Since 1868, 121 African Americans have served in the United States Congress. This figure includes five non-voting members of the House of Representatives who represented the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands. In addition, in 1868, one candidate was elected to the House but was not seated due to an election dispute. Joseph Rainey This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Joseph Rainey was the first black member of the US House of Representatives Joseph Hayne Rainey (June 21, 1832 – August 1, 1887) was the first African American person to serve in the United States House of Representatives and the second black U.S. Congressman (Hiram Revels being the first). ... Hiram Rhodes Revels (September 27, 1822 – January 16, 1901) was the first African American to serve in the United States Senate. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party... ... The United States Virgin Islands is a group of islands in the Caribbean that is a dependency of the United States. ...

History of African American representation

Reconstruction and Redemption

The right of African Americans to vote and to serve in the United States Congress was established after the Civil War by the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution. The Thirteenth Amendment (ratified December 6, 1865), abolished slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment (ratified July 9, 1868) made all people born or naturalized in the United States citizens. The Fifteenth Amendment (ratified February 3, 1870) forbade the denial or abridgment of the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, and gave Congress the power to enforce the law by appropriate legislation. African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Amendment XIII in the National Archives The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished, and continues to prohibit slavery and, with limited exceptions (those convicted of a crime), prohibits involuntary servitude. ... is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1865 (MDCCLXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Slave redirects here. ... Amendment XIV in the National Archives The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments (known as the Reconstruction Amendments), first intended to secure rights for former slaves. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Amendment XV in the National Archives 1870 celebration of the 15th amendment as a guarantee of African American rights 1867 drawing depicting the first vote by African Americans Amendment XV (the Fifteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution provides that governments in the United States may not prevent a citizen... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

In 1866, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act and the Reconstruction Act, which dissolved all governments in the former Confederate states with the exception of Tennessee, and divided the South into five military districts to protect the rights of newly freed blacks. The act required that the former Confederate states ratify their constitutions conferring citizenship rights on blacks or forfeit their representation in Congress. The Civil Rights Act Of 1866 is a piece of United States legislation that gave further rights to the freed slaves after the end of the American Civil War. ... Nearly two years after the end of the Civil War, as part of the on-going process of Reconstruction, the United States Congress passed four statutes known as Reconstruction Acts (March 2, 1867 (39 Cong. ... Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem (none official) God Save the South (unofficial) The Bonnie Blue Flag (unofficial) Dixie (unofficial)  States that seceded under CSA control  States and territories claimed by CSA without formal secession and/or control Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ...

As a result of these measures, blacks acquired the right to vote across the Southern states. In several states (notably Mississippi and South Carolina), blacks were the majority of the population, and were able, by forming coalitions with pro-Union whites, to take control of the state legislatures, which at that time elected members of the United States Senate. In practice, however, only Mississippi elected black Senators. On February 25, 1870, Hiram Rhodes Revels became the first black member of the Senate and thereby also the first black member of the Congress. This article is about the U.S. state. ... Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32° 2′ N to 35° 13′ N  - Longitude 78° 32′ W to 83... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Hiram Rhodes Revels (September 27, 1822 – January 16, 1901) was the first African American to serve in the United States Senate. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States...

Blacks were a majority of the population in many congressional districts across the South. In 1870, Joseph Rainey of South Carolina became the first black member of the United States House of Representatives and thereby the first directly elected black member of Congress. Blacks were also elected from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina and Virginia. U.S. Congressional districts for representation in the House are determined after each census. ... Joseph Rainey was the first black member of the US House of Representatives Joseph Hayne Rainey (June 21, 1832 – August 1, 1887) was the first African American person to serve in the United States House of Representatives and the second black U.S. Congressman (Hiram Revels being the first). ... Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32° 2′ N to 35° 13′ N  - Longitude 78° 32′ W to 83... Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Official language(s) English Demonym North Carolinian Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area  Ranked 28th in the US  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (340 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (900 km)  - % water 9. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

All of these Reconstruction era black senators and representatives were members of the Republican Party. To many blacks, the Republicans represented the party of Abraham Lincoln and of the Emancipation Proclamation, while the Southern Democrats represented the party of slavery and secession. Until 1876, the Republicans made genuine efforts to ensure that southern blacks were able to vote. The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party) [1], is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation). ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Emancipation Proclamation Reproduction of the Emancipation Proclamation at the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. ... The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ... Slave redirects here. ... For other uses, see Secession (disambiguation). ...

