NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Adolphe Thiers

Louis Adolphe Thiers (April 16, 1797–September 3, 1877) was a French statesman and historian. Thiers was a prime minister under King Louis-Philippe of France. Following the overthrow of the Second Empire he again came to prominence as the French leader who suppressed the revolutionary Paris Commune of 1871. From 1871 to 1873 he served initially as Head of State (effectively a provisional President of France), then provisional President. When following a vote of no confidence in the National Assembly his offer of resignation was accepted (he had expected another rejection) he was forced to vacate office. He was replaced as Provisional President by Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta, who became full President of the Republic, a post Thiers had coveted, in 1875 when a series of constitutional laws officially creating the Third Republic were enacted. Image File history File links PereDuchesneIllustre4_1_0_-_Adolphe_Tiers_l'escargot. ... Image File history File links PereDuchesneIllustre4_1_0_-_Adolphe_Tiers_l'escargot. ... Le PÃ¨re Duchesne was an extreme radical newspaper during the French Revolution edited by Jacques HÃ©bert. ... April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... 1797 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ... 1877 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... A historian is a person who studies history. ... Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... Louis-Philippe of France (October 6, 1773â€“August 26, 1850) reigned as the OrlÃ©anist king of the French from 1830 to 1848. ... The canonical example of Second Empire style is the OpÃ©ra Garnier, in which Neo-Baroque meets Neo-Renaissance. ... Le PÃ¨re Duchesne face to the statue of Napoleon I on top of the Vendome column: Eh ben ! bougre de canaille, on va donc te foutre en bas comme ta crapule de neveu !â€¦ (Here! savage rascal, we will put you down just as your crook of a nephew!â€¦ The... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calaber). ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... A Motion of No Confidence, also called Motion of Non Confidence is a parliamentary motion traditionally put before a parliament by the opposition in the hope of defeating or embarrassing a government. ... The Palais Bourbon, front The French National Assembly (French: AssemblÃ©e nationale) is one of the two houses of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. ... Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta President of France, 1873-1879 Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta, Marshal of France (July 13, 1808 - October 16, 1893) was a Frenchman of Irish descent. ... 1875 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The French Third Republic, (in French, Troisième Republique, sometimes written as IIIème Republique) ( 1870/ 75- 1940/ 46), was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Fourth Republic. ...

Birth and early life

Thiers was born in Marseille, France. His grandmother was the sister of Elisabeth Santi-Lomaca, mother of André Chénier, of Greek origins.[1] His family was somewhat grandiloquently spoken of as "cloth merchants ruined by the Revolution", but it seems that at the actual time of his birth his father was a locksmith. His mother belonged to the family of the Chéniers, and he was well educated, first at the lycée of Marseille, and then in the faculty of law at Aix-en-Provence. Here he began his lifelong friendship with Mignet, and was called to the bar at the age of twenty-three. He had, however, little taste for law and much for literature; and he obtained an academic prize at Aix for a discourse on the marquis de Vauvenargues. In the early autumn of 1821 Thiers went to Paris, and was quickly introduced as a contributor to the Constitutionnel. In each of the years immediately following his arrival in Paris he collected and published a volume of his articles, the first on the salon of 1822, the second on a tour in the Pyrenees. He was put out of all need of money by the singular benefaction of Cotta, the well-known Stuttgart publisher, who was part-proprietor of the Constitutionnel, and made over to Thiers his dividends, or part of them. City motto: Actibus immensis urbs fulget Massiliensis. ... AndrÃ© ChÃ©nier AndrÃ© Marie ChÃ©nier (October 30, 1762 - July 25, 1794) was a French poet, associated with the events of the French Revolution. ... It has been suggested that Textile be merged into this article or section. ... Merchants function as professionals who deal with trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves, in order to produce profit. ... Liberty Leading the People, a painting by Delacroix commemorating the July Revolution of 1830 but generally accepted as symbolic of French popular uprisings against the monarchy in general and sometimes mistaken to be a depiction of the 1789 storming of the Bastille in particular. ... Locksmithing is the science and art of making and defeating locks. ... In France, secondary education is divided into two schools: the collÃ¨ge (IPA: ) (somewhat comparable to U.S. junior high school) for the first four years directly following primary school; the lycÃ©e (IPA: ) (comparable to a U.S. high school) for the next three years. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Aix (prounounced eks), or, to distinguish it from other cities built over hot springs, Aix-en-Provence is a city in southern France, some 30 km north of Marseille. ... FranÃ§ois Auguste Alexis Mignet (May 8, 1796 - March 24, 1884) was a French historian. ... Literature is literally acquaintance with letters as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary (from the Latin littera meaning an individual written character (letter)). The term has generally come to identify a collection of texts, which in Western culture are mainly prose, both fiction and non-fiction... Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues (6 August 1715 â€“ 28 May 1747) was a French moralist, essayist, and miscellaneous writer. ... The Eiffel Tower, the international symbol of the city, with the skyscrapers of La DÃ©fense business district 5 km/ 3 mi behind. ... ... Central Pyrenees. ... Johann Friedrich Freiherr von Cotta (* April 27, 1764 in Stuttgart - â€ December 29, 1832 in Stuttgart) was a German publisher, industrial pioneer and politician. ... Stuttgart, a city located in southern Germany, is the capital of the state of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg with a population of approximately 590,000 as of September 2005 in the city and around 3 million in the metropolitan area. ...

