NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Adultism

Adultism is a predisposition towards adults, which some see as biased against children, youth, and all young people who aren't addressed or viewed as adults. Adultism is popularly used to describe any discrimination against young people and is distinguished from ageism, which is simply prejudice on the grounds of age; not specifically against youth. See Adult. ... This article is about discrimination in the social science context. ... Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Â· Lynching Hate speech Â· Hate crime Â· Hate groups Genocide Â· The Holocaust Â· Pogrom Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Â· Race war Religious persecution Â· Gay bashing Blood libel Â· Black Legend Pedophobia Â· Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism Â· Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party Kahanism Â· Supremacism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism...

Etymology and usage

Coinage

The word adultism first appears in the literature of psychology in 1933 , when it was defined as a condition wherein a child possessed adult-like "physique and spirit". It was exemplified by, Psychology (from Greek: ÏˆÏ…Ï‡Î®, psukhÄ“, spirit, soul; and Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚, logos, knowledge) is an academic / applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior of humans and animals. ... The English word spirit comes from the Latin spiritus (breath). // The English word spirit comes from the Latin spiritus, meaning breath (compare spiritus asper), but also soul, courage, vigor, ultimately from a PIE root *(s)peis- (to blow). In the Vulgate, the Latin word translates Greek (Ï€Î½ÎµÏ…Î¼Î±), pneuma (Hebrew (×¨×•×—) ruah), as...

This definition has been superseded by another from a late 1970s journal article proposing that adultism is the abuse of the power that adults have over children. The author identified examples of adultism not only in parents but in teachers, psychotherapists, the clergy, police, judges, and juries.^[2]

Co-Counseling adopted the term in the late 1980s to describe "the oppression of and discrimination against people who are young."^[3] Since then the term has come to describe any mistreatment or silencing of children and/or youth.^[4] Co-counselling (spelled co-counseling in US English) is a grass-roots, low-cost form of helping other individuals and oneself to re-emerge from the negative effects of past emotional tensions and hurts, known in co-counselling theory as discharge. Co-counseling was originally formulated in 1957 by the... Oppress is the negative outcome experienced by people targeted by the cruel exercise of power in a society or social group. ... This article is about discrimination in the social science context. ... Mistreat redirects here. ... Silenced : Chinas Great Wall of Censorship is a political book by Oystein Alme and Morten VÃ¥gen, published by Amaryllis Media in 2006. ... A male Caucasian toddler child A child (plural: children) is a young human. ... For other uses, see Youth (disambiguation) Youth is defined by Websters New World Dictionary as, The time of life when one is young; especially: a: the period between childhood and maturity b: the early period of existence, growth, or development. ...

In 1996, Jenny Sazama, an adultism expert with an organization called Youth On Board, explained that, Youth On Board, founded in 1994, is an internationally-recognized U.S. nonprofit organization based in Boston that promotes youth voice and youth involvement in schools and community organizations across the country. ...

This definition is now used widely by youth-serving organizations and education institutions seeking to counter the effects of adultism. The Child Welfare League of America writes, Oppress is the negative outcome experienced by people targeted by the cruel exercise of power in a society or social group. ... Youth voice is a fairly common neologism to refers to the distinct ideas, opinions, attitudes, knowledge, and actions of young people as a collective body. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause pain, injury, or other physical suffering or harm. ... Misinformation is information that is incorrect, but not because of a deliberate attempt to mislead. ... Much of the recent sociological debate on power revolves around the issue of constraining and/or enabling nature of power. ... For the direction right, see left and right or starboard. ...

While not meeting universal acceptance, one national media organization promotes the notion that "adultism is the foundation for all forms of oppression," due to the commonality of every person's having experienced said discrimination.^[7]

Illustrating the commonality of this problem, local youth-serving organizations increasingly address adultism. A program in Oakland, California, describes the impact of adultism, which "hinders the development of youth, in particular, their self-esteem and self-worth, ability to form positive relationships with caring adults, or even see adults as allies."^[8] This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 kmÂ²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ...

The Texas Network of Youth Services offers a list of traits associated with adultism.

