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Encyclopedia > African Union Mission to Somalia
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African Union Mission to Somalia
Participant in the Somali Civil War
Active March 2007–
Leaders General Levi Karuhanga
Headquarters Mogadishu
Area of
operations		 Central and southern Somalia
Allies Transitional Federal Government
Opponents N/A
Somali Civil War
Revolution (1986–92) – UN intervention (1992–95) – Attempts at Reconciliation (1991–2004) – Consolidation (1998–2006) – Rise of the ICU (2006) – Ethiopian intervention (2006–present) – Islamist insurgency (2007–present)

The African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) was authorized on January 19, 2007 to provide for security and peacekeeping in the wake of the ongoing war in Somalia.[1] Image File history File links Gnome_globe_current_event. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Levi Karuhanga is an Ugandan general and current commander of the AMISOM. [1] Category: ... Mogadishu (Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar; Arabic: ; Italian: ), is the largest city in Somalia, and its capital. ... The Transitional Federal Parliament is an interim parliament of Somalia formed in neighbouring Kenya in 2004. ... The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988. ... Combatants Somali National Army (SNA) under Siad Barre; after Barres exile and return forces later known as Somali National Front (SNF) Revolutionary groups: Somali National Movement image_flag = Flag of Somaliland. ... Combatants United States United Nations Pakistan Malaysia Somalia Commanders Many Mohamed Farrah Aidid The United Nations intervention in Somalia (code-named Operation Restore Hope) was a United Nations–sanctioned United States military operation from 9 December 1992 to 4 May 1993. ... The downfall of Siad Barres government did not bring peace to the nation. ... Following the civil war and the ensuing anarchy, some factions managed to exert a degree of hegemonial authority over certain regions of Somalia where they maintained broad, clan-based support. ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Alleged: Eritrea Foreign Jihadists ARPCT, comprising Various Warlords Transitional Federal Government Puntland Autonomous Region Rahanweyn Resistance Army Ethiopia[1] Alleged:  Uganda[2] Commanders Muhammad Ibraheem Bilal Hasan Hersi Turki Yusuf Siad Inda-Addeh Mukhtar Robow Adan Ayrow Barre Adan Shire Hirale (Jubaland), Abdi... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist militias Alleged:  Eritrea Foreign Mujahideen al-Qaeda South:  Ethiopia Transitional Government of Somalia  United States North:  Ethiopia Galmudug Puntland After the invasion: AMISOM Commanders Hassan Aweys Sharif Ahmed Hasan Hersi Adan Ayrow Barre Adan Shire Hirale Abdi Qeybdid (Galmudug) Adde Musa (Puntland) Meles Zenawi... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist militias Popular Resistance Movement (PRM) Hawiye clan militiamen Alleged: Foreign Mujahideen al-Qaeda  Ethiopia Transitional Government of Somalia AMISOM Puntland Commanders Hassan Aweys Hasan Hersi Adan Ayrow Sheikh Abdikadir (PRM) Barre Adan Shire Hirale Meles Zenawi Strength 3,000–3,500 militia 10,000... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders  -  Chairman John Kufuor  -  Alpha Oumar Konaré Establishment  -  as the OAU May 25, 1963   -  as the African Union July 9, 2002  Area  -  Total 29... is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist militias Alleged:  Eritrea Foreign Mujahideen al-Qaeda South:  Ethiopia Transitional Government of Somalia  United States North:  Ethiopia Galmudug Puntland After the invasion: AMISOM Commanders Hassan Aweys Sharif Ahmed Hasan Hersi Adan Ayrow Barre Adan Shire Hirale Abdi Qeybdid (Galmudug) Adde Musa (Puntland) Meles Zenawi...

Contents

Origin of the mission

Main article: Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War

AMISOM replaced and subsumed the IGAD Peace Support Mission to Somalia or IGASOM, which was a proposed Intergovernmental Authority on Development regional peacekeeping force to Somalia approved by the African Union on September 14, 2006.[2] IGASOM was also approved by the United Nations Security Council on December 6, 2006 under Resolution 1725.[3][4] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Logo_of_the_African_Union. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Nations. ... Main articles: Somali Civil War (2006), Battle of Baidoa, and Ethiopian intervention in the Somali Civil War The Somali Civil War began in 1988. ... The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) is a seven-country regional development organization in Eastern Africa. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders  -  Chairman John Kufuor  -  Alpha Oumar Konaré Establishment  -  as the OAU May 25, 1963   -  as the African Union July 9, 2002  Area  -  Total 29... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... “Security Council” redirects here. ... December 6 is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...


