The Aeritalia G.91, also known as the Fiat G.91 and nicknamed Gina, was an Italian fighter aircraft that was intended to serve as standard equipment for NATO air forces in the 1960s. It was eventually only adopted by three - the Italian Air Force, West Germany's Luftwaffe, and the Portuguese Air Force, but enjoyed a long service life that extended over 35 years. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2592x1944, 2702 KB) The Italian Fiat G.91 Jet fighter. ... A ground attack aircraft is an aircraft that is designed to operate very close to the ground, supporting infantry and tanks directly in battle. ... An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, and/or spacecraft. ... Aeritalia is an aerospace engineering corporation based in Italy, originally Fiats Aircraft division before being renamed, now part of Alenia Aeronautica. ... Giuseppe Gabrielli (February 26, 1903 - November 29, 1987) was an Italian aeronautics engineer. ... The Maiden flight of an aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1958: Events Gulfstream Aerospace founded in Savannah, Georgia, USA. London Gatwick Airport opens after two years of extensive reconstruction. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1995: Events A Concorde sets a new speed record for a round-the-world flight. ... Coat of arms of the Italian Air Force The Aeronautica Militare Italiana (AMI) is the air force of Italy. ... The Deutsche Luftwaffe or   (German: air force, literally Air Weapon, pronounced lufft-va-fa, IPA: ) is the commonly used term for the German air force. ... The Portuguese Air Force (PoAF) (Portuguese: Força Aérea Portuguesa, FAP) is the air force of Portugal. ... Aeritalia is an aerospace engineering corporation based in Italy, originally Fiats Aircraft division before being renamed, now part of Alenia Aeronautica. ... Fiat S.p. ... // A nickname is a name of a person or thing other than its proper name. ... An A-10 Thunderbolt II, F-86 Sabre, P-38 Lightning and P-51 Mustang fly in formation during an air show at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. ... This article is about the military alliance. ... The Aeronautica Militare Italiana is the Italian air force. ... The Deutsche Luftwaffe or   (German: air force, literally Air Weapon, pronounced lufft-va-fa, IPA: ) is the commonly used term for the German air force. ... The Portuguese Air Force (PoAF) (Portuguese: Força Aérea Portuguesa, FAP) is the air force of Portugal. ...

Development

In 1953, European aircraft manufacturers were invited by NATO to submit aircraft for evaluation for the Light Weight Strike Fighter (LWSF) role. The G.91 was designed to the specification by the famous Italian engineer Giuseppe Gabrielli, hence the designation initial.^{[citation needed]} This is a list of aviation-related events from 1953: Events The first year in which the worlds airlines carried more than 50 million people (ICAO statement, 29 December) January January 26 - The first meeting of the Experimental Aircraft Association takes place at Milwaukee, Wisconsins Curtis-Wright Field. ... This article is about the military alliance. ... Giuseppe Gabrielli (February 26, 1903 - November 29, 1987) was an Italian aeronautics engineer. ...

The aircraft first flew on 1 August 1956 and the competing designs were evaluated in 1957. Besides the G.91, these included the Northrop N-156, Dassault Étendard IV, Sud-Est Baroudeur, Aerfer Ariete and Breguet Taon. Despite the G.91's impressive performance in trials, after the loss of the Fiat G.81 prototype, the French government preferred to pursue development of the locally-designed Étendard. ^[1] The British government similarly ignored the competition to concentrate on Hawker Hunter production for the same role. is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1957: Events January January 18 - Three Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses make the worlds first round the world, non-stop flight by turbojet-powered aircraft. ... The F-5 Freedom Fighter (or Tiger II) is a low cost entry level supersonic fighter aircraft, designed and built by Northrop in the United States, beginning in 1962. ... The Dassault Étendard IV was a French carrier-borne strike fighter in service with the French Navy. ... The Aerfer Ariete (Italian: Ram) was a prototype fighter aircraft built in Italy in 1958. ... The Breguet 1001 Taon was a 1950s French prototype strike fighter built by Breguet . ... The Hawker Hunter was a British jet fighter aircraft of the 1950s and 1960s. ...

