NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Aerial bombing

The aerial bombing of cities became a common tactic in World War II. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (over 11 miles) into the air, August 9, 1945. ...

World War I

The first ever aerial bombardment of civilians was on January 19, 1915, in which two German Zeppelins dropped 24 fifty-kilogram high-explosive bombs and ineffective three-kilogram incendiaries on Great Yarmouth, Sheringham, Kings Lynn, and the surrounding villages. In all, four people were killed, sixteen injured, and monetary damage was estimated at £7,740, although the public and media reaction were out of proportion to the death toll. January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... LZ127 Graf Zeppelin, the most traveled airship in history A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship (or dirigible) pioneered by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century. ... Map sources for Great Yarmouth at grid reference TG5207 Great Yarmouth is an English coastal town in the county of Norfolk. ... Sheringham is a seaside town in Norfolk, England, west of Cromer. ... Kings Lynn is a medium-sized town in Norfolk, England on the River Great Ouse. ...

London was accidentally bombed in May, and, in July 1916, the Kaiser allowed directed raids against urban centres. There were 23 airship raids in 1916 in which 125 tons of ordnance were dropped, killing 293 people and injuring 691. Gradually British air defences improved. In 1917 and 1918 there were only eleven Zeppelin raids against England, and the final raid occurred on August 5, 1918, which resulted in the death of KK Peter Strasser, commander of the German Naval Airship Department. By the end of the war, 51 raids had been undertaken, in which 5,806 bombs were dropped, killing 557 people and injuring 1,358. It has been argued that the raids were effective far beyond material damage in diverting and hampering wartime production, and diverting twelve squadrons and over 10,000 men to air defences. Portrait of Peter Strasser in 1914, commander of the Luftschiffer German Airforce Peter Strasser (April 1, 1876 - August 6, 1918) Chief Commander of Germanys Luftschiffer airforce during World War I. He was the main leader of the Zeppelins command and in charge, operating bombing campaigns from 1915 to 1918. ...

Inter war years (1919–1938)

On April 26, 1937, the German Luftwaffe (Condor Legion) bombed the Spanish city of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. The Germans were attacking to support the efforts of Francisco Franco to overturn the Spanish Republican government. This act caused world-wide revulsion, but was only a taste of things to come. April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (117th in leap years). ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Luftwaffe (literally, air weapon, pronounced looft-vaaf-feh) is the air force of Germany. ... The Condor Legion (Legión Cóndor in Spanish) was a unit of Nazi Germanys air force which was sent as volunteers to support the Nationalists (i. ... Guernica or Guernica y Lumo (Basque Gernika-Lumo, pronounced in IPA [gernika]) is a small city in the Spanish Basque Country that was the meeting place of the Biscayne assembly under an oak tree, the Gernikako Arbola, which was a symbol of traditional freedoms of the Basque people. ... History of Spain Series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History Social History The Spanish Civil War (July 1936... Francisco Franco Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo TeÃ³dulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade (December 4, 1892 â€“ November 20, 1975), abbreviated Francisco Franco Bahamonde and sometimes known as GeneralÃsimo Francisco Franco, was dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. ... Flag of the Second Spanish Republic The Second Spanish Republic (1931 – 1939) was the second period in Spanish history in which the election of both the positions of Head of State and Head of government were in the hands of the people. ...