After the disputed Presidential election of 1876 between Democratic Samuel J. Tilden, governor of New York, and Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, governor of Ohio, an agreement between Democratic and Republican factions were negotiated, resulting in the Compromise of 1877. Under the compromise, Democrats conceded the election to Hayes and promised to acknowledge the political rights of blacks; Republicans agreed to no longer intervene in southern affairs and promised to appropriate some federal money toward southern projects. The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed and intense presidential elections in American history. ... Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 - August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the US presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. ... This article is about the state. ... Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth President of the United States (1877–1881). ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... A drawing by Joseph Keppler depicts Roscoe Conkling as Mephistopheles, as Rutherford B. Hayes strolls off with a woman labeled as Solid South. The caption quotes Goethe: Unto that Power he doth belong / Which only doeth Right while ever willing Wrong. ...

Disfranchisement

With the southern states "redeemed", Democrats gradually regained control of Southern legislatures and restricted the rights of blacks to vote. Redemption, in the history of the United States, was a term used by white Southerners to refer to the reversion of the U.S. South to conservative Democratic rule after the period of Reconstruction (1865 - 1877), which in turn followed the U.S. Civil War. ...

By the 1880s, legislators increased restrictions on black voters through voter registration and election rules. From 1890 to 1908, starting with Mississippi, white Democrats passed new constitutions in ten Southern states with provisions that restricted voter registration by Literacy tests, poll taxes, and residency requirements that forced hundreds of thousands of people from registration rolls, and prevented most blacks and many poor whites from voting. Some whites were exempted from literacy tests by such strategies as the grandfather clause, basing eligibility on an ancestor's status as of 1866, for instance. Southern states and local governments also gradually adopted Jim Crow laws that segregated transportation, public facilities and daily life. Finally, racial violence in the form of lynchings and race riots increased in frequency. A literacy test, in a strict sense, is a test designed to determine ones ability to read and write a given language. ... A poll tax, head tax, or capitation is a tax of a uniform, fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income). ... A grandfather clause is an exception that allows an old rule to continue to apply to some existing situations, when a new rule will apply to all future situations. ... Racial segregation characterised by separation of different races in daily life, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Ethnocracy Anti-discriminatory Affirmative action in the United States Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity... Mass racial violence in the United States, often described using the term race riots, includes such disparate events as: attacks on Irish Catholics and other early immigrants in the 19th century massacres of black people in the period after Reconstruction. ...

The last black congressman elected from the South in the nineteenth century was George Henry White of North Carolina, elected in 1897. His term expired in 1901, the same year that William McKinley died, the last president to have fought in the Civil War. No blacks served in Congress for the next 28 years, and none represented any southern state for the next 64 years. George Henry White (18 December 1852 - 28 December 1918) was a Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1897 and 1901. ... Official language(s) English Demonym North Carolinian Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area  Ranked 28th in the US  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (340 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (900 km)  - % water 9. ... This article is about the 25th President of the United States; for other people named William McKinley, see William McKinley (disambiguation). ...

The modern era

The Great Migration of blacks from the rural south to northern cities such as New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland from 1910 to 1940 began to produce black-majority Congressional districts in the North, where blacks could exercise their right to vote. In the two waves of the Great Migration, millions of blacks moved north and became urban. The states in blue had the ten largest net gains of African-Americans, while the states in red had the ten largest net losses. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ... Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor... Cleveland redirects here. ...

In 1928, Oscar De Priest won the 1st Congressional District of Illinois (the South Side of Chicago) as a Republican, becoming the first black Congressman of the modern era. DePriest was also the last black Republican in the House for 56 years. Illinois First Congressional District since 2003 The First Congressional District of Illinois is a congressional district in the state of Illinois that includes part of Cook County. ... For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ...

The election of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 led to a shift of black voting loyalties from Republican to Democrat, as Franklin Roosevelt implemented programs to create economic protections and opportunities in the New Deal. From 1940 to 1970, nearly five million blacks moved north and also west, especially to California in a second wave of the Great Migration. By the 1960s, virtually all black voters were Democrats and most were voting in states outside the former Confederacy. Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... FDR redirects here. ... This article is about the policy program of US President Franklin D Roosevelt. ... This article is about the U.S state. ...

It was not until passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, a culmination of years of effort by African Americans and allies, that blacks within the Southern states recovered their ability to exercise their rights to vote and to live with full civil rights. Legal segregation ended. Accomplishing voter registration and redistricting to implement the sense of the law took more time. The United States Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed requiring would-be voters to take literacy tests and provided for federal registration of African American voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible voters registered. ...