Similar terms

Adultism is a generalization of paternalism, allowing for the broad force of adulthood beyond males, and may be witnessed in the infantalization of children and youth. It has been proposed pedophobia (the fear of children) and ephebiphobia (the fear of youth) are antecendents to adultism.^[9] Tokophobia, the fear of childbirth, may also be a precursor; gerontophobia, or its antonym, gerontocracy, may be extensions of adultism.^{[citation needed]} Image of traditional cultural paternalism: Father Junipero Serra in a modern portrayal at Mission San Juan Capistrano, California Paternalism refers usually to an attitude or a policy stemming from the hierarchic pattern of a family based on patriarchy, that is, there is a figurehead (the father, pater in Latin) that... Pedophobia is the fear of infants, children, or childhood[1] // Pediophogia is an alternate term for pedophobia[2]. Pedophobia is related to other age-focused fears, including ephebiphobia and gerontophobia. ... Ephebiphobia (from Greek ephebos ÎÏ†Î·Î²Î¿Ï‚ = teenager, underage adolescent and fobos Ï†ÏŒÎ²Î¿Ï‚ = fear, phobia), also known as hebephobia (from Greek hebe = youth), denotes both the irrational fear of teenagers or of adolescence, and the prejudice against teenagers or underage adolescents. ... Fear of childbirth is not an isolated problem but associated with the womans personal characteristics, mainly general anxiety, low self-esteem, and clinical depression, as well as dissatisfaction with their partnership, and lack of support. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Similar terms such as adult privilege, adultarchy, and adultcentrism/adultocentrism have been proposed as alternatives which are more morphologically parallel. Some activists alternatively call adultism "youthism," equating it to sexism and heterosexism.^[10] The dilemma inherent in this term is present in other activist circles, where "youthism" is employed to indicate "one form of ageism which describes people who hold beliefs or take actions advocating unfavourable balance of power or resources toward the 'younger' generations."^[11] (See jeunism in the following paragraph.) Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Â· Lynching Hate speech Â· Hate crime Â· Hate groups Genocide Â· Holocaust Â· Pogrom Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Â· Race war Religious persecution Â· Gay bashing Pedophobia Â· Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism Â· Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism Â· Civil rights Â· Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage Â· Mens rights Childrens rights Â· Youth... For other uses, see Morphology. ... The sign of the headquarters of the National Association Opposed To Woman Suffrage Sexism is commonly considered to be discrimination and/or hatred against people based on their sex rather than their individual merits, but can also refer to any and all systemic differentiations based on the sex of the... Heterosexism is a predisposition towards heterosexual people, which some see as biased against lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, transgender or intersexed, people among others. ...

At least one prominent organization^[12]^[13] (and articles on Wikipedia) address discrimination against youth as ageism, which is any form of discrimination against anyone due to their age, whatever it may be. However, another national organization counters this, arguing that "addressing adultist behavior by calling it ageism is discrimination against youth in itself."^[14] Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Â· Lynching Hate speech Â· Hate crime Â· Hate groups Genocide Â· The Holocaust Â· Pogrom Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Â· Race war Religious persecution Â· Gay bashing Blood libel Â· Black Legend Pedophobia Â· Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism Â· Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party Kahanism Â· Supremacism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism...

The opposite of adultism is jeunism, which is defined as the preference of young people and adolescents over adults. Look up ageism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Causes

In his seminal 1978 article, Flasher explained that adultism is born of the belief that children are inferior, professing that adultism can be manifested as excessive nurturing, possessiveness, or over-restrictiveness, all of which are consciously or unconsciously geared toward excessive control of a child.^[15]

Recently, theologians Heather Eaton and Matthew Fox proposed, "Adultism derives from adults repressing the inner child."^[16] John Holt stated, "An understanding of adultism might begin to explain what I mean when I say that much of what is known as children's art is an adult invention."^[17] That perspective is seemingly supported by Maya Angelou, who remarked: John Caldwell Holt (April 14, 1923 - September 14, 1985) was an American author and educator, one of the best known proponents of homeschooling, and a pioneer in youth rights theory. ... Child art is the drawings, paintings and other artistic works created by people under the age of 12. ... Maya Angelou (born Marguerite Johnson April 4, 1928)[1] is an American poet, memoirist, actress and an important figure in the American Civil Rights Movement. ...

Classification of adultism

Experts have identified multiple forms of adultism, offering a typology that includes internalized adultism,^[19] institutionalized adultism,^[20] cultural adultism, and other forms. The word typology literally means the study of types. ...

