The African diaspora was the movement of Africans and their descendants to places throughout the world - predominantly to the Americas, then later to Europe, the Middle East and other corners of the globe. Much of the African diaspora is descended from people who were enslaved and shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade, with the largest population living in Brazil (see Afro-Brazilian). People of Sub-Saharan descent) number over 900 million, representing around 14% of the world's population.^{[citation needed]} World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas in an equal-area projection The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Slave redirects here. ... The Atlantic slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the colonies of the New World that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean. ... Afro-Brazilian is the term used to racially categorise Brazilian citizens who are black or mainly-black, yet it is rarely used in Brazil. ...

A poster of "African Reparation, Reconciliation and Restoration Conference"

Image File history File links Motherlogo. ... Image File history File links Motherlogo. ...

History

Prehistoric Africans who left the continent within the past 100,000 years are the ancestors of all non-African humans. But as communities began to form, especially in Egypt and the Middle East, these migrations were greatly reduced because the only land route out of the African continent is through the Sinai Peninsula. After the rise of civilization and the development of sailing, black Africans traveled to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia in a number of occupations.^{[citation needed]} Many of these individuals settled in Europe and Asia and invariably intermarried with the local populations.^{[citation needed]} Today research has discovered mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome haplotypes in Europeans and Asians that indicate distant African ancestry. But these early migrations out of Africa are dwarfed by those associated with the Atlantic and Arab slave trades.^[1] A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez (west), Gulf of Aqaba (east) from Space Shuttle STS-40 For other uses, see Sinai (disambiguation). ... For either of the songs named Sailing, see Sailing (song). ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... Mitochondrial DNA (some captions in German) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria. ... The human Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes, it contains the genes that cause testis development, thus determining maleness. ... A haplotype is the genetic constitution of an individual chromosome. ... The Atlantic slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the colonies of the New World that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Islam and slavery. ...

Dispersal through slavery

See also: Atlantic Slave Trade and Arab Slave Trade

Much of the African diaspora was dispersed throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas during the Atlantic and Arab Slave Trades. Beginning in the 9th century, African slaves were taken from the northern and eastern portions of the continent into the Middle East and Asia. Then beginning in the 15th century, Africans were taken from much of the rest of the continent, especially West Africa, to Europe and later to the Americas. Both the Arab and Atlantic slave trades ended in the 19th century.^[2] The Atlantic slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the colonies of the New World that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Islam and slavery. ... The Atlantic slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the colonies of the New World that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Islam and slavery. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ...  Eastern Africa (UN subregion)  East African Community  Central African Federation (defunct)  Geographic East Africa, including the UN subregion and East African Community East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. ...  Western Africa (UN subregion)  Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ...

The dispersal through slave trading is representative of one of the largest migrations in human history. The economic effect on the African continent was devastating. Some communities created by descendants of Black African slaves in Europe and Asia have survived to the modern day but in most cases Africans intermarried with non-Africans and their descendants blended into the local population. In the Americas, the confluence of multiple racial groups from around the world created a widespread mixing bowl effect. In Central and South America most people are descended from European, American Indian, and African ancestry. In Brazil, where in 1888 nearly half the population was descended from African slaves, the variation of physical characteristics extends across a broad range. In the United States, racist Jim Crow and anti-miscegenation laws maintained a distinction between racial groups lead to the adoption of the one drop rule which defined anyone with any discernible African ancestry as African even though the strictest application of that rule would categorize nearly all Americans as African.^[1] Though most indigenous Africans possess relatively dark skin, they exhibit much variation in physical appearance. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... Anti-miscegenation laws (also known as miscegenation laws) were laws that banned interracial marriage and sometimes also interracial sex. ... The one-drop theory (or one-drop rule) is the colloquial term for the standard, found throughout the USA, that holds that a person with even one drop of non-white ancestry should be classified as colored, especially for the purposes of laws forbidding inter-racial marriage. ...

Dispersal through immigration

From the very onset of Spanish activity in the Americas, Africans were present both as voluntary expeditionaries and as involuntary colonists.^{[3] [4]} Juan Garrido was one such black conquistador. He crossed the Atlantic as a freedman in the 1510s and participated in the siege of Tenochtitlan.^[5] Juan Garrido was a black conquistador. ... A Conquistador (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquering of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. ... poop. ...