Meanwhile, he became very well known in Liberal society, and he had begun the celebrated Histoire de la revolution française, which founded his literary and helped his political fame. The first two volumes appeared in 1823, the last two (of ten) in 1827. The book brought him little profit at first, but became immensely popular. The well-known sentence of Carlyle, that it is "as far as possible from meriting its high reputation", is in strictness justified, for all Thiers' historical work is marked by extreme inaccuracy, by prejudice which passes the limits of accidental unfairness, and by an almost complete indifference to the merits as compared with the successes of his heroes. But Carlyle himself admits that Thiers is "a brisk man in his way, and will tell you much if you know nothing." Coming as the book did just when the reaction against the Revolution was about to turn into another reaction in its favour, it was assured of success. 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Naval Battle of Navarino by Carneray 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The most familiar view of Carlyle is as the bearded sage with a penetrating gaze. ...

The July Monarchy of King Louis-Philippe

For a moment it seemed as if Thiers had definitely chosen the lot of a literary man, not to say of a literary hack. He even planned an Histoire générale. But the accession to power of the Polignac ministry in August 1829 made him change his plans, and at the beginning of the next year Thiers, with Armand Carrel, Mignet, and others started the National, a new opposition newspaper. Thiers himself was one of the animators of the 1830 revolution, being credited with "overcoming the scruples of Louis Philippe," perhaps no Herculean task. At any rate, he received his reward. He ranked as one of the Radical supporters of the new dynasty, in opposition to the party of which his rival François Guizot was the chief literary man, and Guizot's patron, the duc de Broglie, the main pillar. At first Thiers, though elected deputy for Aix, received only subordinate posts in the ministry of finance. This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Polignac is a French card game for four players. ... Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Armand Carrel (May 8, 1800 _ July 25, 1836) was a French writer. ... Louis-Philippe of France (October 6, 1773–August 26, 1850), served as the Orleanist king of the French from 1830 to 1848. ... Hercules and Cacus, by Baccio Bandinelli, 1525 - 1534. ... FranÃ§ois Pierre Guillaume Guizot (October 4, 1787 -September 12, 1874) was a French historian, orator and statesman. ... Victor, duc de Broglie, French statesman Achille-LÃ©once-Victor-Charles, 3rd duc de Broglie (November 28, 1785â€“January 26, 1870), was a French statesman and diplomat. ... Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses and organizations raise, allocate and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. ...