Internalized adultism

A University of Michigan researcher asserts that internalized adultism causes youth to "question their own legitimacy, doubt their ability to make a difference" and perpetuate a "culture of silence" among young people.^[21] "Adultism convinces us as children that children don't really count," reports an investigative study, and it "becomes extremely important to us [children] to have the approval of adults and be 'in good' with them, even if it means betraying our fellow children. This aspect of internalized adultism leads to such phenomena as tattling on our siblings or being the 'teacher's pet,' to name just two examples."^[22] Other examples of internalized adultism include many forms of violence imposed upon children and youth by adults who are reliving the violence they faced as young people, such as corporal punishment, sexual abuse, verbal abuse, and community incidents that include store policies prohibiting youth from visiting shops without adults, and police, teachers, or parents chasing young people from areas without just cause.^[23] The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (UM, U of M or U-M) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan, and one of the foremost universities in the United States. ... Corporal punishment is forced pain intended to change a persons behaviour or to punish them. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Verbal Abuse a hardcore and crossover thrash band originally from Houston, Texas but which got successful after moving to San Francisco. ...

Institutional adultism

Institutional adultism may be apparent in any instance of systemic bias, where formalized limitations or demands are placed on people simply because of their young age. Policies, laws, rules, organizational structures, and systematic procedures each serve as mechanisms to leverage, perpetuate, and instill adultism throughout society. These limitations are often reinforced through physical force or police actions and are often seen as double-standards.^[24] This treatment is increasingly seen as a form of gerontocracy.^[25] ^[26] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into systematic bias. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Institutions perpetuating adultism may include the fudiciary, legal, educational, communal, religious, and governmental sectors of a community. For examples see:

Overmedication is when a doctor prescribes unnecessary or excessive medication to a patient. ... Compulsory education is education which children are required by law to receive and governments to provide. ... A condom is a device, usually made of latex, or more recently polyurethane, that is used during sexual intercourse. ... A curfew can be one of the following: An order by the government for certain persons to return home before a certain time. ... Main Entry: crim·i·nal·ize Pronunciation: kri-m&-n&l-Iz, krim-n&-lIz Function: transitive verb Inflected Form(s): -ized; -iz·ing to make illegal : OUTLAW; also : to turn into or treat as a criminal - crim·i·nal·i·za·tion /kri-m&-n&l-&-zA-sh&n... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Age of candidacy is the minimum age at which a person can legally qualify to hold certain elected government offices. ... Health care or healthcare is one of the worlds largest and fastest growing professions. ... The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guarantees freedom of religion, as long as religious activities do not infringe on public order in ways detrimental to society. ... For other uses, see Conscript (disambiguation). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... A voting age is a minimum age established by law that a person must attain in order to be eligible to vote in a public election. ... A Chinese soldier, age 10, member of a Chinese division boarding planes in Myitkyina (Burma) bound for China, May 1944. ... OK TEENAGERS ARE VIRGINS â€œAdolescentâ€ redirects here. ... Total institution as defined by Erving Goffman, is an institution where all the aspects of life of individuals under the institution is controlled and regulated by the authorities of the organization. ...

Cultural adultism

Cultural adultism is a much more ambiguous, yet much more prevalent, form of discrimination or intolerance towards youth.^{[citation needed]} Any restriction or exploitation of people because of their young age, as opposed to their ability, comprehension, or capacity, may be said to be adultist. These restrictions are often attributed to euphemisms afforded to adults on the basis of age alone, such as "better judgment" or "the wisdom of age." A parenting magazine editor comments, "Most of the time people talk differently to kids than to adults, and often they act differently, too."^[30] This summarizes cultural adultism. For examples see: This article is about discrimination in the social science context. ... Intolerance is the lack of ability or willingness to tolerate something. ... Capacity may mean one of the following: Capacity, when used with the mathematics meaning, is another word for volume Legal capacity refers to the legal ability to engage in certain acts, such as making a contract Cranial capacity is a measure of the volume of the interior of the skull...