African immigration has become the primary force in the modern diaspora. It is estimated that the current population of recent African immigrants to the United States alone is over 600,000.^[6]. Countries with the most immigrants to the U.S. are Nigeria, Ghana, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Egypt, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and South Africa. Some immigrants have come from Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique(see Luso American), Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, and Cameroon. Immigrants typically congregate in urban areas, moving to suburban areas over time. Africans immigrants, in the scope of this article, are recent immigrants to the United States from the continent of Africa and their descendants. ... It has been suggested that Lusitanic American be merged into this article or section. ... Cities with at least a million inhabitants in 2006 An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ... Illustration of the backyards of a surburban neighbourhood Suburbs are inhabited districts located either on the outer rim of a city or outside the official limits of a city (the term varies from country to country), or the outer elements of a conurbation. ...

There are significant populations of African immigrants in many other countries around the world, including the UK^[7] and France.^[8][9] The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8, the European Union, and NATO. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, the UK, or (inaccurately) as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent...

Intra-Africa

Paul Tiyambe Zeleza writes that often diaspora studies focus too much on the Atlantic slave trade. He describes the four dominant dimensions of the global African diasporas: the intra-Africa, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, and Atlantic diasporas.^[10] The intra-Africa diaspora concerns itself with the movement of people between the nations of Africa. It is still an emerging area of research for Western scholars.

Indian & Pacific Oceans

More broadly, the African diaspora comprises the descendants of the indigenous peoples of Africa, wherever they are in the world outside Africa itself. Some Pan-Africanists also consider other Africoid peoples as diasporic African peoples (Negrito). These groups include, among others, peoples of the Malay Peninsula (Orang Asli);^[11] New Guinea (Papuans);^[12] Andamanese; certain peoples of the Indian subcontinent,^[13][14] notably Dravidians such as Tamils; and the aboriginal peoples of Melanesia and Micronesia.^[15] Pan-Africanism is a term which can have two separate, but related meanings. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Ati woman Negrito refers a dwindling ethnic group which is now restricted to parts of Southeast Asia. ... The Malay Peninsula (Malay: Semenanjung Tanah Melayu) is a major peninsula located in Southeast Asia. ... Orang Asli is a general term used for any indigenous groups that are found in Peninsular Malaysia. ... Comparative map showing the distributions of the various Andamanese peoples in the Andaman Islands- early 1800s versus present-day (2004). ... Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ... For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation). ... Languages Tamil Religions Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism Related ethnic groups Dravidian people Brahui people Kannadigas Malayalis Tamils Telugus Tuluvas Gonds The Tamil people are a multi-ethnic group from the Indian subcontinent with a recorded history going back more than two millennia. ... The term indigenous peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ... map of Melanesia Melanesia (from Greek: μέλας black, νῆσος island) is a subregion of Oceania extending from the western side of the West Pacific to the Arafura Sea, north and northeast of Australia. ...

Definitions

See also: Black people

The African Union has defined the African diaspora as "[consisting] of people of African origin living outside the continent, irrespective of their citizenship and nationality and who are willing to contribute to the development of the continent and the building of the African Union." Its constitutive act declares that it shall "invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our Continent, in the building of the African Union." Though most indigenous Africans possess relatively dark skin, they exhibit much variation in physical appearance. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Working languages Arabic English Spanish French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders  -  Chairman Jakaya Kikwete  -  Jean Ping Establishment  -  as the OAU May 25, 1963   -  as the African Union July 9, 2002  Area  -  Total 29,757,900 km² (1st1...

Between 1500 and 1900, approximately four million enslaved Black Africans were transported to island plantations in the Indian Ocean, about eight million were shipped to Mediterranean-area countries, and about eleven million survived the Middle Passage to the New World.^[16] Their descendants are now found around the globe. Due to intermarriage and genetic assimilation, just who is a descendant of the Black African diaspora is not entirely self-evident. Though most indigenous Africans possess relatively dark skin, they exhibit much variation in physical appearance. ... This article is about the slave trade route. ... Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ...

A few examples of populations on continents away from Africa who are seen as "Black" or who see themselves as "Black" because they descend from Black Africans are: African Americans and many Latin Americans.

African Americans — (see description above) or visit African American. An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...

Afro-Latin Americans — Among the Afro-Latin American populations in South and Central America, there are populations that identify as negros. Some identify as Afro-Latin Americans when they have high levels of admixture of other ethnicities, as well. Language(s) Portuguese, Spanish, and several creoles Religion(s) Predominantly Christian (mainly Roman Catholic); minorities practicing Judaism, Islam, or no religion Related ethnic groups sub-Saharan, African American, Afro-European An Afro-Latin American (also Afro-Latino) is a Latin American person of at least partial African ancestry; the term...