World War II

During the World War II, the bombing of cities became a normal practice of the German Luftwaffe. It usually had little military purpose and was considered mainly as a psychological warfare, in order to weaken morale of civilians. In the first stage of war, the Germans carried out bombing of most towns and cities in Poland (1939), the first of the destroyed cities being Wieluń. Later the tactics was used against Rotterdam in the Netherlands in 1940. The Luftwaffe also carried out intensive bombing of cities in Britain, including London and Coventry, in a bombing campaign known in Britain as "the Blitz", from September 1940 through to May 1941. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (over 11 miles) into the air, August 9, 1945. ... Morale measures the degree to which people hold to belief. ... 1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Wieluń is a town in central Poland with 25,500 inhabitants (1995). ... Rotterdam is the second largest city in the Netherlands (after Amsterdam), located in the province of South Holland. ... 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... St Stevens Tower - The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben London (see also alternative names) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Coventry is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. ... German bomber over the Surrey Docks, London The Blitz, a popular English contraction of the German word Blitzkrieg, meaning Lightning War, was the sustained and intensive bombing of the United Kingdom by Nazi Germany during 1940-1941. ... 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In response, the British started night air raids on Berlin and other cities. In 1943, Hamburg was heavily damaged by firebombing known as Operation Gomorrah. In the final stage of the war, the United Kingdom and the United States used fire-bomb attacks on Dresden during February 13-15, 1945, creating a firestorm which together with the bombing itself killed 35,000 citizens (although Nazi propaganda figures at the time, and sometimes still quoted as correct, were as high as 250,000^[1]). The US bombing of Tokyo killed 83,000 citizens, bombing of Kobe killed another 8,800 and the nuclear weapon attacks on Hiroshima killed 70,000 citizens and Nagasaki killed 36,000 citizens during World War II. Berlin? (pronounced: , German ) is the capital of Germany and its largest city, with 3,426,000 inhabitants (as of January 2005); down from 4. ... Position of Hamburg in Germany Hamburgs central broadway Jungfernstieg at the Alster lake, between 1900 and 1914 This article is about the city in Germany. ... Firestorm in Hamburg Operation Gomorrah was the military codename for a series of air raids conducted by the Royal Air Force on the city of Hamburg beginning in the end of July 1943. ... View from the city hall tower, which remained standing. ... BrÃ¼hls Terrace and the Frauenkirche Dresden? [ËˆdreËsdnÌ©] (Sorbian/Lusatian DrjeÅ¾dÅºany), the capital city of the German federal state of Saxony, is situated in a valley on the river Elbe. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... This is an article about a specific circumstance of combustion. ... The U.S. bombing of Tokyo during World War II took place between 1942 and 1945. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... Main keep of Hiroshima Castle The city of Hiroshima (åºƒå³¶å¸‚; -shi) is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chugoku region of western Honshu, the largest of Japans islands. ... Megane-bashi (Spectacles Bridge) Nagasaki listen? (é•·å´Žå¸‚; -shi, literally long peninsula) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture located at the south-western coast of Kyushu, Japan. ...

Aerial bombing had the practical effect of equating the citizens of a country with those who made the decision to take that country to war. However, it is clear that not all citizens of Germany were Nazis; in fact there was an active German resistance which, with the help of the Abwehr, Germany's intelligence organization, carried out several attempts on Hitler's life. Similarly in Japan, although allegiance to the emperor was strong, even within the ranks of the military there were many who strongly objected to an attack on Pearl Harbor and to war with America in general. The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... The Abwehr was the common name for the German military foreign information and counterintelligence department, during both World War I and World War II. Abwehr is a German word, which is commonly translated to the English defence. The head of the Abwehr during World War II was Admiral Wilhelm Canaris. ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... The Imperial Japanese Navy made its attack on Pearl Harbor on the morning of December 7, 1941. ...

Is aerial bombardment state terrorism?

Some argue that these acts qualify as state terrorism. Others state that there were valid military reasons for the attacks on these particular locations. For example, Nagasaki had major naval shipyard facilities and Hiroshima had bases where tens of thousands of Japanese soldiers were quartered. Some say that there is evidence that the United States attempted to warn the civilian populations of Nagasaki and Hiroshima to evacuate the target areas, but this claim is disputed. However as it was assault by aerial bombardment on defended enemy territory, no warning needed to be given under the laws of war at that time (see lower down in this section for more details). State terrorism is a controversial term that is separate from the more common term state sponsored terrorism. ... Citizens of Hiroshima walk by the A-Bomb Dome, the closest building to have survived the citys atomic bombing. ...

The minutes of the meetings of the Target Committee responsible for proposing locations for the are available. According to these minutes, it was agreed "that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance." Later, the decision was made

Both of these quotes were taken from The Decision to use the Atomic Bomb by Gar Alperovitz, 1995. These statements are of course open to varying interpretations, but they call into question the notion that the target was chosen purely for its military significance.