Child abuse is the physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment or neglect of children by parents, guardians, or others. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Corporal punishment is forced pain intended to change a persons behaviour or to punish them. ... Hogwarts, a wizarding school. ... Child laborers coming out of a dye factory, Dhaka, Bangladesh Child labor (or child labour) is the employment of children under an age determined by law or custom. ... For other uses, see Teen idol (disambiguation). ... Peer pressure comprises a set of group dynamics whereby a group in which one feels comfortable may override personal habits, individual moral inhibitions or idiosyncratic desires to impose a group norm of attitudes and/or behaviors. ... The Optional protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography to the Convention on the Rights of the Child states that the prostitution of children or child prostitution is the practice whereby a child is used by others for sexual activities in return for remuneration or any... Sagging is the fashion of wearing trousers (slacks, shorts or jeans) below the waist, hanging around the buttock area. ... The Scapegoat by William Holman Hunt, 1854. ... This is a list of youth subcultures. ... Teen pornography is a type of age-oriented pornography that depicts young performers who are least 18 years of age. ... Many nations have a legal drinking age, or the minimum age one must be to drink alcohol. ... A generation gap is a popular term used to describe wide differences in cultural norms between members of a younger generation and their elders. ...

Results

Social stratification

Discrimination against age is increasingly recognized as a form of bigotry in social and cultural settings around the world. An increasing number of social institutions are acknowledging the positions of children and youth as an oppressed minority group.^{[citation needed]} Many youth are rallying against the adultist myths spread through mass media from the 1970s through the 1990s. ^[31]^[32] A bigot is a prejudiced person who is intolerant of opinions, lifestyles, or identities differing from his or her own. ... Oppress is the negative outcome experienced by people targeted by the cruel exercise of power in a society or social group. ... A minority or subordinate group is a sociological group that does not constitute a politically dominant plurality of the total population of a given society. ...

Research compiled from two sources (a Cornell University nation-wide study, and a Harvard University study on youth) has shown that social stratification between age groups causes stereotyping and generalization; for instance, the media-perpetuated myth that all adolescents are immature, violent and rebellious.^{[citation needed]} Opponents of adultism contend that this has led to growing number of youth, academics, researchers, and other adults rallying against adultism and ageism, such as organizing education programs, protesting statements, and creating organizations devoted to publicizing the concept and addressing it.^{[citation needed]} For the 1996 Blur single, see Stereotypes (song). ...

Simultaneously, research shows that young people who struggle against adultism within community organizations have a high rate of impact upon said agencies, as well as their peers, the adults who work with them, and the larger community to which the organization belongs^[33]

Cultural responses

There may be many negative effects of adultism, including ephebiphobia and a growing generation gap. A reactive social response to adultism takes the form of the children's rights movement, led by young people who strike against being exploited for their labor. Numerous popular outlets are employed to strike out against adultism, particularly music and movies. Additionally, many youth-led social change efforts have inherently responded to adultism, particularly those associated with youth activism and student activism, each of which in their own respects have struggled with the effects of institutionalized and cultural adultism.^{[citation needed]} Ephebiphobia (from Greek ephebos ÎÏ†Î·Î²Î¿Ï‚ = teenager, underage adolescent and fobos Ï†ÏŒÎ²Î¿Ï‚ = fear, phobia), also known as hebephobia (from Greek hebe = youth), denotes both the irrational fear of teenagers or of adolescence, and the prejudice against teenagers or underage adolescents. ... A generation gap is a popular term used to describe wide differences in cultural norms between members of a younger generation and their elders. ... Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Â· Lynching Hate speech Â· Hate crime Â· Hate groups Genocide Â· Holocaust Â· Pogrom Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Â· Race war Religious persecution Â· Gay bashing Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism Â· Supremacism Fundamentalism Â· Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism Â· Civil rights Â· Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage Â· Mens rights Childrens rights Â· Youth rights... This is an incomplete list of songs, which can or may never satisfy any objective standard for completeness. ... Youth activism is best summarized as youth voice engaged in community organizing for social change. ... Students occupying Sheffield town hall over the introduction of higher education fees Student activism is work done by students to effect political, environmental, economic, or social change. ...

Academic developments

A growing number of governmental, academic, and educational institutions around the globe have created policy, conducted studies, and created publications that respond to many of the insinuations and implications of adultism. Much of popular researcher Margaret Mead's work can be said to be a response to adultism. Current researchers whose work analyzes the effects of adultism include sociologist Mike Males and critical theorist Henry Giroux.^{[citation needed]} Margaret Mead (December 16, 1901, Philadelphia â€“ November 15, 1978, New York City) was an American cultural anthropologist. ... Mike A. Males (born 1950) is an American sociologist who teaches at UC Santa Cruz. ... Henry Giroux, born September 18, 1943, is a US cultural critic. ...