Two black Republicans elected since 1991 have both been from white-majority districts. Until 1992, most black House members were elected from inner-city districts in the North and West: Baltimore, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York City, Newark, New Jersey, Philadelphia and St. Louis all elected at least one black member. Baltimore redirects here. ... For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ... Cleveland redirects here. ... Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor... Los Angeles and L.A. redirect here. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Nickname: Map of Newark in Essex County Coordinates: , Country State County Essex Founded/Incorporated 1666/1836 Government  - Mayor Cory Booker, term of office 2006–2010 Area [1]  - Total 26. ... For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... St. ...

The only Southern cities to have black majority districts were Atlanta, Houston, Memphis and New Orleans. The only Southern rural area to have a black majority district was the Mississippi Delta area in Mississippi. This article is about the state capital of Georgia. ... Houston redirects here. ... For other uses, see Memphis (disambiguation). ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... This article is about the geographic region of the U.S. state of Mississippi. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

Following the 1990 census, the districts needed to be redrawn due to the population shifts of the country. However, there were various court decisions to have districts created with the intent of creating some where the majority of the population were African Americans. In order to comply with the courts, the districts were redrawn by a process called gerrymandering. Gerrymandering is when the districts are drawn, the end results an oddly shaped map to encompass a particular group. In this case, grotesquely shaped districts were created to link widely separated black communities. Due to this method, several black members of the House were elected from Alabama, Florida, rural Georgia, rural Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia for the first time since Reconstruction. Additional black majority districts were also created in this way in California, Maryland and Texas, thus increasing the number of black-majority districts. The process was supported by both parties. The Democrats saw it as a way to connect to their black voters easily, which historically voted for the Democrats. The Republicans saw it as a way to win seats more easily, since many of the Democratic voters were moved from their districts. By the year 2000, this resulted in the Republicans holding a majority of white-majority House districts. However, this made the Democratic Party more clearly "black" in Southern states, thus further alienating white voters from the Democratic Party. Image:1870 census Lindauer Weber 01. ... The process known as redistricting in the United States and redistribution in many Commonwealth countries is the changing of political borders (in many countries, specifically the electoral district/constituency boundaries) usually in response to periodic census results. ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      The Gerry-Mander first appeared in this cartoon-map in the Boston Gazette, 26 March 1812 Gerrymandering is a form of redistricting in which electoral district or constituency boundaries are manipulated for an electoral advantage. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Official language(s) English Demonym North Carolinian Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area  Ranked 28th in the US  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (340 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (900 km)  - % water 9. ... Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32° 2′ N to 35° 13′ N  - Longitude 78° 32′ W to 83... This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article is about the U.S state. ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Largest metro area Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 101 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ...

Since the 1940s, when decades of the Great Migration resulted in millions of African Americans having migrated from the South, no state has had a majority of African-American residents. Because of this, an African-American candidate cannot rely on the black vote alone to be elected to the Senate. This means the candidate must reach out to other races and groups to become elected to the United States Senate and to many congressional seats. Despite this issue, three African Americans have been elected to the Senate since the 1940s: Edward W. Brooke, a liberal Republican from Massachusetts; and Carol Moseley Braun and Barack Obama, both Democrats from Illinois. Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... Edward William Brooke III (born October 26, 1919) is an American politician and was the first African American to be elected by popular vote to the United States Senate when he was elected as a Republican from Massachusetts in 1966, defeating his Democratic opponent, Endicott Peabody 58%-42%. Born in... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Carol Elizabeth Moseley Braun (born August 16, 1947) is an American politician and lawyer who represented Illinois in the United States Senate from 1993 to 1999. ... “Barack” redirects here. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ...

List of African Americans in the United States Congress

United States Senate

In the Reconstruction era

Hiram Rhodes Revels (September 27, 1822 – January 16, 1901) was the first African American to serve in the United States Senate. ... Blanche Kelso Bruce (March 1, 1841 – March 17, 1898) was an American politician. ...

In the modern era

Edward William Brooke III (born October 26, 1919) is an American politician and was the first African American to be elected by popular vote to the United States Senate when he was elected as a Republican from Massachusetts in 1966, defeating his Democratic opponent, Endicott Peabody, 58%–42%. He was... Carol Elizabeth Moseley Braun (born August 16, 1947) is an American politician and lawyer who represented Illinois in the United States Senate from 1993 to 1999. ... “Barack” redirects here. ...