In fairness, it should also be pointed out that the Italian government also ordered the G.91 for the Italian Air Force before the results of the competition were known. These pre-production machines (G.91 PAN) would later go on to serve for many years with the Italian aerobatic team, the Frecce Tricolori. ^[2] The type was also considered by Austria, Norway, Switzerland, and even the United States Army, which briefly evaluated the type as a possible Forward Air Control (FAC) aircraft before relinquishing all fixed-wing aircraft operations to the USAF. Soon after aircraft were invented, pilots realised that they could be used as part of a flying circus to entertain people or impress others in what was termed aerobatics. ... The Frecce Tricolori aerobatics team of the Italian Air Force, flying at the Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, England, in 2005 Frecce Tricolori (Three-coloured Arrows) is the precision aerobatic demonstration team for the Italian Air Force. ... The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ... A forward air controller (FAC) is a qualified individual who, from a forward position on the ground or in the air, directs the action of military aircraft engaged in close air support of land forces. ... Seal of the Air Force. ...

Aeritalia built 174 G.91s for Italy, plus 144 for West Germany (including 50 that had been ordered and then cancelled by Greece and Turkey). The German order involved a production run of 294 G.91s built in Germany by Flugzeug-Union Süd (a consortium of former competitors Messerschmitt, Heinkel and Dornier). These were the first combat aircraft built in Germany since World War II. Messerschmitt is a famous German aircraft manufacturer, known primarily for their World War II fighter aircraft, notably the Bf 109 and Me 262. ... Heinkel Flugzeugwerke was a German aircraft manufacturing company founded by and named after Ernst Heinkel. ... Dornier may refer to Claudius Dornier, original founder of Dornier GmbH Lindauer DORNIER GmbH FairchildDornier Dornier Medtech [1], maker of medical equipment e. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

G-91 R1 in Malignani school (UDINE)

G-91 R1 in Malignani school (UDINE)

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 × 1728 pixels, file size: 888 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) G-91 R1 CAB IN ITI MALIGNANI SHOOL (UDINE) I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 × 1728 pixels, file size: 888 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) G-91 R1 CAB IN ITI MALIGNANI SHOOL (UDINE) I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 × 1728 pixels, file size: 755 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) G-91 R1 ITI A.MALIGNANI, UDINE, ITALY I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 × 1728 pixels, file size: 755 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) G-91 R1 ITI A.MALIGNANI, UDINE, ITALY I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

Operational history

The first G.91s entered service in August 1958, with 103 Gruppo, 5 Aerobrigata, called 'Caccia Tattici Leggeri (CTL), based at Pratica di Mare, the same with Reparto Sperimentale di Volo. The next operational unit was 14 Gruppo, Seconda Aerobrigata in 1961. This unit had its role shifted to tactical support, because her groups were 14, 103 (dispatched from 5 A/B to this Aerobrigade) and 13 (only in reserve). All them were based at Treviso-Sant'Angelo.

First order was for 50 machines from Aeritalia, then Dornier and other German firms had an order for 232 machines, later increased to 294. LW bought 44 G-91T/3 and another 22 were produced in Germany, ending the production only in 1972.

The differences in firepower (2 DEFA guns, four pylons) and avionics made these machines far more effective than Italian examples, even if heavier. Other that,the mass-production made G-91 force more credible. First examples, 12 Fiat-Aeritalias, were delivered to Aufklarungsgeschwader (AG)53 for training and experiments. It was based on Erding, near Monaco. There was based Waffenschule 50. Already in 20 July 1960 the first Dornier was tested.