Afro-Arabs — Various people of the Middle East whose ancestors were brought during the Arab slave trade period.^[17] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Islam and slavery. ...

Siddis — Black people of African descent in Pakistan and India. Many share the similar name "Saeed" (Sheedis, Shudra, and Siddi). Not to be confused with the Hindu term Siddhi (though sometimes spelt in the same way). ...

Estimated population and distribution

(*)Note that population statistics from different sources and countries use highly divergent methods of rating the "race", ethnicity, or national or genetic origin of individuals, from observing for color and racial characteristics, to asking the person to choose from a set of pre-defined choices, sometimes with an Other category, and sometimes with an open-ended option, and sometimes not, which different national populations tend to choose in divergent ways. Color and visual characteristics were considered an invalid way to determine the genetic "racial" branch in anthopology (the field of science that original conceived of "race", as a genetic branch of people who could have a relative success together compared with other branches, now considered invalid) as of 1910, thus not fully reflecting the percentage of the population who actually are of African heritage. West Indies redirects here. ... The Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI) (IPA: ) are a British Overseas Territory consisting of two groups of tropical islands in the West Indies at . ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... British Mixed is the term given to Britons of mixed race/ethnic descent. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... North American redirects here. ... For other uses, see Oceania (disambiguation). ... Satellite image of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries which are fully or partially located south of the Sahara. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

Top 12 African Diaspora populations

North America

Several migration waves to the Americas, as well as relocations within the Americas, have brought people of African descent to North America. According to the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, the first African populations came to North America in the 16th century via Mexico and the Caribbean to the Spanish colonies of Florida, Texas and other parts of the South.^[31] Out of the 12 million people from Africa who were shipped to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade,^[32] 645,000 were shipped to the British colonies on the North American mainland and the United States; another 1,840,000 arrived at other British colonies, chiefly the West Indies.^[33] In 2000, African Americans comprised 12.1 percent of the total population in the United States, constituting the largest racial minority group. The African American population is concentrated in the southern states and urban areas.^[34] The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture is part of the New York Public Library. ... West Indies redirects here. ... A map of the former territories of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. ... Spanish Florida (Florida Española) refers to the Spanish colony of Florida. ... Spanish Texas is the name given by Texas history scholars to the period between 1690 and 1821 when Texas was goverened as a province of the Spanish colony of New Spain. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas in an equal-area projection The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... The Atlantic slave trade was the capture and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. ... British America may refer to: British North America, former British possessions in North America north of the United States, eventually consolidating into Canada British overseas territories in the Americas; also see British West Indies This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Roadtown, Tortola The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were colonised by Great Britain. ...

In the construction of the African Diaspora, the transatlantic slave trade is often considered the defining element, but people of African descent have engaged in eleven other migration movements involving North America since the 16th century, many being voluntary migrations, although undertaken in exploitative and hostile environments.^[31]

In the 1860s, people from sub-Saharan Africa, mainly from West Africa and the Cape Verde Islands, started to arrive in a voluntary immigration wave to seek employment as whalers in Massachusetts. This migration continued until restrictive laws were enacted in 1921 that in effect closed the door on non-Europeans, but by that time, men of African ancestry were already a majority in New England’s whaling industry, with African Americans working as sailors, blacksmiths, shipbuilders, officers, and owners, eventually bringing their trade to California.^[35] Satellite image of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries which are fully or partially located south of the Sahara. ...  Western Africa (UN subregion)  Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ... Motto: Unity, Work, Progress Anthem: Cântico da Liberdade Capital Praia Largest city Praia Official language(s) Portuguese (official) and nine Portuguese Creoles Government Republic  - President Pedro Pires  - Prime Minister José Maria Neves Independence from Portugal   - Recognized July 5, 1975  Area    - Total 4,033 km² (165th)   1,557 sq mi... The crew of the oceanographic research vessel Princesse Alice, of Albert Grimaldi (later Prince Albert I of Monaco) pose while flensing a catch. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ...

1.7 million people in the United States are descended from voluntary immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa. African immigrants represent 6 percent of all immigrants to the United States and almost 5 percent of the African American community nationwide. About 57 percent immigrated between 1990 and 2000.^[36] Immigrants born in Africa constitute 1.6 percent of the black population. The largest African immigrant communities in the United States are in New York, followed by California, Texas, and Maryland.^[36] The states with the highest percentages of Africans in their total populations are the District of Columbia, followed by Mississippi, and Louisiana. Refugees represent a minority. This article is about the state. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Largest metro area Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 101 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ...

