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A 2.5 kg brick is supported by a piece of aerogel weighing only 2 grams.

Aerogel is a low-density solid-state material derived from gel in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with gas. The result is an extremely low density solid with several remarkable properties, most notably its effectiveness as an insulator. It is nicknamed frozen smoke,^[1] solid smoke or blue smoke due to its semi-transparent nature and the way light scatters in the material; however, it feels like expanded polystyrene (Styrofoam) to the touch. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (752x794, 444 KB) A 2. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (752x794, 444 KB) A 2. ... For other uses, see Brick (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... In optical filters and theatrical lighting a color gel is a transparent or translucent colored panel used to change the color of transmitted light. ... Polystyrene (IPA: ) is a polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is commercially manufactured from petroleum by the chemical industry. ... Styrofoam is a trademark name for polystyrene thermal insulation material, manufactured by Dow Chemical Company. ...

Aerogel was first created by Steven Kistler in 1931, as a result of a bet with Charles Learned over who could replace the liquid inside a jam (jelly) jar with gas without causing shrinkage.^[2][3] Samuel Stephens Kistler (March 26, 1900 – ??, 1975) was a US scientist and chemical engineer, best known as the inventor of aerogels, the lightest known solid materials. ... Jam from berries Jams from apples, quinces, plums, squashes and oranges Fruit preserves refers to fruit, or vegetables, that have been prepared, canned or jarred for long term storage. ...

Aerogels are produced by extracting the liquid component of a gel through supercritical drying. This allows the liquid to be slowly drawn off without causing the solid matrix in the gel to collapse from capillary action, as would happen with conventional evaporation. The first aerogels were produced from silica gels. Kistler's later work involved aerogels based on alumina, chromia and tin oxide. Carbon aerogels were first developed in the early 1990s.^[4] Supercritical drying (red arrow) goes beyond the critical point of the working fluid in order to avoid the direct liquid-gas transition seen in ordinary drying (green arrow). ... Beads of silica gel Silica gel is a granular, porous form of silica made synthetically from sodium silicate. ... Aluminium oxide (or aluminum oxide) (Al2O3) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen. ... Chromium(III) oxide, also known as chromium sesquioxide or chromia, is one of four oxides of chromium, chemical formula Cr2O3. ... Tin oxide (stannous oxide) is a chemical material in state of powder , it can help in whiting and this is the main jop for it , but since the tin is rejected federally , some are stop using it . ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ...

Properties

To the touch, aerogels feel like a light but rigid foam, something between Styrofoam and the green floral foam used for arranging flowers. Despite what their name may suggest, aerogels are dry materials and do not resemble a gel in their physical properties but a nanofoam. (The name comes from the fact that they are derived from gels.) Pressing softly on an aerogel typically does not leave a mark; pressing more firmly will leave a permanent dimple. Pressing firmly enough will cause a catastrophic breakdown in the sparse structure, causing it to shatter like glass—a property known as friability. Despite the fact that it is prone to shattering, it is very strong structurally. Its impressive load bearing abilities are due to the dendritic microstructure, in which spherical particles of average size 2-5 nm are fused together into clusters. These clusters form a three-dimensional highly porous structure of almost fractal chains, with pores smaller than 100 nm. The average size and density of the pores can be controlled during the manufacturing process. Styrofoam is a trademark name for polystyrene thermal insulation material, manufactured by Dow Chemical Company. ... An editor has expressed a concern that the subject of the article does not satisfy the notability guideline or one of the following guidelines for inclusion on Wikipedia: Biographies, Books, Companies, Fiction, Music, Neologisms, Numbers, Web content, or several proposals for new guidelines. ... Nanofoams are a class of nanostructured, porous materials, foams, containing a significant population of pores with diameters less than 100 nm. ... This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary using the Transwiki process. ... see dendrite for the biological usage A dendrite in metallurgy is a characteristic tree-like structure of crystals growing as molten metal freezes, the shape produced by faster growth along energetically favourable crystallographic directions. ... Porosity is a measure of the void spaces in a material, and is measured as a fraction, between 0–1, or as a percentage between 0–100%. The term porosity is used in multiple fields including manufacturing, earth sciences and construction. ... The boundary of the Mandelbrot set is a famous example of a fractal. ...