IGASOM was originally proposed for immediate implementation on March 2005 to provide peacekeeping forces for the latest phase of the Somali Civil War.[5] ← - 2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → Deaths in March • 31 – Terri Schiavo • 30 – Mitch Hedberg • 29 – Johnnie Cochran • 27 – Wilfred Bigelow • 26 – Paul Hester • 26 – James Callaghan • 21 – Jeff Weise • 21 – Bobby Short • 19 – John De Lorean • 18 – Gary Bertini • 17 – George F... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Alleged: Eritrea Foreign Jihadists Various Warlords Transitional Federal Government Puntland Ethiopia Commanders Muhammad Ibraheem Bilal Hasan Hersi Turki Yusuf Siad Inda-Addeh Mukhtar Robow Barre Adan Shire Hirale (Jubaland), Abdi Qeybdid, Adde Musa (Puntland) Strength 10,000 - 30,000 soldiers 500 - 2000 technicals...


At that time, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) had not yet taken control of Mogadishu, and most hopes for national unity lay with the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) which had organized in Nairobi, Kenya in 2004 and were planning to established a provisional capital in Baidoa, Bay region, Somalia. Motto: none Anthem: none Capital formerly Mogadishu and Kismayu Largest city n/a Official languages Somali and Arabic Government Sharia Krytocracy  - Executive Chairman Sharif Sheikh Ahmed  - Shura Chairman Hassan Dahir Aweys Civil War Faction Has not declared autonomy or independence   - Established June 6th 2006 in Mogadishu  Area  - Total not finalized... Mogadishu (Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar; Arabic: ; Italian: ), is the largest city in Somalia, and its capital. ... The Transitional Federal Parliament is an interim parliament of Somalia formed in neighbouring Kenya in 2004. ... Nairobi (pronounced ) is the capital and largest city of Kenya. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Baidoa (Somali: Baydhabo) is a city in south-central Somalia, situated 256 kilometers (159 miles) by road northwest of the capital Mogadishu. ... Bay is a region (gobolka) in southern Somalia. ...


By May 2006, the situation was radically different, as the ICU had recently engaged the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT) and was fighting for control of Mogadishu in the Second Battle of Mogadishu. By June, they had established control of the capital. Fighting began to spread to other parts of the nation as the UIC gained ground. For other uses, see May (disambiguation). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT) is a Somali alliance made by powerfull warlords and businesspeople, while some of them were ministers in the transitional federal government of Somalia. ... Combatants Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism Militia loyal to the Islamic Court Union Commanders Mohamed Qanyare, Muse Sudi, Nuur Daqle Sheikh Sharif Ahmed Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Second Battle of Mogadishu was a battle fought for control of Mogadishu, the capital city of...


Plans for IGASOM continued, though by July there were indications of opposition from the ICU, who saw the initiative as a US-backed, Western means to curb the growth of their Islamic movement.[6] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...


Until December 2006, the UN Security Council had imposed an arms embargo on the group,[7] but the embargo was partially lifted and a mandate for IGASOM issued on 6 December 2006 for six months.[8] Look up December in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ... An arms embargo serves one or more purposes. ... December 6 is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...


On 21 February 2007, the United Nations Security Council authorised a peacekeeping force with a mandate of six months.[3] In March 2007, Ugandan military officials arrived on the ground in Somalia.[9] is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... “Security Council” redirects here. ...


Mission planning

Scope of the mission

IGASOM was expected to eventually reach 8,000 troops, with an expected cost of $335 million for the first year.


According to UN Security Council Resolution 1725, states bordering Somalia would not be eligible to deploy troops under IGASOM. The remaining (non-bordering) IGAD member nations include Sudan, Eritrea, and Uganda. Because of the objection of the burden falling on these three nations alone (and the rivalry between Ethiopia and Eritrea), the mission was expanded to include other African Union nations.