From 1961, Portugal began to purchase the G.91 to deploy to its former African colonies of Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau and Angola in the close-support role. The first 40 were purchased second-hand from the Luftwaffe, out of the aircraft that had originally been produced for Greece and which differed from the rest of the Luftwaffe G.91s sufficiently to create maintenance problems. The aircraft replaced the F-86 Sabre, which was withdrawn following US protests over the use of these aircraft that had originally been supplied for defensive purposes^{[citation needed]}. Portuguese G.91s continued in this role until the withdrawal from Africa in 1975. This is a list of aviation-related events from 1961: Events February February 3 - Operation Looking Glass commences, meaning that the US Air Force Strategic Air Command would have a permanent, airborne command post. ... The North American F-86 Sabre (sometimes called the Sabrejet) was a transonic combat aircraft developed for the US Air Force. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1975: Events January A specially modified McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle sets eight time to climb records, including one of 3 minutes 27 seconds from standstill on the runway to a height of 30,000 metres (98,425 feet). ...

Portugal finally phased out the last of its G.91s in 1993, and Italy in 1995. There are numerous examples preserved in museums around the world. This is a list of aviation-related events from 1993: Events The 1,000th Boeing 747 comes off the production line 26 years after the first 747 was built. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1995: Events A Concorde sets a new speed record for a round-the-world flight. ...

Orpheus engine

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 × 1728 pixels, file size: 821 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Orpheus engine in ITI A. MALIGNANI SCHOOL I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 × 1728 pixels, file size: 821 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Orpheus engine in ITI A. MALIGNANI SCHOOL I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

Operators

Operators of the G.91 in dark blue, cancelled orders in light blue, evaluations in yellow.

•  Germany
•  Italy
•  Portugal: Portuguese Air Force (1966-1993)

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 × 625 pixels, file size: 29 KB, MIME type: image/png) Operators of the Fiat G.91. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 × 625 pixels, file size: 29 KB, MIME type: image/png) Operators of the Fiat G.91. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Portugal. ... The Portuguese Air Force (PoAF) (Portuguese: Força Aérea Portuguesa, FAP) is the air force of Portugal. ...

Variants

Trainer and reconnaissance variants were produced right from the start of G.91 production, but the basic design of the aircraft remained virtually unchanged throughout almost the entire production run of the aircraft. The one major difference is that the R series aircraft were single seaters, while the T series aircraft had two seats. To accommodate the extra seat, the T series aircraft had a slightly longer fuselage. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Mixed reconnaissance patrol of the Polish Home Army and the Soviet Red Army during Operation Tempest, 1944 Reconnaissance is the military term for the active gathering of information about an enemy, or other conditions, by physical observation. ...

• G.91 - Prototypes and pre-production aircraft.
• G.91R/1
• G.91R/1A
• G.91R/1B
• G.91R/3 - Single-seat ground-attack, reconnaissance version for the Luftwaffe. Powered by a Rolls-Royce Orpheus turbojet engine. Armed with two 30-mm DEFA cannons.
• G.91R/4 - Similar to the G.91R/3, but armed with four O.50-inch (12.7-mm) Colt-Browning machine-guns. Powered by a Rolls-Royce Orpheus turbojet engine.
• G.91T/1
• G.91T/3
• G.91T/4
• G.91PAN

The Deutsche Luftwaffe or   (German: air force, literally Air Weapon, pronounced lufft-va-fa, IPA: ) is the commonly used term for the German air force. ...

G.91Y

An additional 67 aircraft built by Aeritalia were significantly uprated from earlier versions. These aircraft, designated G.91Y replaced the original Bristol-Siddeley Orpheus engine with two General Electric J85 units. ^[3]The G.91Y first flew in 1966 and displayed a vast improvement in speed, range, payload, and maneuverability. It increased maximum speed to 600 kt (1,110 km/h, 690 mph, Mach 0.91). The machine guns were replaced by a pair of DEFA 552 30mm cannon with 125 rounds per gun. All the aircraft built served with the Italian Air Force. The Bristol-Siddeley Orpheus was a single spool turbojet developed by Bristol Aero Engines for various light fighter/trainer applications such as the Folland Gnat and the Fiat G91Y. Later, the Orpheus formed the core of the first Bristol Pegasus vectored thrust turbofan as used for the Hawker Siddeley Harrier... The General Electric J85 was a small single-shaft turbojet engine, capable of generating up to 4000 lbf (18 kN) of dry thrust. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1966: Events Puerto Rican International Airlines begin services. ... An F/A-18 Hornet breaking the sound barrier. ... The GIAT DEFA 550 is a series of very widely used French aircraft guns. ...