Peter Tsou of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory holding a sample of aerogel

Aerogels are remarkable thermal insulators because they almost nullify three methods of heat transfer (convection, conduction and radiation). They are good convective inhibitors because air cannot circulate throughout the lattice. Silica aerogel is an especially good conductive insulator because silica is a poor conductor of heat—a metallic aerogel, on the other hand, would be a less effective insulator. Carbon aerogel is a good radiative insulator because carbon absorbs the infrared radiation that transfers heat. The most insulative aerogel is silica aerogel with carbon added to it. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (898x900, 502 KB) Aerogel & Peter Tsou, JPL Scientist Description: Aerogel cube & Peter Tsou, JPL Scientist, Stardust Deputy Principal Investigator Source: NASA Stardust Website http://stardust. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (898x900, 502 KB) Aerogel & Peter Tsou, JPL Scientist Description: Aerogel cube & Peter Tsou, JPL Scientist, Stardust Deputy Principal Investigator Source: NASA Stardust Website http://stardust. ... Peter Tsou with a sample of aerogel Peter Tsou is a principal science staff at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the California Institute of Technology, where he has worked for the past 27 years. ... The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (IPA [ˈnæsÉ™]) is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nations public space program. ... For the singer/songwriter, see Jon Peter Lewis. ... Thermal insulation on the Huygens probe The term thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer. ... Convection in the most general terms refers to the movement of currents within fluids (i. ... Heat conduction or thermal conduction is the spontaneous transfer of thermal energy through matter, from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature, and hence acts to even out temperature differences. ... Radiant heat redirects here. ... Image of a small dog taken in mid-infrared (thermal) light (false color) Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than visible light, but shorter than microwave radiation. ...

Due to its hygroscopic nature, aerogel feels dry and acts as a strong desiccant. Persons handling aerogel for extended periods of time should wear gloves to prevent the appearance of dry brittle spots on their hands. A hygroscopic substance is a substance that absorbs water readily from its surroundings. ... A dessicant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness (desiccation) in its local vicinity in a moderately-well sealed container. ...

Since it is 99% air, it appears semi-transparent. The color it does have is due to Rayleigh scattering of the shorter wavelengths of visible light by the nanosized dendritic structure. This causes it to appear bluish against dark backgrounds and whitish against bright backgrounds. Rayleigh scattering causing the blue hue of the sky and the reddening at sunset Rayleigh scattering (named after Lord Rayleigh) is the scattering of light, or other electromagnetic radiation, by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light. ... For other uses, see Wavelength (disambiguation). ... The optical spectrum (light or visible spectrum) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. ...

Aerogels by themselves are hydrophilic, but chemical treatment can make them hydrophobic. If they absorb moisture they usually suffer a structural change, such as contraction, and deteriorate, but degradation can be prevented by making them hydrophobic. Aerogels with hydrophobic interiors are less susceptible to degradation than aerogels with only an outer hydrophobic layer, even if a crack penetrates the surface. Hydrophobic treatment facilitates processing because it allows the use of a water jet cutter. The adjective hydrophilic describes something that likes water (from Greek hydros = water; philos = friend). ... In chemistry, hydrophobic or lipophilic species, or hydrophobes, tend to be electrically neutral and nonpolar, and thus prefer other neutral and nonpolar solvents or molecular environments. ... A diagram of a water jet cutter A water jet cutter is a tool capable of slicing into metal or other materials using a jet of water at high velocity and pressure, or a mixture of water and an abrasive substance. ...

A demonstration of aerogel's insulation properties.

Aerogel produced at Florida State University by Elliot Schwartz and Robert Palmer.

Download high resolution version (651x885, 81 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (651x885, 81 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (480 × 640 pixel, file size: 126 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Aerogel produced at Florida State University by Elliot Schwartz and Robert Palmer through the Young Scholars Program. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (480 × 640 pixel, file size: 126 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Aerogel produced at Florida State University by Elliot Schwartz and Robert Palmer through the Young Scholars Program. ... Florida State University (commonly referred to as Florida State or FSU)[7] is a public research university located in Tallahassee. ...

Types

Silica aerogels

Silica aerogel is the most common type of aerogel and the most extensively studied and used. It is a silica-based substance, derived from silica gel. The world's lowest-density solid is a silica nanofoam at 1 mg/cm^3[5], which is the evacuated version of the record-aerogel of 1.9 mg/cm^3[6]. The density of air is 1.2 mg/cm³. The chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is the oxide of silicon, chemical formula SiO2. ... Beads of silica gel Silica gel is a granular, porous form of silica made synthetically from sodium silicate. ... For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... Look up air in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Silica aerogel strongly absorbs infrared radiation. It allows the construction of materials that let light into buildings but trap heat for solar heating. For other uses, see Infrared (disambiguation). ...