AMISOM by definition has a different composition. As proposed, it is to comprise an initial 3 battalions, growing to a total of 9 battalions of 850 troops each, which would serve for an initial stabilization period of 6 months. The mission was to be modelled after the African Union Mission in Burundi (AMIB).[1]


ICU resistance

As early as March 25, 2005 Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys of the Union of Islamic Courts warned any peacekeepers would be unwelcome in the country. He was quoted by the BBC as saying, "We will fight fiercely to the death any intervention force that arrives in Somalia."[10] Yet at the time, the ICU was not the political or military force it was to become later. is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mr. ... The Supreme Islamic Courts Council (or Conservative Council of Islamic Courts), as the Islamist militia called itself by July 2006, was called the Islamic Courts Union before 24 June 2006 (ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim al-islāmiyya) (which is also known as the... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ...


Faced with the ascendency of the UIC after taking over the capital in the Second Battle of Mogadishu between May and June, 2006, UN-watchers were growing concerned with the level of hostility of the ICU towards the proposed IGASOM mission.[6] Combatants Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism Militia loyal to the Islamic Court Union Commanders Mohamed Qanyare, Muse Sudi, Nuur Daqle Sheikh Sharif Ahmed Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Second Battle of Mogadishu was a battle fought for control of Mogadishu, the capital city of... For other uses, see May (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see June (disambiguation). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...


Though IGAD and the ICU met and published a cordial and formal communique[11] committing the ICU to the IGAD plans on December 2, by the passage of Resolution 1725 on December 6, the ICU was openly and militantly opposed to peacekeepers entering Somalia, and vowed to treat any peacekeepers as hostile forces. Because of regional divisions, there were also UIC resistance to allowing Ethiopian troops be part of the mission. Ethiopia, for its part, was leery of allowing Eritrean troops to be members of the IGAD peacekeeping force. is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 6 is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...


In the face of ICU threats, Uganda, the only IGAD members who had openly offered to send forces (a battalion), withdrew in the face of concerns of the present feasibility of the mission.[12][13][14] In Uganda's defense, the crisis does not allow for peacekeepers when there are active hostilities conducted with heavy weapons (see Battle of Baidoa). Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Foreign fighters Alleged:  Eritrea Transitional Federal Government Ethiopia[1] Casualties 700 dead or wounded (TFG claim) SomaliNet 400 killed (ICU claim) [1] The Battle of Baidoa began on December 20, 2006 when the Somali Transitional Federal Governments forces (TFG) allied with Ethiopian...


On December 23, 2006, the fate and feasibility of IGASOM remained uncertain, though US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice met with Ugandan Foreign Minister Sam Kutesa to obtain assurances and emphasize plans to deploy IGASOM early in 2007.[15] is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. ... Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. ... Sam Kutesa is the current foreign minister of Uganda since January 13, 2005. ...


On January 1, 2007, after the defeat of the ICU in various battles in December 2006, Uganda again renewed its pledge of a battalion of troops. Between Uganda and Nigeria (which is a member of the African Union, but not of IGAD), there was a pledge of a total of 8,000 peacekeepers.[16] Malawi also pledged to send forces,[17] while Ghana, Rwanda and Tanzania may do so.[18] is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders  -  Chairman John Kufuor  -  Alpha Oumar Konaré Establishment  -  as the OAU May 25, 1963   -  as the African Union July 9, 2002  Area  -  Total 29... The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) is a seven-country regional development organization in Eastern Africa. ...


Gathering support

Following the defeat of the Islamic Courts Union in December 2006–January 2007 the international community began to gather both fiscal commitments as well as military forces for the mission. Nations of the African Union (AU) outside the IGAD community were drawn on to provide support. December 2006 is the twelfth and final month of the year and will begin in 2 day(s). ... January 2007 is the first month of that year. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders  -  Chairman John Kufuor  -  Alpha Oumar Konaré Establishment  -  as the OAU May 25, 1963   -  as the African Union July 9, 2002  Area  -  Total 29... The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) is a seven-country regional development organization in Eastern Africa. ...


On January 17, 2007, the US ambassador to Kenya, Michael Ranneberger, said the US pledged $40 million to support the deployment of a peacekeeping force for Somalia.[19] By January 20, the European Union followed with a pledge of 15 million euros.[20] is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...