After the overthrow of his patron Jacques Laffitte, he became much less radical, and after the troubles of June 1832 he was appointed to the ministry of the interior. He repeatedly changed portfolios, but remained in office for four years, became president of the council and, in effect, Prime Minister, in which capacity he began his series of quarrels and jealousies with Guizot. At the time of his resignation in 1836 he was foreign minister and, as usual, favoured an energetic policy toward Spain, which he could not carry out. Jacques Laffitte, French politician Jacques Laffitte (October 24, 1767â€“May 26, 1844), was a French banker and politician. ... Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ...

He travelled in Italy for some time, and it was not till 1838 that he began a regular campaign of parliamentary opposition, which in March 1840 made him president of the council and foreign minister for the second time. His policy of support for Muhammad Ali of Egypt in the Eastern crisis of that year led France to the brink of war with the other great powers. This resulted in his dismissal by the king, who did not wish for war. Thiers now had little to do with politics for some years, and spent his time on his Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire, the first volume of which appeared in 1845. Insert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text here:This article is about the legislative institution. ... Muhammad `AlÄ« Muhammad Ali Pasha (Arabic: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø¹Ù„ÙŠ Ø¨Ø§Ø´Ø§) (many spelling variations, including Turkish Mehmet Ali (KavalalÄ± Mehmet Ali PaÅŸa), are encountered) (c. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Though he was still a member of the chamber, he spoke rarely, till after the beginning of 1846, when he was evidently bidding once more for power as the leader of the opposition group of the Left Centre. Immediately before the February revolution he went to all but the greatest lengths, and when it broke out he and Odilon Barrot, the leader of the Dynastic Left, were summoned by the king; but it was too late. Thiers was unable to govern the forces he had helped to gather, and he resigned. 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... French politician Odilon Barrot Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (September 19, 1791 - August 6, 1873), was a French politician. ...

The Second Republic and the Second Empire

Under the Republic he took up the position of conservative republican, which he ever afterwards maintained, and he never took office. But the consistency of his conduct, especially in voting for Louis Napoleon as president, was often and sharply criticized, one of the criticisms leading to a duel with a fellow-deputy, Bixio. He was arrested at the coup d'etat, was sent to Mazas, and then escorted out of France. But in the following summer he was allowed to return. His history for the next decade is almost a blank, his time being occupied for the most part on The Consulate and the Empire. It was not until 1863 that he re-entered political life, being elected by a Parisian constituency. For the seven years following he was the chief speaker among the small group of anti-Imperialists in the French chamber, and was regarded generally as the most formidable enemy of the Empire. While protesting against its foreign enterprises, he also harped on French loss of prestige, and so helped contribute to stir up the fatal spirit which brought on the war of 1870. The French Second Republic (often simply Second Republic) was the republican regime of France from February 25, 1848 to December 2, 1852. ... The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. ... Charles Louis NapolÃ©on Bonaparte (20 April 1808- 9 January 1873) was President of France from 1849 to 1852, and then Emperor of the French under the name NapolÃ©on III from 1852 to 1870. ... Nino Bixio (2 October 1821 - December 16, 1873) was an Italian soldier, who fought for the Italian unification. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... The Mazas Prison (French: Prison de Mazas) was a prison in Paris, France. ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Collapse of the Empire and the Paris Commune

Leading up to 1870, Thiers strongly agitated for a war with Prussia, but when France's armies suffered defeat after defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (all within a period of a few weeks), Thiers quickly changed his policy, and "spoke out against the war" when France had already all but lost. Through his manoeuvring he placed himself in a victorious political position after France's crushing defeat in the war, despite his entire career of agitation for war. Thiers accomplished this by separating himself as far as possible from the Government of National Defense, the government that would be forced to surrender and sign the treaty with Germany. This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa, German: PreuÃŸen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: PrÅ«sai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... After the crushing defeat of the Second French Empire at the battle of Sedan , a new government was formed on Sept. ...

In the latter part of September and the first three weeks of October, 1870 he went on a tour of the different courts of Europe in the hope of obtaining an intervention, or at least some mediation. The mission was unsuccessful; but upon its conclusion Thiers was immediately charged with another: that of obtaining, if possible, an armistice directly from Bismarck. Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ... A white flag is traditionally used to represent a truce. ... For alternative meanings: See Bismarck (disambiguation). ...