Addressing adultism

Any inanimate or animate exhibition of adultism is said to be "adultist". This may include behaviors, policies, practices, institutions, or individuals.

Educator John Holt proposed that teaching adults about adultism is a vital step to addressing the effects of adultism^[34], and at least one organization^[35] and one curriculum^[36] do just that. Several educators have created curricula that seek to teach youth about adultism, as well.^[37] Currently, organizations responding to the negative effects of adultism include the United Nations, which has conducted a great deal of research^[38] in addition to recognizing the need to counter adultism through policy and programs. The CRC has particular Articles (5 and 12) which are specifically committed to combating adultism. The international organization Human Rights Watch has done the same.^[39] John Caldwell Holt (April 14, 1923 - September 14, 1985) was an American author and educator, one of the best known proponents of homeschooling, and a pioneer in youth rights theory. ... Convention on the Rights of the Child Opened for signature 20 November 1989 in - Entered into force September 2, 1990 Conditions for entry into force 20 ratifications or accessions (Article 49) Parties 193 (only 2 non-parties: USA and Somalia) The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child... Convention on the Rights of the Child Opened for signature 20 November 1989 in - Entered into force September 2, 1990 Conditions for entry into force 20 ratifications or accessions (Article 49) Parties 193 (only 2 non-parties: USA and Somalia) The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child...

Common practice accepts the engagement of youth voice and the formation of youth/adult partnerships as essential steps to resisting adultism.^[40] Youth voice is a fairly common neologism to refers to the distinct ideas, opinions, attitudes, knowledge, and actions of young people as a collective body. ... Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Â· Lynching Hate speech Â· Hate crime Â· Hate groups Genocide Â· Holocaust Â· Pogrom Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Â· Race war Religious persecution Â· Gay bashing Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism Â· Supremacism Fundamentalism Â· Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism Â· Civil rights Â· Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage Â· Mens rights Childrens rights Â· Youth rights...