On January 19, the mission was formally defined and approved by the African Union at the 69th meeting of the Peace and Security Council.[1] is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders  -  Chairman John Kufuor  -  Alpha Oumar Konaré Establishment  -  as the OAU May 25, 1963   -  as the African Union July 9, 2002  Area  -  Total 29...


On January 22, Malawi agreed to send a half-battalion to a battalion (ranging widely anywhere between approximately 400 to 1,200 troops) for a peacekeeping mission to Somalia.[21] is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...


On January 24, Nigeria pledged a battalion (a force between 770 and 1,100 troops) to join the Somali peacekeeping mission.[22] is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Symbol of the Austrian 14th Armoured Battalion in NATO military graphic symbols This article is about the military unit. ...


On February 1, Burundi committed to the peacekeeping mission, pledging up to 1,000 troops.[23] By March 27, it was confirmed that 1700 Burundian peacekeepers would be sent to Somalia.[24] is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...


On February 2, the United Nations Security Council welcomed the advent of the African Union and IGAD-led peacekeeping mission.[25] is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... “Security Council” redirects here. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders  -  Chairman John Kufuor  -  Alpha Oumar Konaré Establishment  -  as the OAU May 25, 1963   -  as the African Union July 9, 2002  Area  -  Total 29... The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) is a seven-country regional development organization in Eastern Africa. ...


On February 5, Tanzania offered to train Somali government troops, but not to deploy peacekeepers.[26] is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...


On February 9, a gathering of 800 Somali demonostrators in north Mogadishu, where Islamist support was strongest, burned U.S., Ethiopian, and Ugandan flags in protest of the proposed peacekeeping mission. A masked representative of the resistance group, the Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the Two Migrations, said Ethiopian troops would be attacked in their hotels; the same group had made a video warning peacekeepers to avoid coming to Somalia.[27] By this date, Uganda, Nigeria, Ghana, Malawi and Burundi had committed to the peacekeeping mission, but the total force was about half of the proposed 8,000-strong force.[28] Uganda had pledged 1,400 troops and some armored vehicles for a mission lasting up to 9 months, and the AU had pledged $11.6 million.[29] is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Mogadishu (Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar; Arabic: ; Italian: ), is the largest city in Somalia, and its capital. ... The Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the Two Migrations (PRM), also translated as the Somali Peoples Insurgent Movement (SPIM) or Somali People’s Resistance Movement (SPRM), is an Islamist extremist group of Somalia, which developed in the wake of the loss of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU...


On February 16, Uganda announced it would deploy 1,500 well-seasoned troops as early as Saturday, February 17, under the command of Major General Levi Karuhanga. The troops had been training for two years in preparation for the mission.[30] is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Levi Karuhanga is an Ugandan general and current commander of the AMISOM. [1] Category: ...


The Burundian troops were technically ready to go in early August 2007, but equipment promised by the United States and France had not yet arrived.[31]


On August 20, the United Nations Security Council unanimously extended AMISOM by six months and requested the Secretary-General to explore the options for deploying UN forces to Somalia.[32] is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...


Deployment

Country Number of troops Casualties
Uganda 1500 (1200 already in Somalia) 6 killed 10 wounded
Nigeria 850 (to be deployed) none
Ghana N/A (to be deployed) none
Malawi up to 1000 (to be deployed) none
Burundi 1700 (to be deployed)[24] none

Casulaties

  • April 1, 2007 – A mortar attack in Mogadishu kills one and wounds five Ugandan peacekeepers.[33]
  • May 16, 2007 – A roadside bomb hits a convoy of Ugandan peacekeepers in Mogadishu, killing five and wounding five Ugandan soldiers.[34]

is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... May 16 is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...