U.S. Bureau of the Census categorizes the population by race based on self-identification.^[37] The census surveys have no provision for a "multiracial" or "biracial" self-identity, but since 2000, respondents may check off more than one box and claim multiple ethnicity that way.

Latin America

Main article: Afro-Latin American

At an intermediate level, in Latin America and in the former plantations in and around the Indian Ocean, descendants of enslaved people are a bit harder to define because many people are mixed in demographic proportion to the original slave population. In places that imported relatively few slaves (like Argentina or Bolivia), few if any are considered Black today.^[38] In places that imported many enslaved people (like Brazil or Dominican Republic), the number is larger, but most are of mixed ancestry.^[39] Language(s) Portuguese, Spanish, and several creoles Religion(s) Predominantly Christian (mainly Roman Catholic); minorities practicing Judaism, Islam, or no religion Related ethnic groups sub-Saharan, African American, Afro-European An Afro-Latin American (also Afro-Latino) is a Latin American person of at least partial African ancestry; the term... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ...

Europe

Main article: Afro-European

There are about 1.2 million British Afro-Caribbeans, a group largely attributable to immigration from the British West Indies after World War II. Of course these Afro-Caribbeans were chiefly descended from diasporic Africans brought to the West Indies centuries before by the slave trade. An Afro European, Afropean or Black European refers to people of African ancestry, racial, cultural and social heritage born in or citizens of any European country. ... The Leicester Caribbean Carnival The British African-Caribbean (Afro-Caribbean) community are residents of the United Kingdom who are of West Indian background, and whose ancestors were indigenous to Africa. ... Roadtown, Tortola The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were colonised by Great Britain. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

France has about 2 million residents of African descent, largely from North Africa: Algeria (between 800,000) and the Maghreb generally (around 800,000),^[40] the Netherlands ca. 700,000, and Germany ca. 300,000. Altogether, the European population with African ancestry is estimated at more than 5 million.

The Americas

• African Americans - There are an estimated 40 million people of African descent in the US. Note that this figure (here, and in the chart, above) directly conflicts with information in this same article that says that 30% of US people have genetic content from the [post 1400] African diaspora.
• Afro-Latin American - There are an estimated 100 million people of African descent living in Latin America, making up 45 % of Brazil's population.^[41] There are also sizeable African populations in Cuba, Haiti, Colombia, Dominican Republic and Venezuela.
• The population in the Caribbean is approximately 31 million. Significant numbers of African-descended people include Haiti - 8 million, Cuba - 7 million, Dominican Republic - 7.9 million, Jamaica - 2.7 million,Puerto Rico^[42]

African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... Language(s) Portuguese, Spanish, and several creoles Religion(s) Predominantly Christian (mainly Roman Catholic); minorities practicing Judaism, Islam, or no religion Related ethnic groups sub-Saharan, African American, Afro-European An Afro-Latin American (also Afro-Latino) is a Latin American person of at least partial African ancestry; the term...

Canada

Main article: Black Canadians

Much of the earliest black presence in Canada came from the United States, comprising African Americans who escaped along the Underground Railroad to locations in Nova Scotia and Southwestern Ontario.^{[citation needed]} Slavery had begun to be outlawed in British North America as early as 1793. Later black immigration to Canada came primarily from the Caribbean, in such numbers that fully 70 per cent of all blacks now in Canada are of Caribbean origin. Black Canadians or African Canadians are designations used for people of African descent who reside in Canada. ... H. B. Lindsley, Harriet Tubman, c. ... Motto: Munit Hae et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Regional Municipality Largest metro Halifax Regional Municipality Official languages English (de facto), French Government Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 11 Senate... Southwestern Ontario is a region of the Canadian province of Ontario, centred on the city of London. ... British North America consisted of the loyalist colonies and territories (i. ... West Indies redirects here. ...

As a result of the prominence of Caribbean immigration, the term "African Canadian", while sometimes used to refer to the minority of Canadian blacks who have direct African or African American heritage, is not normally used to denote black Canadians. Blacks of Caribbean origin are usually denoted as "West Indian Canadian", "Caribbean Canadian" or more rarely "Afro-Caribbean Canadian", but there remains no widely used alternative to "Black Canadian" which is considered inclusive of both the African Canadian and Caribbean Canadian communities.

Europe

Main article: Afro-European

An Afro European, Afropean or Black European refers to people of African ancestry, racial, cultural and social heritage born in or citizens of any European country. ...