Specifications (G.91R)

General characteristics

• Crew: 1
• Length: 10.3 m (33 ft 9 in)
• Wingspan: 8.56 m (28 ft 1 in)
• Height: 4.0 m (13 ft 1 in)
• Wing area: 16.4 m² (177 ft²)
• Empty weight: 3,100 kg (6,830 lb)
• Loaded weight: 5,440 kg (11,990 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 5,500 kg (12,100 lb)
• Powerplant: 1× Bristol-Siddeley Orpheus 803 turbojet, 22.2 kN (5,000 lbf)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 1,075 km/h (580 knots, 668 mph)
• Range: 1,150 km (621 NM, 715 miles)
• Service ceiling: 13,100 m (43,000 ft)
• Rate of climb: 30 m/s (6,000 ft/min)
• Wing loading: 331 kg/m² (67.8 lb/ft²)
• Thrust/weight: 0.42

Armament

• Guns: 4× 12.7 mm (0.50 in) M2 Browning machine guns
• 500 kg (1,100 lb) of bombs, rockets, fuel tanks or gunpods on four underwing hardpoints (R/1), 680 kg (R/3, R/4), 1814 kg (Y)

Image File history File links AERITALIA_G.91Y.png‎ This picture may have usage restrictions AERITALIA G.91Y Source: http://airdefense. ... This article is about a foot as a unit of length. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The distance AB is the wing span of this Aer Lingus Airbus A320. ... The pound or pound-mass (abbreviations: lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States, #) is a unit of mass (sometimes called weight in everyday parlance) in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... In aviation, the Maximum Take-Off Weight (or MTOW) is the maximum weight with which an aircraft is allowed to try to achieve flight. ... The Bristol-Siddeley Orpheus was a single spool turbojet developed by Bristol Aero Engines for various light fighter/trainer applications such as the Folland Gnat and the Fiat G91Y. Later, the Orpheus formed the core of the first Bristol Pegasus vectored thrust turbofan as used for the Hawker Siddeley Harrier... Turbojets are the simplest and oldest kind of general purpose jet engines. ... The pound-force is a non-SI unit of force or weight (properly abbreviated lbf or lbf). The pound-force is equal to a mass of one pound multiplied by the standard acceleration due to gravity on Earth (which is defined as exactly 9. ... V speeds are speeds that define certain performance and limiting characteristics of an aircraft. ... A knot is a unit of speed abbreviated kt or kn. ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... The maximal total range is the distance an aircraft can fly between takeoff and landing, as limited by fuel capacity in powered aircraft, or cross-country speed and environmental conditions in unpowered aircraft. ... A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of length. ... “Miles” redirects here. ... In aeronautics, the service ceiling is the maximum density altitude where the best rate of climb airspeed will produce a 100 feet per minute climb(twin engine) and 50 feet(single engine) at maximum weight while in a clean configuration with maximum continuous power. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... In aerodynamics, wing loading is the loaded weight of the aircraft divided by the area of the wing. ... Thrust-to-weight ratio (where weight means weight at the Earths surface) is a dimensionless parameter characteristic of rocket and jet engines, and of vehicles propelled by such engines (typically space launch vehicles and jet aircraft). ... .50 BMG rounds and 20MM Vulcan round, with a golf ball and a stick of RAM posed to provide scale. ... This article is about the . ...

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References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• Photos of G.91R-3 at Wolfgang Bredow page
• AirToAirCombat.Com: Aeritalia G.91