References

^ Courbon, P. (1933). Mental adultism and precocious growth of the personality. Annales Medico-Psychologiques. 87, 355-362.
^ Flasher, J. (1978) Adultism. Adolescence 13(51) Fall 1978, 517-523.
^ Re-Evaluation Counseling website
^ Freechild.org on Adultism
^ Understanding Adultism Jenny Sazama (1996).
^ (n.d.) Building Positive Youth and Adult Partnerships by the National Foster Youth Advisory Council of the Child Welfare League of America.
^ American Pictures
^ Youth Together Glossary
^ Fletcher, A. (2006) Washington Youth Voice Handbook Olympia, WA: CommonAction
^ Youth Liberation: An Interview With Brian Dominick on Znet
^ Kelly, B. "'Youthism' and Ageism in Our Movement?" Next Left Notes (2006).
^ Thread from National Youth Rights Association Online Forums re: Ageism vs. Adultism
^ Alex Koroknay-Palicz's blog
^ Young, K & Sazama, J (2006) 15 Points to Successfully Involving Youth in Decision-Making. Boston: Youth On Board.
^ Flasher, J. (1978) Adultism. Adolescence 13(51) Fal 1978, 521.
^ Eaton, H & Fox, M. "Chapter 10: Transcendent Spirit: Child Honoring and Religion." in Cavoukian, R. (Ed) & Olfman, S. (Ed). (2006). Child honoring: How to turn this world around. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
^ Holt, J. (Ed) Teach your own: The John Holt book of homeschooling. Perseus Publishing.
^ Iraki, X.N. and Mukurima, Muriuki. Kenya Times News, Opinion--Education new vehicle of a class society. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
^ Get The Word Out! Jenny Sazama (2004). p.12
^ Hernandez, D. & Rehman, B. (eds). (2002)Colonize This!: Young Women of Color on Today's Feminism. Seal Press
^ Adults as Allies (1998) WK Kellogg Foundation.
^ Cult Awareness and Information Center
^ Understanding adultism: A key to developing positive youth-adult relationships. by John Bell
^ Males, M. (1997) Framing Youth: 10 Myths about the Next Generation. "Courts have explicitly ruled that policy-makers may impose adult responsibilities and punishments on individual youths as if they were adults at the same time laws and policies abrogate adolescents’ rights en masse as if they were children."
^ Monitor Breakfast with James Carville and Stanley Greenberg "This is not class warfare, this is generational warfare. This administration and old wealthy people have declared war on young people. That is the real war that is going on here. And that is the war we've got to talk about." - James Carville
^ Gatto, J.T. (2002) The Underground History of American Education "Children allowed to take responsibility and given a serious part in the larger world are always superior to those merely permitted to play and be passive. At the age of twelve, Admiral Farragut got his first command."
^ Breeding, J. (n.d.) Does ADHD Even Exist? The Ritalin Sham Sunriver, OR: The Natural Child Project.
^ Giroux, H. Take Back Higher Education: Race, Youth, and the Crisis of Democracy in the Post-Civil Rights Era (2004).
^ Institionalized discrimination is also viewed as structural violence. See Kelly, P. "Fighting for Hope" (1984) for specific evidence of instutional adultism in healthcare, identified as structural violence. "A third of the 2,000 million people in the developing countries are starving or suffering from malnutrition. Twenty-five per cent of their children die before their fifth birthday... Less than 10 per cent of the 15 million children who died this year had been vaccinated against the six most common and dangerous children's diseases. Vaccinating every child costs £3 per child. But not doing so costs us five million lives a year. These are classic examples of structural violence."
^ Treating children as equals. Wright, J. New Renaissance Magazine (2001)."
^ Movement Strategy Center. "Making Space - Making Change: Profiles of Youth-Led and Youth-Driven Organizations" (2004).
^ Giroux, H. "The Abandoned Generation: Democracy Beyond the Culture of Fear" (2003).
^ Zeldin, S, Kusgen-McDaniel, A, & Topitzes, D. "Youth In Decision-Making: A Study on The Impacts of Youth on Adults and Organizations" (2001).
^ Holt, J. (2003) Teach Your Own Perseus Publishing.
^ Youth On Board
^ Creighton, A. & Kivel, P. (1992) Helping Teens Stop Violence: A Practical Guide for Counselors, Educators, and Parents Hunter House.
^ Miller-McLemore, B. (2003) Let the Children Come: Reimagining Childhood from a Christian Perspective Josey-Bass.
^ The Evolving Capacities of the Child UNICEF. (2005)
^ The Difference between Youth and Adults HRW online.
^ (n.d.) Adultism Resources The Freechild Project website.

Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 21 is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Admiral David Glasgow Farragut David Glasgow Farragut (July 5, 1801 - August 14, 1870) was an admiral of the United States Navy during the American Civil War. ... Structural violence, a term which was first used in the 1970s and which has commonly been ascribed to Johan Galtung, denotes a form of violence which corresponds with the systematic ways in which a given social structure or social institution kills people slowly by preventing them from meeting their basic...

See also

Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Â· Lynching Hate speech Â· Hate crime Â· Hate groups Genocide Â· The Holocaust Â· Pogrom Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Â· Race war Religious persecution Â· Gay bashing Blood libel Â· Black Legend Pedophobia Â· Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism Â· Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party Kahanism Â· Supremacism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism... This article is about discrimination in the social science context. ... Ephebiphobia (from Greek ephebos ÎÏ†Î·Î²Î¿Ï‚ = teenager, underage adolescent and fobos Ï†ÏŒÎ²Î¿Ï‚ = fear, phobia), also known as hebephobia (from Greek hebe = youth), denotes both the irrational fear of teenagers or of adolescence, and the prejudice against teenagers or underage adolescents. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For with(out) prejudice in law, see Prejudice (law). ... NYRA logo The National Youth Rights Association is the largest Youth Rights group in the United States, with several thousand members. ... The Freechild Project logo The Freechild Project or Freechild, founded in 2001, is an international program connecting young people and social change around the world through a large online web portal for youth and adults. ... The childrens rights movement was born in the 1800s with the orphan train. ... Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Â· Lynching Hate speech Â· Hate crime Â· Hate groups Genocide Â· Holocaust Â· Pogrom Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Â· Race war Religious persecution Â· Gay bashing Pedophobia Â· Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism Â· Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism Â· Civil rights Â· Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage Â· Mens rights Childrens rights Â· Youth... The Mosquito is a product made to drive away teenagers from no-loitering zones. ...