United Kingdom

2 million (not inc. British Mixed) split evenly between African-Caribbeans and Africans, see also Black British. British Mixed is the term given to Britons of mixed race/ethnic descent. ... The Leicester Caribbean Carnival The British African-Caribbean (Afro-Caribbean) community are residents of the United Kingdom who are of West Indian background, and whose ancestors were indigenous to Africa. ... See also: British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British, British Asian,Britsh Mixed Black British is term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political label. ...

see: Black British See also: British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British, British Asian,Britsh Mixed Black British is term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political label. ...

France

5 million of African descent (North Africans included)^[43].

Netherlands

300, 000 of Surinamese descent.

Russia

While there may have been black people in Russia early on^[44] the first blacks in Russia was the result of slave trade by the Ottoman empire^[45] and their descendants still live on the coasts of the Black Sea. Czar Peter the Great was recommended by his friend Lefort to bring in Africans to Russia for hard labor. Alexander Pushkin was the descendant of the African slave Abram Petrovich Gannibal, who became Peter's protege, was educated as a military engineer in France, and eventually became general-en-chef, responsible for the building of sea forts and canals in Russia.^[46][47] Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... Tsar, (Bulgarian цар�, Russian царь; often spelled Czar or Tzar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917. ... Peter I Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia Peter I (Pyotr Alekseyvich) (9 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death. ... Pushkin redirects here. ... Major-General Abram Petrovich Gannibal, also Hannibal or Ganibal, (1696 – 14 May[1]1781) was an African slave who was brought to Russia by Peter the Great and became major-general, military engineer and governor of Reval. ... Polish military engineers at work in Pakistan A military engineer is primarily responsible for the design and construction of offensive, defensive and logistical structures for warfare. ... For other uses, see Canal (disambiguation). ...

During the 1930s fifteen Black American families moved to the Soviet Union as agricultural experts.^[48]As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered them the chance to study in Russia; over 40 years, 400,000 African students came, and many settled there.^[49][50] African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... Decolonization generally refers to a movement following the Second World War in which the various European colonies of the world were granted independence. ...

Note that there are also non-African people within the former Soviet Union who are colloquially referred to as "the blacks" (chernye), and often face social discrimination. Gypsies, Georgians, and Tatars fall into this category ^[51]. Languages Romani, languages of native region Religions Christianity, Islam Related ethnic groups South Asians (Desi) The Romani people (as a noun, singular Rom, plural Roma; sometimes Rrom, Rroma) or Romanies are an ethnic group living in many communities all over the world. ... Historically, the term Tatar (or Tartar) has been ambiguously used by Europeans to refer to many different peoples of Inner Asia and Northern Asia. ...

See also Racism in modern Russia. Members of Russian National Unity group in a street parade Racism in Russia appears in the form of negative attitudes and actions towards people who are not considered ethinically Russian. ...

Turkey

Main article: Afro-Turks

Afro-Turks, gives an estimate of 2 million for the people of (full or partial) African ancestry (of any skin color), who live on the littoral between Antalya and Istanbul.^[52] Afro-Turks, African Turks, or Turkish Africans are people of African descent in Turkey. ... Afro-Turks, African Turks, or Turkish Africans are people of African descent in Turkey. ... Historical data for native populations collected by R. Biasutti prior to 1940. ... Antalya Province is located on the Mediterranean coast of south-west Turkey, between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean sea. ... Location of Istanbul on the Bosphorus Strait, Turkey Coordinates: , Country Turkey Region Province Istanbul Founded 667 BC as Byzantium Roman/Byzantine period AD 330 as Nova Roma (original name given in 330 and used during Constantines reign) and later Constantinople (following Constantines death in 337) Ottoman period 1453...