During World War II the British approved city busting at he highest level. Professor Lindemann was liked and trusted by Winston Churchill. Churchill appointed him the British governments leading scientific adviser with a seat in the Cabinet. In 1942 Lindemann presented a seminal paper to the Cabinet advocating the aerial bombing of German cities by carpet bombing in a strategic bombing campaign. It was accepted by the Cabinet and Arthur Harris was appointed to carry out the task. It became an important part of the total war waged against Germany. Professor Lindemann's paper put forward the theory of attacking major industrial centrers in order to deliberately destroy as many homes and houses as possible. Working class homes were to be targeted because they had a higher density and fire storms were more likely. This would displace the German workforce and reduce their ability to work. His calculations showed that the RAF Bomber Command would be able to destroy the majority of German houses located in cities quite quickly. The plan was highly controversial even before it started, but the Cabinet thought that bombing was the only option available to directly attack Germany, (as a major invasion of the continent was years away,) and the Soviets were demanding that the Western Allies do somthing to relieve the pressure on the Eastern Front. Professor Frederick Alexander Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell (April 5, 1886 - July 3, 1957) was a physicist who became an influential scientific adviser to the British government and a close associate of Winston Churchill. ... The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, FRS (30 November 1874â€“24 January 1965) was a British statesman, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ... This article is about the year. ... Strategic bombing is a military strategem used in a total war style campaign that attempts to destroy the economic ability of a nation-state to wage war. ... Sir Arthur Travers Harris, 1st Baronet (April 13, 1892 - April 5, 1984), commonly known as Bomber Harris, and often, in the RAF, as Butcher Harris, was commander of RAF Bomber Command and later a Marshal of the Royal Air Force during the latter half of World War II. In 1942... Total war describes an international war in which countries or nations use all of their resources to destroy another organized countrys or nations ability to engage in war. ... The Eastern Front was the theatre of combat between Nazi Germany and its allies against the Soviet Union during World War II. It was somewhat separate from the other theatres of the war, not only geographically, but also for its scale and ferocity. ...

The legal defence for this action can be found in the "Laws and Customs of War on Land "(Hague IV); October 18, 1907^[2] The Hague Conventions were international treaties negotiated at the First and Second Peace Conferences at The Hague, Netherlands in 1899 and 1907, respectively, and were, along with the Geneva Conventions, among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of international law. ... October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in Leap years). ... 1907 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

It was a bombardment of defended towns because countries had air defences. It was an arial assault so no warning need be given and All necessary steps as far as possible were taken.^[3] ^[4] There were a number of legal argument against this view, but unlike Karl Dönitz, who was tried and found guily of waging "unrestricted submarine warfare" for which no one in the US Pacific submarine campaign was ever tried, (which is often cited as a case of Victors justice), as no Axis personnel were tried at the post-war Nuremberg Trials for participating in the decisions on, or execution of, "assault by aerial bombardment on defended enemy territory", it is not possible to state categorically that that aerial bombardment on defended enemy territory during World War II was or was not a war crime. However the fact that there were no prosecutions, suggests that legal opinion of the time was that it was not a crime during World War II. Grand Admiral Karl DÃ¶nitz. ... The label victors justice (in German, Siegerjustiz) is applied by advocates to a situation in which they believe that a victorious nation is applying different rules to judge what is right or wrong for their own forces and for those of the (former) enemy. ... The Axis Powers is a term for those participants in World War II opposed to the Allies. ... The Nuremberg Trials is the general name for two sets of trials of Nazis involved in World War II and the Holocaust. ...

The Cold War

During the Cold War, the threat of destruction of cities by nuclear weapons carried on bombers or ICBMs became the main instrument of the balance of terror that kept the United States and Soviet Union from open warfare with one another. See mutual assured destruction. The Cold War was the open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War II between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... A Minuteman III missile soars after a test launch. ... This article is about an episode of Star Trek. ... Mutually assured destruction (MAD) is the doctrine of military strategy in which a full scale use of nuclear weapons by one of two opposing sides would result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender. ...

Aerial bombing since World War II

The United States also bombed Hanoi with conventional weapons during the Vietnam War. Hanoi (Vietnamese: quốc ngữ Hà ; chữ nôm 河内), estimated population 4,100,000 (2004), is the capital of Vietnam and was the capital of North Vietnam from 1954 to 1976. ... The Vietnam War was fought from 1957 to 1975 between Soviet and Chinese-supported Vietnamese nationalist and Communist forces and an array of Western and pro-Western forces, most notably the United States. ...

The United States has since bombed cities in other countries on a number of occasions, specifically Tripoli and Baghdad. These attacks have used "precision bombing" using smart bombs and non-nuclear cruise missiles. Tripoli (population 1. ... A street map of Baghdad Average temperature (red) and precipitations (blue) in Baghdad Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and the Baghdad Province. ... BOLT-117 laser guided bomb Precision-guided munitions (smart munitions or smart bombs) are self-guiding weapons intended to maximize damage to the target while minimizing collateral damage. Because the damage effects of an explosive weapon scale as a power law with distance, quite modest improvements in accuracy (and hence... A Tomahawk cruise missile A cruise missile is a guided missile which uses a lifting wing and most often a jet propulsion system to allow sustained flight. ...