With the armistice signed, Thiers triumphantly entered the scene and called for national elections: Thiers was elected in twenty-six departments; on 17 February 1871 Thiers was elected Head of State, nominally "chef du pouvoir exécutif de la République en attendant qu'il soit statué sur les institutions de la France" (head of the executive power of the Republic until the institutions of France are decided). He succeeded in convincing the deputies that the peace was necessary, and it was voted (March 1, 1871) by a margin of more than five to one. March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ...

At the end of April, 1871, he received a deputation of freemasons who had massed together in their top hats and with their masonic banners for a parley. Thiers responded to his fellow masons: '"Do you come here in the name of the Commune? If so I shall not listen to you; I do not recognise belligerents"'. In May 1871, Thiers sent French soldiers, with German support, into Paris to crush the Paris Commune. Theirs insisted on '"complete expiation after the fall of the commune. Thirty thousand to 100,000 people were killed in the streets of Paris. Thousands more were arrested and 7,000 were exiled forever from France. (See note 2) [2] For other uses, see April (disambiguation). ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... American Square & Compasses Freemasonry is a worldwide fraternal organization. ... Le PÃ¨re Duchesne face to the statue of Napoleon I on top of the Vendome column: Eh ben ! bougre de canaille, on va donc te foutre en bas comme ta crapule de neveu !â€¦ (Here! savage rascal, we will put you down just as your crook of a nephew!â€¦ The...

The Third Republic

On August 30 Thiers became the provisional president of the as-yet undeclared republic. He held office for more than two years after this event. (See note 1)

His strong personal will and inflexible opinions had much to do with the resurrection of France; but the very same facts made it inevitable that he should excite violent opposition. He was a confirmed protectionist, and free trade ideas had made great headway in France under the Empire; he was an advocate of long military service, and the devotees of la revanche (the revenge) were all for the introduction of general and compulsory but short service. Both his talents and his temper made him utterly indisposed to maintain the attitude supposed to be incumbent on a republican president; and his tongue was never carefully governed. In January 1872 he formally tendered his resignation; and though it was refused, almost all parties disliked him, while his chief supporters, men like Charles de Rémusat, Barthelemy Saint-Hilaire and Jules Simon were men rather of the past than of the present. Protectionism is the economic policy of promoting favored domestic industries through the use of high tariffs and other regulations to discourage imports. ... Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ... 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Charles FranÃ§ois Marie, Comte de RÃ©musat (March 13, 1797 - January 6, 1875), was a French politician and writer. ... Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire (August 19, 1805 _ November 24, 1895) was a French philosopher, journalist and statesman. ... Jules Simon, French politician Jules FranÃ§ois Simon (December 27, 1814 - June 8, 1896) was a French statesman and philosopher. ...

The year 1873, a parliamentary year in France, was occupied to a great extent with attacks on Thiers. In the early spring, regulations were proposed and, on April 13, carried, intended to restrict the executive, and especially the parliamentary, powers of the president. On April 27 a contested election in Paris, resulting in the return of the opposition candidate, Barodet, was regarded as a grave disaster for the Thiers government, and that government was not much strengthened by a dissolution and reconstitution of the cabinet on May 20. Immediately afterwards, the question was brought to a head by an interpellation moved by the duc de Broglie. The president declared that he should take this as a vote of no confidence; and in the debates which followed a vote of this character (though on a different formal issue, and proposed by Jean Ernoul) was carried by sixteen votes in a house of 704. Thiers at once resigned (May 24), expecting that he would have his resignation rescinded or that he would be immediately re-elected. To his shock the resignation was accepted and Patrice MacMahon elected to the provisional presidency instead. May 24 is the 144th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (145th in leap years). ...

