Adventitious, in botany, refers to structures that develop in an unusual place, and in medicine, it refers to conditions acquired after birth. This article discusses adventitious roots, buds and shoots, that are very common in vascular plants. Pinguicula grandiflora Botany is the scientific study of plantlife. ... This article is about the field of medical practice and health care. ... ROOT is an object-oriented software package developed by CERN. It was originally designed for particle physics data analysis and contains several features specific to this field, but it is also commonly used in other applications such as astronomy and data mining. ... Flower buds have not yet bloomed into a full-size flower. ... In botany, a shoot is more or less synonamous with the term stem For biological and botanical definitions and information, see the main article on stems Shoots function in providing an axis for buds, fruits and leaves. ... Divisions Non-seed-bearing plants Equisetophyta Lycopodiophyta Psilotophyta Pteridophyta Superdivision Spermatophyta Pinophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Magnoliophyta The vascular plants are plants in the Kingdom Plantae (also called Viridiplantae) that have specialized tissues for conducting water. ...

Adventitious roots

Adventitious roots develop on stems, leaves and even old roots. The radicle or primary root and its lateral roots are the only nonadventitious roots. Many aerial stems naturally form aerial roots. There are two types of adventitious roots. Aerial stems often have preformed root initials at nodes that will develop into roots given the proper conditions. Other adventitious roots are termed wound roots, because they do not form until the stem, root or leaf is wounded. A stem is the above ground axis of a vascular plant. ... The leaves of a Beech tree A leaf with laminar structure and pinnate venation In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. ... In botany, the radicle is the first part of a seedling (a growing plant embryo) to emerge from the seed during germination. ... Lateral roots extend horizontally from the primary root and serve to anchor the plant securely into the soil. ...

In some species, adventitious roots form on aerial stems, grow down into the soil and help keep the stems upright, e.g. prop roots of maize, screwpine and banyan. Some vine stems cling to their supports using adventitious roots, e.g. English ivy and philodendron. Adventitious roots may also form naturally when an aerial stem contacts the soil, e.g. arching branches of forsythia, blackberry and weeping willow. Some trees, such as willow, naturally shed pieces of twigs, a phenomenon known as cladoptosis. The shed twigs are often transported via rivers and streams and can form new plants if they develop adventitious roots. Binomial name Zea mays L. Maize (Zea mays ssp. ... Species Many; see text for examples Banyan (Ficus subgenus Urostigma) is a subgenus of many species of tropical figs with an unusual growth habit. ... The term vine was originally a term for the plant on which grapes grew, from the word for wine (Greek oinos), for which grapes were grown. ... English Ivy, (hedera helix), is an extremely invasive species of ivy native to England, but now has taken root in many places such as the U.S., often wiping out native grasses and undergrowth. ... Species See text A Philodendron is a tropical plant that grows by climbing up a host tree (The name derives from the Greek - lover of trees. ... SOiL is a five-piece aggressive rock/Nu Metal band from Chicago, formed in 1997 by ex-members of renowned death metal acts Broken Hope and Oppressor. ... Species See text. ... Species Rubus fruticosus - Common Blackberry and hundreds more microspecies (the subgenus also includes the dewberries) The blackberry is a widespread and well known shrub; commonly called a bramble in the eastern U.S. and Europe but a a soft-bodied fruit popular for use in desserts, jams, seedless jellies and... Species About 350, including: Salix acutifolia- Violet Willow Salix alaxensis- Alaska Willow Salix alba- White Willow Salix alpina- Alpine Willow Salix amygdaloides- Peachleaf Willow Salix arbuscula- Mountain Willow Salix arbusculoides- Littletree Willow Salix arctica- Arctic Willow Salix atrocinerea Salix aurita- Eared Willow Salix babylonica- Peking Willow Salix barrattiana- Barratts...

