the Justice of Roosting Chickens about the September 11, 2001 attacks, in which he argued that American foreign policies provoked the attacks. ... The World Trade Center on fire The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. ...

See also

• Command responsibility
• Joel Brand
• Rudolf Kastner
• Rudolf Vrba
• History of the Jews in Hungary
• The Holocaust
• Emanuel Schäfer
• Little Eichmanns

Peace Palace in The Hague Command responsibility, sometimes referred to as the Yamashita standard, or the Medina standard is the doctrine of hierarchical accountability in cases of war crimes. ... Joel Brand Joel Brand (1907 – 1964) was a Hungarian Jew who played a prominent role in trying to save the Hungarian Jewish community from deportation to the German death camp at Auschwitz during the Holocaust. ... Rudolf Kastner Rudolf (Rezső) Kastner (Kasztner), also known as Israel (Yisrael) Kastner, (1906, Cluj, Transylvania–March 3, 1957, Tel Aviv, Israel) was the de facto head of a small Jewish organization in Budapest, Hungary known as the Vaadat Ezrah Vehatzalah (Vaada), or Aid and Rescue Committee, during the Nazi... Dr. Rudolf Vrba in 1997. ... History of the Jews in Hungary concerns the Jews of Hungary and of Hungarian origins. ... “Shoah” redirects here. ... Emanuel Schäfer (born April 20, 1900), an SS-Oberführer, was Reinhard Heydrichs protegee, head of the security police in Serbia during World War II. For having murdered by gas 6,280 women and children, he was sentenced after the war, in Germany, to six and a half... Little Eichmanns is a phrase coined by anarcho-primitivist John Zerzan. ...

Awards and Decorations

• War Merit Cross 1st Class with Swords,
• War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords

Notes

MF DNES or Mladá fronta DNES (Youth Front TODAY) is the most influential Czech daily. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Washington Post is the largest newspaper in Washington, D.C.. It is also one of the citys oldest papers, having been founded in 1877. ... is the 127th day of the year (128th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Página/12 is a left-wing newspaper based in Buenos Aires, Argentina founded in May 25, 1987 by journalist Jorge Lanata. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (1963) ISBN 0-14-018765-0
• David Cesarani, Eichmann: His Life and Crimes (2004) ISBN 0-434-01056-1
• Harry Mulisch, Case 40/61; report on the Eichmann trial (1963) ISBN 0-8122-3861-3
• Moshe Pearlman: The Capture of Adolf Eichmann, 1961. (cited in Hannah Arendt: Eichmann in Jerusalem, Penguin, 1994, p.235) LCC DD247.E5 P39
• Pierre de Villemarest, Untouchable — Who protected Bormann & Gestapo Müller after 1945..., Aquilion, 2005, ISBN 1-904997-02-3 (Gestapo Müller was one of the chiefs of Adolf Eichmann)
• Hannah Yablonka (Ora Cummings trans.) (2004). The State of Israel vs. Adolf Eichmann (New York: Schocken Books) ISBN 0805241876
• Zvi Aharoni, Wilhelm Dietl: Der Jäger – Operation Eichmann, DVA GmbH, 1996, ISBN 3-421-05031-7
• My Role in Operation Eichmann. Tuviah Friedman Institute of Documentation. Israel

Professor David Cesarani (1956-) is an English historian who specialises in Jewish history, especially the Holocaust. ... Harry Mulisch Harry Mulisch (born July 29, 1927) is a Dutch author. ... Library of Congress reading room The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. ... Martin Bormann Martin Bormann (June 17, 1900 - c. ... Heinrich Michael Müller (born April 28, 1900 – disappeared after April 29, 1945– date of death unknown, aka Gestapo Müller). A German police official, was head of the Gestapo, the political police of Nazi Germany, and played a leading role in the planning and execution of the Holocaust. ... Tuviah Friedman was a Nazi hunter and director of the Institute for the Documentation of Nazi War Crimes in Haifa, Israel. ...

External links

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Adolf Eichmann

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Adolf Eichmann

• Biography of Adolf Eichmann The History Place
• CIA papers: U.S. failed to pursue Nazi War Criminal Adolf Eichmann
• BBC: Adolf Eichmann: The Mind of a War Criminal
• The Capture of Adolf Eichmann from the Jewish Virtual Library
• Declassified CIA names file on Adolf Eichmann - Provided by the National Security Archive
• Eichmann trial: The complete transcripts - Provided by the Nizkor Project
• Authority After Adolph Eichmann and the Endlösung
• Postwar Germany, the Vatican and CIA shielded Eichmann, World Socialist Web Site
• Scott Shane: CIA Knew Where Eichmann Was Hiding, Documents Show (New York Times, 7 June 2006)
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Adolf Eichmann