His last years

He survived, after his fall, for four years, continuing to sit in the Assembly and, after the dissolution of 1876, in the Chamber of Deputies, and sometimes, though rarely, speaking. He was also, on the occasion of this dissolution, elected senator for Belfort, which his exertions had saved for France; but he preferred the lower house, where he sat as of old for Paris. On May 16, 1877, he was one of the "363" who voted for no confidence in the Broglie ministry (thus paying his debts), and he took a considerable part in organizing the subsequent electoral campaign. But he was not to see its success, suffering a fatal stroke at St. Germain-en-Laye on 3 September. Thiers had long been married, and his wife and sister-in-law, Mlle Felicie Dosne, were his constant companions; but he left no children and had had only one, a daughter who long predeceased him. He had been a member of the Academy since 1834. His personal appearance was remarkable, and not imposing, for he was very short, with plain features, ungainly gestures and manners, very near-sighted, and of disagreeable voice; yet he became (after wisely giving up an attempt at the ornate style of oratory) a very effective speaker in a kind of conversational manner, and in the epigram of debate he had no superior among the statesmen of his time except Lord Beaconsfield. This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... 1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The Chamber of Deputies is the name given to the lower house of the bicameral legislatures of the following countries: It is also the name given to the unicameral parliaments of the following countries: Historically, the Chamber of Deputies (fr:Chambre des dÃ©putÃ©s) was the lower house of... A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. ... Location within France Belfort is a town and commune of northeastern France, prÃ©fecture (capital) of the Territoire de Belfort dÃ©partement in the Franche-ComtÃ© rÃ©gion. ... May 16 is the 136th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (137th in leap years). ... 1877 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the political process. ... A stroke, also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is an acute neurologic injury whereby the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted, either by a clot in the artery or if the artery bursts. ... Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a city west of Paris, in the Yvelines département (of which it is a sous-préfecture), in the Ile-de-France région, in France. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Oratory is the art of eloquent speech. ... An epigram is a short poem with a clever twist at the end or a concise and witty statement. ... Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC (21 December 1804 â€“ 19 April 1881) was an English statesman and literary figure. ...

Thiers was by far the most gifted and interesting of the group of literary statesmen which formed a unique feature in the French political history of the 19th century. There are only two who are at all comparable to him, Guizot and Lamartine; and as a statesman he stands far above both. Nor is this eminence merely due to his great opportunity in 1870; for Guizot might under Louis Philippe have almost made himself a French Robert Walpole, at least a French Palmerston, and Lamartine's opportunities after 1848 were, for a man of political genius, unlimited. But both failed; Lamartine almost ludicrously, whereas Thiers, under difficult conditions, achieved a striking if not a brilliant success. But even when the minister of a constitutional monarch his intolerance of interference or joint authority, his temper at once imperious and devious, his inveterate inclination towards underhand rivalry and cabals for power and place, showed themselves unfavourably. His constant tendency to inflame the aggressive and chauvinistic spirit of his country was not based on any sound estimate of the relative power and interests of France, and led his country more than once to the verge of a great calamity. In opposition, both under Louis Philippe and under the empire, and even to some extent in the last four years of his life, his worst qualities were always evident. But with all these drawbacks he conquered and will retain a place in what is perhaps the highest, as it is certainly the smallest, class of statesmen: the class of those to whom their country has had recourse in a great disaster, who have shown in bringing her through that disaster with constancy, courage, devotion and skill and have been rewarded by as much success as the occasion permitted. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alphonse de Lamartine (October 21, 1790 - February 28, 1869) was a French writer, poet and politician. ... The Right Honourable Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, KG, KB, PC (26 August 1676 â€“ 18 March 1745), usually known as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British statesman who is generally regarded as having been the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. ... Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (October 20, 1784 - October 18, 1865) was a British Prime Minister and Liberal politician. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The term statesman is a respectful term used to refer to diplomats, politicians, and other notable figures of state. ...