Virtually the entire root system is adventitious in many vascular plants, especially ferns, fern allies and most monocots, e.g. grasses. In most monocot species, the radicle never develops to any extent, and adventitious roots form at the base of the stem. Such adventitious root systems are also termed fibrous root systems. Root systems of specialized underground stems (rhizomes, bulbs, tubers, corms) are all adventitious roots. The tap root systems of most dicots and gymnosperms develop from the primary root but even they often develop some adventitious roots when the old roots or lower stem is wounded. Horizontal, aboveground stems, termed stolons or runners, usually develop adventitious roots at their nodes, e.g. strawberry. Divisions Non-seed-bearing plants Equisetophyta Lycopodiophyta Psilotophyta Pteridophyta Superdivision Spermatophyta Pinophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Magnoliophyta The vascular plants are plants in the Kingdom Plantae (also called Viridiplantae) that have specialized tissues for conducting water. ... Classes Marattiopsida Osmundopsida Gleicheniopsida Pteridopsida A fern, or pteridophyte, is any one of a group of about 20,000 species of plants classified in the Division Pteridophyta, formerly known as Filicophyta. ... Fern ally is a general term covering a somewhat diverse group of vascular plants that are not flowering plants and not true ferns. ... Orders Base Monocots: Acorus Alismatales Asparagales Dioscoreales Liliales Pandanales Family Petrosaviaceae Commelinids: Arecales Commelinales Poales Zingiberales Family Dasypogonaceae Monocotyledons or monocots are a group of flowering plants usually ranked as a class and once called the Monocotyledoneae. ... An area of grass-like plants Grass generally describes a monocotyledonous green plant characterized by slender leaves, called blades, which usually grow arching upwards from the ground. ... Ginger rhizome In botany, a rhizome is a usually-underground, horizontal stem of a plant that often sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. ... Shallot bulbs A bulb is an underground vertical shoot that has modified leaves (or thickened leaf bases) that are used as food storage organs by a dormant plant. ... Oca tubers For the fungal genus, see Truffle. ... A corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground stem of a plant (usually one of the monocots) that serves as a storage organ to enable the plant to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (estivation). ... Orders see text Dicotyledons or dicots are flowering plants whose seed contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. ... Coast Douglas-fir cone This article lacks an appropriate Taxobox You can help Wikipedia by adding one. ... A stolon is an aerial shoot from a plant with the ability to produce adventitious roots and new offshoots of the same plant. ... Species 20+ species; see text The strawberry (Fragaria) is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae, and the fruit of these plants. ...

Adventitious buds and shoots

Adventitious buds develop from places other than a shoot apical meristem, which occurs at the tip of a stem. They may develop on stems, roots or leaves. Shoot apical meristems produce one or more axillary or lateral buds at each node. When stems produce considerable secondary growth, the axillary buds may be destroyed. Adventitious buds may then develop on stems with secondary growth. Flower buds have not yet bloomed into a full-size flower. ... Flower buds have not yet bloomed into a full-size flower. ... In vascular plants, secondary growth or, perhaps more accurately, secondary thickening is the result of the activity of the vascular cambium. ...

Adventitious buds are often formed after the stem is wounded or pruned. The adventitious buds help to replace lost branches. Adventitious buds and shoots also may develop on mature tree trunks when a shaded trunk is exposed to bright sunlight because surrounding trees are cut down. Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) trees often develop many adventitious buds on their lower trunks. If the main trunk dies, a new one often sprouts from one of the adventitious buds. Small pieces of redwood trunk are sold as souvenirs termed redwood burls. They are placed in a pan of water, and the adventitious buds sprout to form shoots. In microeconomics, pruning taken as a metaphor from gardening, refers to the removal of excess items from a budget. ... Redwood is a name used for several species of trees with red or reddish coloured wood; see each species for individual details. ...

Some plants normally develop adventitious buds on their roots, which can extend quite a distance from the plant. Shoots that develop from adventitious buds on roots are termed suckers. They are a type of natural vegetative reproduction in many species, e.g. many grasses, quaking aspen and Canada thistle. The Pando quaking aspen grew from one trunk to 47,000 trunks via adventitious bud formation on a single root system. Production of new individuals along a leaf margin of the air plant, Kalanchoë pinnata. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Binomial name Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. ... The Pando Stamp Pando (or The Trembling Giant[1]) is a clonal colony of a single male Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) tree located in the U.S. state of Utah, all determined to be part of a single living organism by identical genetic markers,[2] and one massive underground root...