It has extremely low thermal conductivity (0.03 W·m/m²·K down to 0.004 W·m/m²·K),^[7][5] which gives it remarkable insulative properties. Its melting point is 1,473 K (1,200 °C or 2,192 °F). K value redirects here. ... For other uses, see Watt (disambiguation). ... This article is about the unit of length. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...

Silica aerogel holds 15 entries^{[citation needed]} in Guinness World Records for material properties, including best insulator and lowest-density solid.^[6] Research is ongoing, and metals less expensive than platinum have also been used in its creation. Guinness World Records 2008 edition. ...

Uses

The Stardust dust collector with aerogel blocks. (NASA)

There are a variety of tasks for which aerogels are used. Commercially, aerogels have been used in granular form to add insulation to skylights. After several trips on the Vomit Comet, one research team has shown that producing aerogel in a weightless environment can produce particles with a more uniform size and reduce the Rayleigh scattering effect in silica aerogel, thus making the aerogel less blue and more transparent. Transparent silica aerogel would be very suitable as a thermal insulation material for windows, significantly limiting thermal losses of buildings. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2103x1909, 1072 KB) Stardust Dust Collector with aerogel image source: http://stardust. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2103x1909, 1072 KB) Stardust Dust Collector with aerogel image source: http://stardust. ... An artists rendering of Stardust (NASA image) The Stardust capsule with cometary and interstellar samples landed at the U.S. Air Force Utah Test and Training Range at 10:10 UTC (15 January 2006) in the Bonneville Salt Flats. ... Thermal insulation on the Huygens probe The term thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer. ... For other uses, see Window (disambiguation). ... Project Mercury astronauts on C-131 flying as Vomit Comet, 1959 Weightlessness inside the Vomit Comet Vomit Comet is a nickname for any airplane that briefly provides a nearly weightless environment in which to train astronauts, conduct research, and film motion pictures. ... Astronauts on the International Space Station display an example of weightlessness. ...

Its high surface area leads to many applications, such as a chemical absorber for cleaning up spills (see adsorption). This feature also gives it great potential as a catalyst or a catalyst carrier. Aerogel particles are also used as thickening agents in some paints and cosmetics. Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (the adsorbate). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... For other uses, see Paint (disambiguation). ... “Make-up” redirects here. ...

Aerogels are being tested for use in targets for the National Ignition Facility. A construction worker inside NIFs 10 meter target chamber. ...

Aerogel performance may be augmented for a specific application by the addition of dopants, reinforcing structures, and hybridizing compounds. Using this approach, the breadth of applications for the material class may be greatly increased. A dopant is an impurity that is added in small amounts to a pure substance to change its properties. ...

Commercial manufacture of aerogel 'blankets' began around the year 2000. An aerogel blanket is a composite of silica aerogel and fibrous reinforcement that turns the brittle aerogel into a durable, flexible material. The mechanical and thermal properties of the product may be varied based upon the choice of reinforcing fibers, the aerogel matrix, and opacification additives included in the composite. A cloth of woven carbon fiber filaments, a common element in composite materials Composite materials (or composites for short) are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties and which remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure. ...

NASA used aerogel to trap space dust particles aboard the Stardust spacecraft. The particles vaporize on impact with solids and pass through gases, but can be trapped in aerogels. NASA also used aerogel for thermal insulation of the Mars Rover and space suits.^[8][9] The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (IPA [ˈnæsə]) is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nations public space program. ... Space Dust Space Dust is the dust thats floating in space. ... An artists rendering of Stardust (NASA image) The Stardust capsule with cometary and interstellar samples landed at the U.S. Air Force Utah Test and Training Range at 10:10 UTC (15 January 2006) in the Bonneville Salt Flats. ... Thermal insulation on the Huygens probe The term thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer. ... A Mars Rover is an unmanned land vehicle for exploration of the planet Mars. ... Apollo 15 space suit A spacesuit is a complex system of garments, equipment, and environmental systems designed to keep a person alive and comfortable in the harsh environment of outer space. ...