See also

This is a list of articles that are related to African and black people. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Language(s) Portuguese, Spanish, and several creoles Religion(s) Predominantly Christian (mainly Roman Catholic); minorities practicing Judaism, Islam, or no religion Related ethnic groups sub-Saharan, African American, Afro-European An Afro-Latin American (also Afro-Latino) is a Latin American person of at least partial African ancestry; the term... Though most indigenous Africans possess relatively dark skin, they exhibit much variation in physical appearance. ... Afro-Brazilian is the term used to racially categorise Brazilian citizens who are black or mainly-black, yet it is rarely used in Brazil. ... Ati woman Negrito refers a dwindling ethnic group which is now restricted to parts of Southeast Asia. ... Unlike other immigrations, the majority of the African immigration to Puerto Rico was a result of the slave trade. ... Afro-Trinidadian refers to people of African descent who are citizens or nationals of Trinidad and Tobago. ... Majed Abdullah Afro-Arab refers to a people identified as having mixed African and Arab origins, and whose native language is Arabic. ... The Belizean Creole or Kriol are Creole descendants of African slaves who were brought primarily from Jamaica and Nicaraguas Mosquito Coast to cut down mahogany trees. ... Afro-Colombians refers to Colombians of African ancestry, and the great impact theyve had on Colombian culture. ... Cuban boys playing in Trinidad, Cuba The term Afro-Cuban refers to Cubans of African ancestry, and to historical or cultural elements in Cuba thought to emanate from this community. ... The Afro-Ecuadorian culture is found in the northwest coastal region of Ecuador. ... Afro-Germans (in German Afro-Deutsche) are defined as the Black African community and diaspora in Germany. ... Since the mid-18th century there were small numbers of black people resident in Ireland, mainly concentrated in the major towns, especially Dublin. ... Languages Several hundred Indigenous Australian languages (many extinct or nearly so), Australian English, Australian Aboriginal English, Torres Strait Creole, Kriol Religions Primarily Christian, with minorities of other religions including Islam and various forms of Traditional belief systems based around the Dreamtime Related ethnic groups see List of Indigenous Australian group... The term Afro-Mexican (Spanish: afromexicano) refers to Mexican citizens who are black or of African descent. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Afro-Turks, African Turks, or Turkish Africans are people of African descent in Turkey. ... See also: British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British, British Asian,Britsh Mixed Black British is term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political label. ... Afro-Guyanese Guyana Table of Contents Descendants of the Africans, the Afro-Guyanese came to see themselves as the true people of British Guiana, with greater rights to land than the indentured workers who had arrived after them. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... An Afro European, Afropean or Black European refers to people of African ancestry, racial, cultural and social heritage born in or citizens of any European country. ... The Beta Israel (Geez ቤተ፡ እስራኤል Bēta Isrāēl, modern Bēte Isrāēl; ‎), also known by the term Falasha (Amharic for Exiles or Strangers, as they were called by non-Jewish Ethiopians — a term that is considered pejorative) are Jews of Ethiopian origin. ... Australoid is a broad racial classification, no longer used by many anthropologists, of Australasian peoples, most notably the Indigenous Australians and Melanesians. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Since the mid-18th century there were small numbers of black people resident in Ireland, mainly concentrated in the major towns, especially Dublin. ... Main article: Khoisan One of the five macro-racial groups often recognized by physical anthropologists (along with Negroids, Australoids, Caucasoids and Mongoloids). ... An unnamed Chagossian and his final coconut harvest, photographed at the time of the first United States encampment (1971) Chagossians (also known as Ilois and Chagos Islanders) are a group of Creole-speaking people. ... Dougla, a word used by people of the West Indies, especially in, but not limited to, Trinidad and Tobago, comes from dogala, the Hindustani word for bastard. It was often used by people of Hindustani descent (i. ... The History of Africa begins from the emergence of modern human beings to its current state as a politically developing continent. ... The word Maafa (also known as the African Holocaust or Holocaust of Enslavement) is derived from a Kiswahili word meaning disaster, terrible occurrence or great tragedy. ... Negroid is an adjective derived from the term Negro and refers to a presumed race of people mostly from sub-Saharan Africa. ... Not to be confused with the Hindu term Siddhi (though sometimes spelt in the same way). ... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ...

References

Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational publisher in the United States. ... The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The University of Oklahoma Press is a university press that is part of the University of Oklahoma. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... The W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research [[1]] is located at Harvard University. ... Harvard redirects here. ... West Indies redirects here. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Cornell redirects here. ... Radikal is a daily Turkish language newspaper, published in Istanbul. ...

External links

• Black History Information and Resources
• "African Diaspora", a resource list, Columbia Universities, African Studies
• "The Blacks of East Bengal: A Native's Perspective," by Horen Tudu
• "Negrito and Negrillo", by M. Stewart
• "Pan-Africanism in South Asia," by Horen Tudu
• Report of the Meeting of Experts from Member States on the Definition of the African Diaspora, African Union, April 2005
• "West Papua New Guinea: Interview with Foreign Minister Ben Tanggahma"
• "Museum of the African Diaspora," Online exhibits and other resources from the San Francisco-based museum.
• "African Diasporic and Indigenous cultures of Colombia and Brasil"
• African Diaspora and Study Abroad Brazil African Studies
• The African Diaspora Policy Centre (ADPC)