United States House of Representatives

In the Reconstruction era

John Willis Menard (1838-1893) was the first African-American elected to the U.S. Congress, in 1868. ... Jefferson Franklin Long (1836 - 1901) was an American politician from Georgia. ... Robert Carlos De Large (1842-1874) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina. ... Robert Brown Elliott (1842-1884) was an African American congressman. ... Benjamin Sterling Turner (b. ... Josiah Thomas Walls (1842-1905) was a United States Congressman from 1871 until 1873 and 1873 until 1875. ... Richard Harvey Cain (1825-1887) was a United States Representative from 1873 to 1875 and 1877 to 1879. ... John Roy Lynch (September 10, 1847 - November 2, 1939) was the first African American Speaker of the House in Mississippi. ... James Thomas Rapier (1837-1883) was a United States Representative from 1873 until 1875. ... Alonzo Jacob Ransier (1834-1882) was a Republican United States Congressman from 1873 until 1875. ... Jeremiah Haralson (April 1, 1846 - 1916), was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama. ... John Adams Hyman (23 July 1840 - 14 September 1891) was a U.S. Congressman from North Carolina from 1875 to 1877. ... For other persons of the same name, see Charles Nash. ... James Edward OHara was an African American Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1883 to 1887, representing North Carolina. ... Henry Plummer Cheatham (1857–1935) was an African American Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1889 to 1893. ... John Mercer Langston John Mercer Langston (December 14, 1829–November 15, 1897) was born in Louisa County, Virginia. ... Thomas Ezekiel Miller (1849 - 1938, a Representative from South Carolina; born in Ferrebeville, Beaufort County, South Carolina, June 17, 1849; moved with his parents to Charleston, South Carolina, in 1851; attended the public schools in Charleston, South Carolina, and in Hudson, New York; employed as a newsboy on a railroad... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... George Henry White (18 December 1852 - 28 December 1918) was a Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1897 and 1901. ...