External links

Categories: Discrimination | Articles with unsourced statements since May 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles lacking reliable references from May 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since June 2007 | Prejudice and discrimination | Youth rights | Youth | Aging | Ageism | Human rights | Children's rights | Bias Creighton University, founded in 1878, is a Jesuit, Catholic university located in Omaha, Nebraska. ... Youth empowerment is an attitudinal, structural, and cultural process whereby young people gain the ability, authority, and agency to make decisions and implement change in their own lives and the lives of other people, including youth and adults. ... // Student Voice is a neologism describing the distinct perspectives and actions of young people throughout education focused on education. ... Youth voice is a fairly common neologism to refers to the distinct ideas, opinions, attitudes, knowledge, and actions of young people as a collective body. ... Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Â· Lynching Hate speech Â· Hate crime Â· Hate groups Genocide Â· Holocaust Â· Pogrom Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Â· Race war Religious persecution Â· Gay bashing Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism Â· Supremacism Fundamentalism Â· Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism Â· Civil rights Â· Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage Â· Mens rights Childrens rights Â· Youth rights... Evolving Capacities is the concept in which education, child development and youth development programs led by adults takes into account the capacities of the child to exercise rights on his or her own behalf. ... Intergenerational equity [1] is a value concept which focuses on the rights of future generations. ... Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Â· Lynching Hate speech Â· Hate crime Â· Hate groups Genocide Â· Holocaust Â· Pogrom Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Â· Race war Religious persecution Â· Gay bashing Pedophobia Â· Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism Â· Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism Â· Civil rights Â· Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage Â· Mens rights Childrens rights Â· Youth... Youth activism is best summarized as youth voice engaged in community organizing for social change. ... This article belongs in one or more categories. ... Community youth development, or CYD, is a philosophy emphasizing the uniquely symbiotic nature of youth development to community development by situating the two practices in a common framework. ... Youth leadership is the practice of teens exercising authority over themselves or others. ... Teen courts are authorized by law in many United States to provide an alternative disposition for juveniles who have committed a delinquent act and are otherwise eligible for diversion. ... Youth councils are an example of youth voice engaged in youth-led decision-making. ... Youth service is tantamount to any volunteer community service activity conducted by any person under the age of 25. ... Students occupying Sheffield town hall over the introduction of higher education fees Student activism is work done by students to effect political, environmental, economic, or social change. ... The youth vote is a political term used primarily in the United States to describe 18 to 25-year-olds and their voting habits. ... Youth-Led media is any effort created, planned, implemented, and reflected upon by young people in the form of media, i. ... A youth movement is any attempt to organize individual young people into a unified identity. ... In 1969, the United States federal courts ruled that, Students do not shed their constitutional rights. ... Student-centered learning is an approach to education focusing on the needs of the students, rather than those of others involved in the educational process, such as teachers and administrators. ... A free school is a decentralized network in which skills, information, and knowledge are shared without hierarchy and the institutional environment of formal schooling. ... Positive youth development, or PYD, is a common neologism that summarizes the intentional efforts of other youth, adults, communities, government agencies, and schools to provide opportunities for youth to enhance their interests, skills, and abilities into their adulthoods. ... Youth philanthropy is, at the broadest level, youth giving of their time, talents and treasure. ... Ephebiphobia (from Greek ephebos ÎÏ†Î·Î²Î¿Ï‚ = teenager, underage adolescent and fobos Ï†ÏŒÎ²Î¿Ï‚ = fear, phobia), also known as hebephobia (from Greek hebe = youth), denotes both the irrational fear of teenagers or of adolescence, and the prejudice against teenagers or underage adolescents. ... Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Â· Lynching Hate speech Â· Hate crime Â· Hate groups Genocide Â· Holocaust Â· Pogrom Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Â· Race war Religious persecution Â· Gay bashing Pedophobia Â· Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism Â· Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism Â· Civil rights Â· Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage Â· Mens rights Childrens rights Â· Youth... Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Â· Lynching Hate speech Â· Hate crime Â· Hate groups Genocide Â· The Holocaust Â· Pogrom Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Â· Race war Religious persecution Â· Gay bashing Blood libel Â· Black Legend Pedophobia Â· Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism Â· Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party Kahanism Â· Supremacism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism...

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Etymology and usage GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");