As a man of letters Thiers is very much smaller. He has not only the fault of diffuseness, which is common to so many of the best-known historians of his century, but others as serious or more so. The charge of dishonesty is one never to be lightly made against men of such distinction as his, especially when their evident confidence in their own infallibility, their faculty of ingenious casuistry, and the strength of will which makes them (unconsciously, no doubt) close their minds to all inconvenient facts and inferences. But it is certain that from Thiers' treatment of the men of the first revolution to his treatment of the Battle of Waterloo, constant, angry and well-supported protests against his unfairness were not lacking. Although his research was undoubtedly wide-ranging, its results are by no means always accurate, and even his admirers find inconsistencies in his style. These characteristics reappear (accompanied, however, by frequent touches of the epigrammatic power above mentioned, which seems to have come to Thiers the orator or journalist easier than to the historian) in his speeches, which after his death were collected in many volumes by his widow. Sainte-Beuve, whose notices of Thiers are generally kind, says of him, "M. Thiers sait tout, tranche tout, parle de tout," and this omniscience and "cocksureness" (to use the word of a British Prime Minister contemporary with this prime minister of France) are perhaps the chief pervading features both of the statesman and the man of letters. An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect to study, reflect, and speculate on a variety of different ideas. ... Dishonesty is a term which in common usage may be defined as the act of being dishonest; to act without honesty; a lack of probity, to cheat, lying or being deliberately deceptive; lacking in integrity; to be knavish, perfidious, corrupt or treacherous; charlatanism or quackery. ... Casuistry (argument by cases) is an attempt to determine the correct response to a moral problem, often a moral dilemma, by drawing conclusions based on parallels with agreed responses to pure cases, also called paradigms. ... Combatants France Anglo-Allied/Prussian/ Dutch Commanders NapolÃ©on Bonaparte (Ney in control of battle) Duke of Wellington Gebhard von BlÃ¼cher Strength 72,000 67,000 Anglo-Dutch 60,000 Prussian (48,000 engaged by about 18:00) Casualties 25,000 22,000 Map of the Waterloo campaign The... Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve (December 23, 1804 - October 13, 1869) was a literary critic and one of the major figures of French literary history. ...

His histories, in many different editions, and his speeches, as above, are easily accessible; his minor works and newspaper articles have not, we believe, been collected in any form. Several years after his death appeared Deux opuscules (1891) and Melanges inedits (1892), while Notes et souvenirs, 1870-73, were published in 1901 by "F. D.", his sister-in-law and constant companion, Mlle Dosne. Works on him, by Laya, de Mazade, his colleague and friend Jules Simon, and others, are numerous.

Notes

[1] A republic was declared following the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War. However it was intended to be a provisional republic, pending the restoration of the monarchy under the Comte de Chambord. Hence, Thiers initially was not president but "Chief of State" (Chef de l'État). Though formally made "President of the Republic", historians disagree as to whether to regard Thiers as President of the Third Republic or President of a provisional republic, given that the constitutional structures of the Third Republic, and the creation of a constitutionally-based President of the Third Republic, and even legislative mention of the word 'republic' only occurred in a series of laws passed in 1875 and known as the 'Constitution of 1875'. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonne, Comte de Chambord (September 29, 1820 - August 24, 1883) was the grandson of King Charles X of France, the posthumous son of Charless younger son Charles, Duc de Berry, who had been assassinated several months before Henris birth. ... A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. ...

[2] Karl Marx described him in The Civil War in France as follows: Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 Trier, Germany â€“ March 14, 1883 London) was an immensely influential German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ...

"Thiers, that monstrous gnome, has charmed the French bourgeoisie for almost half a century, because he is the most consummate intellectual expression of their own class corruption. Before he became a statesman, he had already proved his lying powers as an historian. The chronicle of his public life is the record of the misfortunes of France. Banded, before 1830, with the republicans, he slipped into office under Louis Philippe by betraying his protector Lafitte, ingratiating himself with the king by exciting mob riots against the clergy, during which the church of Saint Germain l'Auxerrois and the Archbishop's palace were plundered, and by acting the minster-spy upon, and the jail-accoucheur of the Duchess de Berry. The massacre of the republicans in the Rue Transnonian, and the subsequent infamous laws of September against the press and the right of association, were his work. Reappearing as the chief of the cabinet in March 1840, he astonished France with his plan for fortifying France ..... Thiers was consistent only in his greed for wealth and his hatred of the men that produce it. Having entered his first ministry, under Louis Philippe, poor as Job, he left it a millionaire..... " Bourgeoisie is a French word. ... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Job or Jobs has the following meanings: Biblically, Job refers to: The Book of Job (sometimes misspelled Jobe), part of Christianitys Old Testament, also incorporated into the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). ...