In the modern era

Arthur Wergs Mitchell (December 22, 1883 - May 9, 1968) was a politician from the state of Illinois. ... William Levi Dawson (April 26, 1886 - November 9, 1970) was an African American politician and lawyer who was involved in local politics in Illinois, representing that state for over twenty-seven years in the United States House of Representatives. ... Rev. ... Charles Coles Diggs, Jr. ... Robert Nelson Cornelius Nix, Sr. ... Augustus Freeman Hawkins (born August 31, 1907), a prominent U.S. figure in Civil Rights and Organized Labor history. ... John Conyers John Conyers, Jr. ... William Lacy Bill Clay, Sr. ... Louis B. Stokes Louis Stokes (born February 23, 1925 in Cleveland, Ohio) is a Democratic politician from Ohio. ... Shirley Anita St. ... George Washington Collins (March 5, 1925-December 8, 1972) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois. ... Ronald Vernie Dellums (born November 24, 1935), U.S. Democratic Party politician, was a U.S. Representative from California from 1971 until 1999. ... Ralph Harold Metcalfe (May 30, 1910 - October 10, 1978) was an American athlete who jointly held the world record for the 100 metre sprint. ... Parren James Mitchell (b. ... Charles Bernard Charlie Rangel (born June 11, 1930) is an American politician. ... Yvonne Brathwaite Burke is a politician from Los Angeles, California, USA. As of 2005, she is the Los Angeles County Supervisor from the 2nd district, a position she has held since 1992. ... Cardiss H. Collins Cardiss H. (Robertson) Collins (b. ... Barbara Charline Jordan (February 21, 1936 – January 17, 1996) was an American politician from Texas. ... Andrew Jackson Young, Jr. ... Harold Eugene Ford, Sr. ... Julian Dixon Julian Carey Dixon (August 8, 1934 – December 8, 2000) was a politician from the state of California. ... William Herbert Gray III (August 20, 1941-) served as president and chief executive officer of the United Negro College Fund (1991-2004). ... George Thomas Leland (November 27, 1944 – August 7, 1989), better known as Mickey Leland, was a spokesman for the hungry and poor, and later became a congressman from the Texas 18th District and chair of the Congressional Black Caucus. ... Bennett McVey Stewart (August 12, 1912 - April 26, 1988) was a Democratic U.S. Representative from Illinois. ... George William Crockett Jr. ... California State Assemblyman Mervyn Dymally Mervyn Malcolm Dymally, Ph. ... Gus Savage (born October 30, 1925) is a politician from the state of Illinois. ... Harold Washington (April 15, 1922 – November 25, 1987) was an American lawyer and politician who became the first African American Mayor of Chicago, serving from 1983 until his death. ... Katie Beatrice Hall (b. ... Major Owens Major Robert Odell Owens (born June 28, 1936) is a New York politician, currently representing the states 11th Congressional district (map), in the United States House of Representatives. ... Edolphus Ed Towns (born July 21, 1934) is an American politician and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, representing the 10th District of New York. ... Alan Dupree Wheat (born October 16, 1951) is a politician from the state of Missouri. ... Charles Arthur Hayes (February 17, 1918 - April 8, 1997) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois. ... Alton R. Waldon, Jr. ... Alphonso Michael Espy, usually called Mike Espy, (born November 30, 1953) was a U.S. political figure. ... Reverend Dr. Floyd Harold Flake (born January 30, 1945 in Los Angeles) is an American politician (Democrat) and former member of the House of Representatives, as well as the senior pastor of the 23,000 member Allen African Methodist Episcopal Church in Jamaica, Queens, New York. ... For other persons named John Lewis, see John Lewis (disambiguation). ... Mfume delivering a speech at NOAA during Black History Month, 2005 Kweisi Mfume (born Frizzell Gerald Gray, October 24, 1948 in Baltimore, Maryland) is the former President/CEO of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), as well as a five-term Democratic Congressman from Marylands... Donald Milford Payne (b. ... Craig Anthony Washington (October 12, 1941-), an African-American congressman in the United States House of Representatives from Texas; born in Longview, Gregg County, Texas on October 12, 1941. ... Barbara-Rose Collins (born April 13, 1939) is a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Gary A. Franks (b. ... William Jennings Jefferson (born March 14, 1947) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Louisiana. ... Maxine Waters (born Maxine Moore Carr on August 15, 1938) has served as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1991, representing the 35th District of California (map). ... Lucien Edward Blackwell (August 1, 1931 – January 24, 2003) was a United States Congressman who represented West Philadelphia and parts of Delaware County, Pennsylvania from 1991 to 1995. ... Categories: Stub | 1934 births ... Sanford Dixon Bishop Jr. ... Corrine Brown Corrine Brown (born November 11, 1946), American politician, has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1993, representing the 3rd District of Florida, in the North-Central part of the state. ... James Enos Jim Clyburn (born July 21, 1940) is an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 6th congressional district of South Carolina(map). ... Cleo Fields Cleo Fields (born November 22, 1962) is a lawyer and politician. ... Alcee Lamar Hastings (born September 5, 1936) is a U.S. politician, who was an impeached and removed federal judge and is currently a member of the House of Representatives representing Floridas 23rd congressional district (map). ... Earl Hilliard Earl Frederick Hilliard (b. ... Rep. ... Cynthia Ann McKinney (born March 17, 1955) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Georgia. ... Carrie P. Meek (born April 29, American politician from the U.S. state of Florida. ... Mel Reynolds Melvin Jay Mel Reynolds (born January 8, 1952) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Illinois. ... Bobby Lee Rush (born November 23, 1946) is an American politician from Illinois. ... Robert Cortez Bobby Scott (born April 30, 1947) is a Democratic politician from the Commonwealth of Virginia, currently representing the states 3rd Congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. ... Walter Rayford Tucker III (born May 28, 1957) is a politician from the state of California. ... Rep. ... Albert Wynn Albert Russell Wynn (born September 10, 1951) is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives representing the 4th district of the State of Maryland (map) since 1992. ... Rep. ... Chaka Fattah, born Arthur Davenport (21 November 1956 in Philadelphia), has served as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1994, representing the 2nd congressional district of Pennsylvania (map), which includes North Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, a very small portion of Northeast Philadelphia and Cheltenham Township in... Sheila Jackson Lee Sheila Jackson Lee (born January 12, 1950 in Queens, New York), an American politician, has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1995. ... Jesse Louis Jackson, Jr. ... Juanita Millender-McDonald (September 7, 1938–April 22, 2007) was an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1996 until her death in 2007, representing Californias 37th congressional district, which includes most of South Central Los Angeles and the city of... Elijah Eugene Cummings (born January 18, 1951) is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, representing the 7th district of the State of Maryland (map) since 1996. ... Julia M. Carson (born Julia May Porter on July 8, 1938) is Member of the United States House of Representatives for Indianas 7th congressional district. ... Danny K. Davis (born September 6, 1941), American politician, has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1997, representing the 7th District of Illinois (map). ... Harold Eugene Ford, Jr. ... Carolyn Jean Cheeks Kilpatrick (born June 25, 1945) American politician, has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1997, representing the 13th District of Michigan (map), comprised of most of Detroit and a few of its suburbs. ... Gregory Weldon Meeks (born September 25, 1953), American politician, has been a conservative Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1998, representing New Yorks 6th congressional district, which includes most of Southeastern Queens including Jamaica, Laurelton, Rosedale, Saint Albans, Springfield Gardens, and Far Rockaway, as well... Barbara Jean Lee (born July 16, 1946), American politician, has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1998, representing Californias 9th congressional district (map) and is the first woman to represent that district. ... Stephanie Tubbs Jones (born September 10, 1949) is a Democratic politician who currently serves as a member of the United States House of Representatives, for the 11th District of Ohio. ... William Lacy Clay, Jr. ... Diane Edith Watson PhD (born November 12, 1933), American politician, has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 2001, representing the 33rd District of California (map). ... Frank W. Ballance, Jr. ... Artur Davis Artur Davis (born October 9, 1967), American politician, has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 2003, representing the 7th District of Alabama (map). ... Denise Majette Denise L. Majette (born May 18, 1955) is a Democratic U.S. politician from the state of Georgia. ... Kendrick Brett Meek (born September 6, 1966) has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 2003, representing the 17th District of Florida (map). ... David Scott (born June 27, 1946), American politician, has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 2003, representing the 13th District of Georgia (map). ... George Kenneth Butterfield, Jr. ... The Reverend Emanuel Cleaver II (born October 26, 1944) is a United Methodist pastor and a Democratic politician from the state of Missouri. ... Al Green (birth name - Alexander N. Green, born September 1, 1947 in New Orleans, Louisiana) is the U.S. Representative from the Ninth Congressional District in Texas (map). ... Gwendolynne Sophia Moore (born April 18, 1951) a Democrat from Wisconsin, is a Congresswoman representing Wisconsins 4th Congressional district (map). ... Yvette Clarke is a member of the New York City Council from Brooklyn. ... Keith Maurice Ellison (born August 4, 1963) is an American lawyer and politician who became the first Muslim[1][2] to be elected to the United States Congress when he won the vacant seat for Minnesotas 5th congressional district in the House of Representatives, one of eight congressional districts... Henry “Hank” Johnson Jr. ... Laura Richardson (born April 14, 1962 in Los Angeles, California) is a Democratic Representative in the United States Congress. ... Donna F. Edwards is running for Marylands 4th congressional district, against the 14-year Democratic incumbent, Albert Wynn. ...