During the Kosovo War, the NATO bombed the Serbian capital Belgrade, and also deliberately bombed a television station, killing 16 civilians. The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts (a civil war followed by an international war) in the southern Serbian province called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), part of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ... The flag of NATO NATO 2002 Summit The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., on April 4, 1949. ... Serbia and Montenegro â€“ Serbia â€“ Kosovo and Metohia (UN administration) â€“ Vojvodina â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian1 Capital Belgrade Area â€“ Total â€“ % water 88,361 kmÂ² n/a Population â€“ Total (2002) (without Kosovo) â€“ Density 7. ... Belgrade (Serbian, Ð‘ÐµÐ¾Ð³Ñ€Ð°Ð´, Beograd listen?), is the capital (2003â€“) of Serbia since 1404, Serbia and Montenegro and Yugoslavia (1918â€“2003). ... A civilian is a person who is not a member of a military. ...

The September 11, 2001 attacks, which killed 3000 people, mostly civilians, can also be viewed as a form of kamikaze aerial bombing of New York by members of al-Qaeda. The World Trade Center on fire The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. ... A civilian is a person who is not a member of a military. ... State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None (English is de facto) Area 141,205 kmÂ² (27th) - Land 122,409 kmÂ² - Water 18,795 kmÂ² (13. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ...

Following the this attack the US Air Force bombed cities, military bases and Taliban soldiers and Al Qaeda militants. Approximately 5000 civilians were killed. Seal of the Air Force. ... The Taliban (Pashtun and Persian: Ø·Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø§Ù†; students of Islam), also transliterated as Taleban, is an Islamist movement which ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, despite having diplomatic recognition from only three countries: the United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. ... Osama bin Laden Ayman al-Zawahiri Al-Qaeda (Arabic: - al-QÄâ€˜idah, the foundation or the base) is the name given to an international alliance of militant Islamist organizations. ... A civilian is a person who is not a member of a military. ...

During the US-led invasion of Iraq and the US-led occupation of Iraq, targets in Iraqi cities have been repeatedly bombed by the US air force and British RAF. During the invasion the US and Britain's stated aim was to bomb Iraqi military and government targets and attempt to assassinate Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. During the occupation their stated aim has been to target the Iraqi insurgency, whom they refer to as terrorists. Some estimates suggest that over 10,000 civilians have been killed, mostly as a result of this bombing. ^[5] The 2003 invasion of Iraq, also called the Iraq War or Operation Iraqi Freedom, began March 20, 2003, initiated by the United States, the United Kingdom and a loosely-defined coalition. ... This article deals with the post-invasion period in Iraq and its occupation. ... The Royal Air Force (often abbreviated to RAF) is the air force branch of the UK Armed Forces. ... assassin, see Assassin (disambiguation) Jack Ruby assassinated Lee Harvey Oswald in a very public manner. ... Saddam Hussein SaddÄm Hussein Ê»Abd al-MajÄ«d al-TikrÄ«t, spelled Husayn or Hussain; Arabic ØµØ¯Ø§Ù… ØØ³ÙŠÙ† Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¬ÙŠØ¯ Ø§Ù„ØªÙƒØ±ÙŠØªÙŠ; born April 28, 1937 1) was President of Iraq from 1979 until 2003. ... The Iraqi insurgency comprises various guerrilla and insurgent groups that began battling the U.S.-led multinational force and the New Iraqi Army shortly after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. ... Terrorism is a controversial term with multiple definitions. ... A civilian is a person who is not a member of a military. ...

Strategic bombing is a military strategem used in a total war style campaign that attempts to destroy the economic ability of a nation-state to wage war. ...

See also:

The term strategic bombing survey refers to a series of examinations of the impact of strategic bombing in World War II. The surveys were careful reports that presented many details of the effects of aerial attacks. ... Air supremacy is defined in the NATO Glossary as That degree of air superiority wherein the opposing air force is incapable of effective interference. ... Picassos Guernica Terror bombing is a strategy of deliberately bombing civilian targets and strafing civilians in order to break the morale of the enemy and make the civilian population of the enemy panic. ... Battle of Warsaw Conflict Polish Defence War of 1939 Date 8 to September 28, 1939 Place Warsaw, Poland Result Polish defeat The 1939 Battle of Warsaw was fought between the Polish Warsaw Army (Armia Warszawa) garrisoned and entrenched in the capital of Poland (Warsaw) and the German Army. ...