See also

“Security Council” redirects here. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders  -  Chairman John Kufuor  -  Alpha Oumar Konaré Establishment  -  as the OAU May 25, 1963   -  as the African Union July 9, 2002  Area  -  Total 29... The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) is a seven-country regional development organization in Eastern Africa. ... The Supreme Islamic Courts Council (or Conservative Council of Islamic Courts), as the Islamist militia called itself by July 2006, was called the Islamic Courts Union before 24 June 2006 (ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim al-islāmiyya) (which is also known as the... The Transitional Federal Parliament is an interim parliament of Somalia formed in neighbouring Kenya in 2004. ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Alleged: Eritrea Foreign Jihadists Various Warlords Transitional Federal Government Puntland Ethiopia Commanders Muhammad Ibraheem Bilal Hasan Hersi Turki Yusuf Siad Inda-Addeh Mukhtar Robow Barre Adan Shire Hirale (Jubaland), Abdi Qeybdid, Adde Musa (Puntland) Strength 10,000 - 30,000 soldiers 500 - 2000 technicals... Main articles: Somali Civil War (2006), Battle of Baidoa, and Ethiopian intervention in the Somali Civil War The Somali Civil War began in 1988. ...

External links

References

  1. ^ a b c "69th meeting of the peace and Security Council", Agence de Presse Africaine, 2007-01-22. Retrieved on 2007-02-09. 
  2. ^ "African Union endorses regional peace plan", Reuters, September 14, 2006
  3. ^ S/RES/1725 (2006): The situation in Somalia (PDF) UN Security Council
  4. ^ UN approves Somalia resolution MISNA
  5. ^ "IGAD to deploy peacekeepers despite opposition by faction leaders", IRIN, March 16, 2005
  6. ^ a b Security Council Report: July 2006: Somalia Security Council Report
  7. ^ Sam Kutesa: We call on the Security Coucil to lift the arms embargo to enable deployment of IGASOM and AU Forces."
  8. ^ http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-somalia7dec07,1,5006337.story?coll=la-headlines-world
  9. ^ [1]
  10. ^ Somali 'jihad' on foreign troops BBC
  11. ^ Communique IGAD
  12. ^ Security Council Report: December 2006: Somalia Security Council Report
  13. ^ Controversy in Ugandan government over sending troops to Somalia Shabelle Media Network
  14. ^ Uganda in quandary of sending peacekeepers to Somalia Shabelle Media Networks
  15. ^ [2] Voice of America
  16. ^ Ugandan troops ready to deploy to Somalia within days Shabelle Media Network
  17. ^ http://somalinet.com/news/world/Somalia/6954
  18. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6301809.stm
  19. ^ "US gives Somalia Sh6.4 billion", Kenya Times, 2007-01-17. Retrieved on 2007-01-17. 
  20. ^ "AU wants UN role in Somalia", Reuters, 2007-01-20. Retrieved on 2007-02-09. 
  21. ^ "Malawi to send peacekeepers to Somalia", IRIN, 2007-01-22. Retrieved on 2007-02-09. 
  22. ^ "Nigeria to send peacekeeping battalion to Somalia", Reuters, 2007-01-24. Retrieved on 2007-02-09. 
  23. ^ Burundi joins Somalia peace force. BBC (2007-02-01). Retrieved on 2007-02-09.
  24. ^ a b "Burundi troops ready to join Somalia peacekeepers", Reuters, 2007-03-27. Retrieved on 2007-04-02. 
  25. ^ Security Council press statement on somalia SC/8947 AFR/1495. United Nations Security Council. Retrieved on 2007-02-09.
  26. ^ "Tanzania offers to train Somali troops, not deploy", Shabelle Media Networks, 2007-02-05. Retrieved on 2007-02-09. 
  27. ^ "Diplomats stress need for all-inclusive talks on the future of Somalia", Associated Press, 2007-02-09. Retrieved on 2007-02-09. 
  28. ^ Peacekeeping protests in Somalia. BBC (2007-02-09). Retrieved on 2007-02-09.
  29. ^ Off to Somalia. StrategyPage.com (2007-02-09). Retrieved on 2007-02-09.
  30. ^ Ugandan Troops Set to Arrive in Somalia as Part of AU Force. Shabelle Media Network (2007-02-16). Retrieved on 2007-02-16.
  31. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6935033.stm
  32. ^ UN Extends African Union Peacekeeping Mission in Somalia. Voice Of America (2007-08-20). Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
  33. ^ Reuters. "Rebel Mortar Attack in Somalia’s Capital Kills Peacekeeper", The New York Times, 2007-04-02. Retrieved on 2007-04-02. 
  34. ^ Ali Musa Abdi. "Mogadishu blast kills four Ugandan peacekeepers", Agence France-Presse via the Middle East Times, 2007-05-16. Retrieved on 2007-05-16. 

 
 

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