Non-voting members

Walter Edward Fauntroy (born February 6, 1933) was the second Delegate elected to the United States House of Representatives from the District of Columbia, and the first elected in the 20th century. ... Melvin Herbert Evans (August 7, 1917 - November 27, 1984) was a Delegate from the United States Virgin Islands to the United States House of Representatives. ... Eleanor Holmes Norton (born June 13, 1937) is the non-voting Delegate from the District of Columbia to the United States House of Representatives (map). ... Victor O. Frazer (born May 24, 1943) was a Delegate from the United States Virgin Islands to the United States House of Representatives. ... Donna Christian-Christensen Donna Marie Christian-Christensen, formerly Donna Christian-Green (born September 19, 1945), is the non-voting Delegate from the United States Virgin Islands to the United States House of Representatives. ...

See also

• Congressional Black Caucus

The Congressional Black Caucus is an organization representing African American members of the Congress of the United States. ...

Notes

References

• Bailey, Richard. Black Officeholders During the Reconstruction of Alabama, 1867-1878. New South Books, 2006. ISBN 1-58838-189-7. Available from author.
• Brown, Canter Jr. Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867-1924. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998. ISBN 0585098093
• Foner, Eric. Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction. 1996. Revised. ISBN 0-8071-2082-0.
• Hahn, Steven. A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South From Slavery to the Great Migration. 2003. ISBN 0-674-01169-4
• Haskins, James. Distinguished African American Political and Governmental Leaders. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press, 1999. ISBN 1573561266
• Middleton, Stephen. Black Congressmen During Reconstruction : A Documentary Sourcebook. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002. ISBN 0313065128
• Rabinowitz, Howard N. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. University of Illinois Press, 1982. ISBN 0252009290

Eric Foner (born February 7, 1943 in New York City) is an American historian. ...

External links

• BlackHistoryDaily.com - African Americans in Government
• Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report "Black Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2005"