The Royal Air Force (often abbreviated to RAF) is the air force branch of the UK Armed Forces. ... Strategic Bombing during World War II was unlike anything the world had previously witnessed. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (over 11 miles) into the air, August 9, 1945. ... RAF Bomber Command was the organisation that controlled the RAFs bomber forces. ... Bomber Command is an organizational military unit, generally subordinate to the air force of a country. ... Strategic bombing is a military strategem used in a total war style campaign that attempts to destroy the economic ability of a nation-state to wage war. ... Archibald Henry Macdonald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso (then Sir Archibald Sinclair) (October 22, 1890-June 15, 1970) was leader of the UK Liberal Party from 1935 until 1945. ... RAF Air Chief Marshal Charles Portal (left) and Polish Commander in Chief Władysław Sikorski (right) visit an airbase of the 300th Polish Bomber Squadron in England. ... Air Chief Marshal Sir Norman Bottomley KCB CIE DSO AFC ( September 18, 1891 - August 13, 1970) was the Yorkshire-born successor to Arthur Bomber Harris as Commander-in-Chief of Royal Air Force Bomber Command in 1945. ... Sir Arthur Travers Harris, 1st Baronet (April 13, 1892 - April 5, 1984), commonly known as Bomber Harris, and often within the RAF as Butcher Harris[1], was commander of RAF Bomber Command and later a Marshal of the Royal Air Force during the latter half of World War II. In... Arthur William Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder (July 11, 1890 - June 3, 1967) was a signficant British Marshal of the Royal Air Force. ... Professor Frederick Alexander Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell (April 5, 1886 - July 3, 1957) was a physicist who became an influential scientific adviser to the British government and a close associate of Winston Churchill. ... The term Battle of Berlin is sometimes restricted to the Royal Air Force for a bombing campaign on Berlin between November 1943 and March 1944. ... View from the city hall tower, which remained standing. ... Firestorm in Hamburg Operation Gomorrah was the military codename for a series of air raids conducted by the Royal Air Force on the city of Hamburg beginning in the end of July 1943. ... The city of Kassel in Germany was severely bombed during World War II. Kassel is in the northern part of the federal state of Hesse, between Frankfurt (190 km south), and Hanover (160 km north). ... The Bristol Type 142 Blenheim was a high-speed light bomber used extensively in the early days of World War II, built by Bristol Aeroplane Company. ... Halifax W1057 ZA-X of No. ... The Handley Page HP.52 Hampden was a twin-engine medium bomber of the Royal Air Force that was one of the main front-line bombers at the start of World War II. Along with the Whitley and Wellington bombers, the Hampden bore the brunt of the early bombing war... Avro Lancaster - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The de Havilland Mosquito (the wooden wonder) was a military aircraft that excelled in a number of roles during World War II. It was a twin engine aircraft with the pilot and navigator sitting side-by-side. ... The Stirling was a World War II heavy bomber design built by Short Brothers. ... The Vickers Wellesley was a 1930s light bomber built by Vickers for the Royal Air Force. ... The Vickers Wellington was a twin-engine, medium bomber designed in the mid-1930s at Brooklands in Weybridge, Surrey, by Vickers-Armstrongs Chief Designer, R.K. Pierson. ... The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.38 Whitley was one of three twin-engine, front-line medium bombers in service with the Royal Air Force at the outbreak of World War II. Along with the Handley Page Hampden and the Vickers Wellington, it bore the brunt of the early fighting, seeing... Window was the WWII UK codename for a system called chaff, intended to confuse German radar. ... The H2S radar was used in bombers of RAF Bomber Command, it was designed to identify targets on the ground for night and all weather bombing. ... GEE was a British radio navigation system used during World War II. It used a series of broadcasters sending out precicely timed signals, and the aircraft using GEE, Bomber Commands heavy bombers, examined the time of arrival on an osciloscope at the navigators station. ... For the musical instrument of the woodwind family see Oboe Oboe was based on radio transponder technology. ... G-H was a radio navigation system developed by Britain during World War II to aid RAF Bomber Command. ... Monica was a range-only tail warning radar for bombers, introduced by the RAF in June 1943. ... The United States Army Air Forces, or USAAF, was a part of the U.S. military during World War II. The direct precursor to the U.S. Air Force, the USAAF formally existed between 1941 and 1947. ... The Luftwaffe (literally, air weapon, pronounced looft-vaaf-feh) is the air force of Germany. ...

Notes

Categories: Warfare The masthead of The Times The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom. ... David Irving, popularly known as Hitlers historian David John Cawdell Irving (born March 24, 1938) is a self-taught historian who, from the late-1960s to the mid-1980s, was a leading British author on World War II. Author of controversial works such as Hitlerâ€™s War and The... The Avalon Project is Yale Law Schools digital library of Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. ... Yale Law School - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Independents old (pre-compact) masthead. ... February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

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