Image File history File links Adolphe_Thiers_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16943. ... Image File history File links Adolphe_Thiers_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16943. ...

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This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Project Gutenberg (often abbreviated as PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works. ... EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, the 11th edition The EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910â€“1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

Categories: 1911 Britannica | 1797 births | 1877 deaths | Natives of Marseille | French historians | Members of the Académie française | Paris Commune | Prime Ministers of France | Presidents of France | Historians of the French Revolution | Greek-French people Camille Bachasson, 3rd count of Montalivet (1801-1880) Peer of France and French Stateman Second son of Jean-Pierre Bachasson, 1st count of Montalivet (1766-1823), peer of France and Minister of Emperor Napoléon, he was born in Valence, Drôme on April 25, 1801. ... The entrance to the Ministry in Place Beauvau is guarded by one gendarme (to the left) and one policewoman (to the right). ... The entrance to the Ministry in Place Beauvau is guarded by one gendarme (to the left) and one policewoman (to the right). ... Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano, French statesman Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano (1763-1839), French statesman and publicist, was born at Dijon. ... Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano, French statesman Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano (1763-1839), French statesman and publicist, was born at Dijon. ... The entrance to the Ministry in Place Beauvau is guarded by one gendarme (to the left) and one policewoman (to the right). ... Camille Bachasson, 3rd count of Montalivet (1801-1880) Peer of France and French Stateman Second son of Jean-Pierre Bachasson, 1st count of Montalivet (1766-1823), peer of France and Minister of Emperor Napoléon, he was born in Valence, Drôme on April 25, 1801. ... Victor, duc de Broglie, French statesman Achille-LÃ©once-Victor-Charles, 3rd duc de Broglie (November 28, 1785â€“January 26, 1870), was a French statesman and diplomat. ... The Prime Minister of France (Premier ministre de la France) is the functional head of the Cabinet of France. ... Louis, comte MolÃ©, French statesman Louis Mathieu, comte MolÃ© (January 24, 1781 - November 23, 1855), French statesman, was born in Paris. ... Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, marshal of France Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, duc de Dalmatie (March 29, 1769 â€“ November 26, 1851), Marshal of France, was born at Saint-Arnans-la-Bastide (now in the Tarn dÃ©partement), and was the son of a country notary at that place. ... The Prime Minister of France (Premier ministre de la France) is the functional head of the Cabinet of France. ... Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, marshal of France Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, duc de Dalmatie (March 29, 1769 â€“ November 26, 1851), Marshal of France, was born at Saint-Arnans-la-Bastide (now in the Tarn dÃ©partement), and was the son of a country notary at that place. ... Louis, comte MolÃ©, French statesman Louis Mathieu, comte MolÃ© (January 24, 1781 - November 23, 1855), French statesman, was born in Paris. ... The Prime Minister of France (Premier ministre de la France) is the functional head of the Cabinet of France. ... French general Jules Trochu Louis Jules Trochu (March 12, 1815 - October 7, 1896) was a French military leader. ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta President of France, 1873-1879 Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta, Marshal of France (July 13, 1808 - October 16, 1893) was a Frenchman of Irish descent. ... FranÃ§ois Guillaume Jean Stanislaus Andrieux (May 6, 1759 - May 10, 1833) was a French man of letters and playwright. ... This is a list of members of the AcadÃ©mie franÃ§aise (French Academy) by seat number. ... The AcadÃ©mie franÃ§aise, or French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. ... Henri Martin was a celebrated French historian, born at Saint-Quentin; devoted his life to the study of the history of France; wrote an account of it, entitled Histoire de France, a magnificent work in 19 volumes; brought the history down to 1789, and received from the Institute 20,000...

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