Aerogels are also used in particle physics as radiators in Cherenkov effect detectors. ACC system of the Belle detector, used in the Belle Experiment at KEKB, is a recent example of such use. The suitability of aerogels is determined by their low index of refraction, filling the gap between gases and liquids, and their transparency and solid state, making them easier to use than cryogenic liquids or compressed gases. Their low mass is also advantageous for space missions. Thousands of particles explode from the collision point of two relativistic (100 GeV per nucleon) gold ions in the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. ... Cherenkov effect at the UMRs nuclear reactor Cherenkov radiation (also spelled Cerenkov) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle passes through an insulator at a speed greater than that of light in the medium. ... The Belle Experiment is a particle physics experiment conducted by the Belle Collaboration, an international collaboration of more than 400 physicists and engineers investigating CP-violation effects at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation (KEK) in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. ... KEKB is the name of the accelerator used in the Belle Experiment to study CP violation. ... The refractive index of a material is the factor by which electromagnetic radiation is slowed down (relative to vacuum) when it travels inside the material. ... Cryogenics is the study of very low temperatures or the production of the same, and is often confused with cryobiology, the study of the effect of low temperatures on organisms, or the study of cryopreservation. ...

Resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels (polymers chemically similar to phenol formaldehyde resins) are mostly used as precursors for manufacture of carbon aerogels, or when an organic insulator with large surface is desired. They come as high-density material, with surface area about 600 m²/g. Resorcin (or resorcinol) is the (1,3) isomer of dihydroxybenzene (dihydric phenol). ... The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal) is a gas with a pungent smell. ... The earliest commercial synthetic resin is based on a Phenol formaldehyde resin with the commercial name Bakelite, and is formed from an elimination reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. ...

Metal-aerogel nanocomposites can be prepared by impregnating the hydrogel with solution containing ions of the suitable noble or transition metals. The impregnated hydrogel is then irradiated with gamma rays, leading to precipitation of nanoparticles of the metal. Such composites can be used as eg. catalysts, sensors, electromagnetic shielding, and in waste disposal. A prospective use of platinum-on-carbon catalysts is in fuel cells. Noble metals are metals that are resistant to corrosion or oxidation, unlike most base metals. ... In chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including zinc, cadmium and mercury. ... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... Electromagnetic shielding is the process of limiting the flow of electromagnetic fields between two locations, by separating them with a barrier made of conductive material. ... A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ...

Aerogel can be used as drug delivery system due to its biocompatibility. Due to its high surface area and porous structure, drugs can be adsorbed from supercritical CO2. The release rate of the drugs can be tailored based on the properties of aerogel.^[10][11]

Carbon aerogels are used in the construction of small electrochemical double layer supercapacitors. Due to the high surface area of the aerogel, these capacitors can be 2000 to 5000 times smaller than similarly rated electrolytic capacitors.^[12] Aerogel supercapacitors can have a very low impedance compared to normal supercapacitors and can absorb or produce very high peak currents. Various types of capacitors A capacitor (occasionally referred to using the older term condenser) is a device that stores energy in the electric field created between a pair of conductors on which equal but opposite electric charges have been placed. ...

Dunlop has recently incorporated aerogel into the mold of its new series of tennis racquets, and has previously used it in squash racquets^[13].

Chalcogels has shown promise in absorbing heavy metal pollutants mercury, lead, and cadmium from water.^[14]

Aerogel is used to introduce disorder into superfluid 3-helium. ^[15]

Production

Silica aerogel is made by drying a hydrogel composed of colloidal silica in an extreme environment. Specifically, the process starts with a liquid alcohol like ethanol which is mixed with a silicon alkoxide precursor to form a silicon dioxide sol gel (silica gel). Then, through a process called supercritical drying, the alcohol is removed from the gel. This is typically done by exchanging the ethanol for liquid acetone, allowing a better miscibility gradient, and then onto liquid carbon dioxide and then bringing the carbon dioxide above its critical point. A variant on this process involves the direct injection of supercritical carbon dioxide into the pressure vessel containing the aerogel. The end result removes all liquid from the gel and replaces it with gas, without allowing the gel structure to collapse or lose volume. Hydrogel is a network of polymer chains that are water-insoluble, sometimes found as a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium. ... A Colloid or colloidal dispersion is a type of homogeneous mixture. ... The chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is the oxide of silicon, chemical formula SiO2. ... Grain alcohol redirects here. ... Silicon alkoxides are a group of alkoxides, chemical compounds of silicon and an alcohol, with the formula Si(OR)4. ... R-phrases R42 R43 R49 S-phrases S22 S36 S37 S45 S53 Flash point non-flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Sol gel is an inorganic, catalytic silicon oxide gel, used for its negative tone photosensitive properties. ... Beads of silica gel Silica gel is a granular, porous form of silica made synthetically from sodium silicate. ... Supercritical drying (red arrow) goes beyond the critical point of the working fluid in order to avoid the direct liquid-gas transition seen in ordinary drying (green arrow). ... In optical filters and theatrical lighting a color gel is a transparent or translucent colored panel used to change the color of transmitted light. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... In chemistry and condensed matter physics, a critical point specifies the conditions (temperature, pressure) at which the liquid state of the matter ceases to exist. ... Carbon dioxide pressure-temperature phase diagram Supercritical carbon dioxide refers to carbon dioxide with some unique properties. ...