Some leaves develop adventitious buds, which then form adventitious roots, e.g. piggyback plant (Tolmiea menziesii) and mother-of-thousands (Kalanchoe daigremontiana). The adventitious plantlets then drop off the parent plant and develop as separate clones of the parent. As a word, clone was first coined by J.B.S. Haldane as subject for theoretical replication of a frog, though the term clone is derived from κλων, the Greek word for twig. In horticulture, the spelling clon was used until the twentieth century. ...

Coppicing is the practice of cutting tree stems to the ground to promote rapid growth of adventitious shoots. It is traditionally used to produce poles, fence material or firewood. It is also practiced for biomass crops grown for fuel, such as poplar or willow. A recently coppiced Alder stool in Hampshire Coppicing is a traditional method of woodland management, by which young tree stems are cut down to a low level, or sometimes right down to the ground. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... Wood burning is the largest current use of biomass derived energy. ... Switchgrass, a hardy plant used in the biofuel industry in the United States In energy production and industry, biomass refers to living and recently living biological material which can be used as fuel pickle or for industrial production. ... This article is about woody plants of the genus Populus. ...

Location of origin

Adventitious roots and buds usually develop near the existing vascular tissues so they can connect to the xylem and phloem. However, the exact location varies greatly. In young stems, adventitious roots often form from parenchyma between the vascular bundles. In stems with secondary growth, adventitious roots often originate in phloem parenchyma near the vascular cambium. In stem cuttings, adventitious roots sometimes also originate in the callus cells that form at the cut surface. Leaf cuttings of the Crassula form adventitious roots in the epidermis.^[1] It has been suggested that Vessel element be merged into this article or section. ... In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, to all parts of the plant where needed. ... In animals The parenchyma are the functional parts of an organ in the body (i. ... Cross section of celery stalk, showing vascular bundles, which include both phloem and xylem. ... The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem: The vascular cambium is the source of both the secondary xylem (inwards) and the secondary phloem (outwards), and hence is located between these tissues in the stem. ... This article is about calluses and corns of human skin. ... Species See text Crassula is a large genus containing many species, including the popular Jade Plant, Crassula ovata. ...

Vegetative propagation

Adventitious roots and buds are very important when people propagate plants via cuttings, layering, tissue culture. Plant hormones, termed auxins, are often applied to stem, shoot or leaf cuttings to promote adventitious root formation, e.g. African violet and sedum leaves and shoots of poinsettia and coleus. Propagation via root cuttings requires adventitious bud formation, e.g. in horseradish and apple. In layering, adventitious roots are formed on aerial stems before the stem section is removed to make a new plant. Large houseplants are often propagated by air layering. Adventitious roots and buds must develop in tissue culture propagation of plants. Layering is a technique for plant propagation in which a portion of an aerial stem is encouraged to grow roots while still attached to the parent plant, and then removed and planted as a new plant. ... Plant tissue culture, also called micropropagation, is a practice used to propagate plants under sterile conditions, often to produce clones of a plant. ... Plant hormones (or plant growth regulators, or PGRs) are internally secreted chemicals in plants that are used for regulating their growth. ... IAA appears to be the most active Auxin in plant growth. ... In botany, a shoot is more or less synonamous with the term stem For biological and botanical definitions and information, see the main article on stems Shoots function in providing an axis for buds, fruits and leaves. ... The leaves of a Beech tree A leaf with laminar structure and pinnate venation In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. ... The African violet (Saintpaulia) is of the Gesneriaceae family. ... Species See text Sedum is a large genus of the Crassulaceae, representing about 400 species of leaf succulents, found throughout the northern hemisphere, varying from annual groundcovers to shrubs. ... Binomial name Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ... Species About 60 species, including: Solenostemon scutellarioides Solenostemon shirensis Coleus (Solenostemon) is a genus of perennial plants, native to tropical Africa and Asia. ... Binomial name Armoracia rusticana P.G. Gaertn. ... Binomial name Malus domestica Borkh. ...

References

1. ^ McVeigh, I. 1938. Regeneration in Crassula multicava. American Journal of Botany 25: 7-11. [1]

• Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of Seed Plants. New York: Wiley.
• Hartmann, H.T. and Kester, D.E. 1983. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.