Aerogel composites have been made using a variety of continuous and discontinuous reinforcements. The high aspect ratio of fibers such as fiberglass have been used to reinforce aerogel composites with significantly improved mechanical properties. Bundle of fiberglass Fiberglass (also called fibreglass and glass fibre) is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. ... Look up composite in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogel (RF aerogel) is made in a way similar to production of silica aerogel. Resorcin (or resorcinol) is the (1,3) isomer of dihydroxybenzene (dihydric phenol). ... The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal) is a gas with a pungent smell. ...

Carbon aerogel is made from a resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogel by its pyrolysis in inert gas atmosphere, leaving a matrix of carbon. It is commercially available as solid shapes, powders, or composite paper. Simple sketch of pyrolysis chemistry Pyrolysis usually means the chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of oxygen or any other reagents, except possibly steam. ... An inert gas is any gas that is not reactive under normal circumstances. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ...

See also

• Gel
• Sol gel
• Hydrogel
• Xerogel
• SEAgel
• Chalcogel

In optical filters and theatrical lighting a color gel is a transparent or translucent colored panel used to change the color of transmitted light. ... Sol gel is an inorganic, catalytic silicon oxide gel, used for its negative tone photosensitive properties. ... Hydrogel is a network of polymer chains that are water-insoluble, sometimes found as a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium. ... A term used for the dried out open structures which have passed a gel stage during preparation (e. ... SEAgel (Safe Emulsion Agar gel) is a high-tech foam whose purpose is to serve as a type of insulator. ... A chalcogel is an aerogel made from chalcogens (the column of elements on the periodic table beginning with oxygen) such as sulfur and selenium, platinum, and a other elements. ...

Notes

This article is about the physical universe. ... The Journal of Physical Chemistry A (titled Journal of Physical Chemistry prior to 1997) publishes scientific articles reporting research on the chemistry of molecules - including their dynamics, spectroscopy, kinetics, structure, bonding, and quantum chemistry. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• NASA's Stardust comet return mission on AEROGEL.
• J. Fricke, A. Emmerling (1992). "Aerogels—Preparation, properties, applications". Structure & Bonding 77: 37-87. doi:10.1007/BFb0036965. 
• N. Hüsing, U. Schubert (1998). "Aerogels - Airy Materials: Chemistry, Structure, and Properties". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 37 (1/2): 22-196. doi:<22::AID-ANIE22>3.0.CO;2-I 10.1002/1521-3773(19980202)37:1/2<22::AID-ANIE22>3.0.CO;2-I. 
• Pierre A. C., Pajonk G. M. (2002). "Chemistry of aerogels and their applications". Chemical Reviews 102 (11): 4243 - 4266. doi:10.1021/cr0101306. 

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Angewandte Chemie or Angewandte Chemie International Edition is the chemistry journal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (Society of German Chemists). ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Chemical Reviews (usually abbreviated as ), is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published since 1900 by the American Chemical Society. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Aerogel

• NASA photos of aerogel
• Copy of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory page on the Thermal Properties of Silica Aerogels
• Another LBL article covering the development of aerogels
• Aerogel FAQ at NASA JPL
• Aerogel FAQ
• "A Solid That's Light As Air", by Dylan Tweney. Wired, 23 February 2006

• Aerogel insulates the The House of the Future?
• American company researching and producing flexible aerogel blankets for insulation
• Swedish company researching aerogel glass for windows
• Blog concerned with research, development and manufacture of double glazing insulating glass units with aerogel components
• Dunlop develop squash racquets incorporating aerogel
• Site about producing and working with aerogel
• Scientists hail ‘frozen smoke’ as material that will change world