NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Afro Latin American

Afro-Latin American

Notable Afro-Latin Americans
Ronaldinho ·Arturo Alfonso Schomburg

Total population

Sub Saharan African
150,000,000 Latin Americans _{*Figure excludes Belize, Guyana, Suriname, or non-Romance-speaking areas of the Caribbean}
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1200x1600, 938 KB) Category:Soccer players from Brazil File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ronaldinho ... Image File history File links Arturo Alfonso Schomburg File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Ronaldo de Assis Moreira (born 21 March 1980 in Porto Alegre) is a Brazilian footballer, commonly known as Ronaldinho GaÃºcho (due to his being from the Rio Grande do Sul state of Brazil), or simply Ronaldinho. ... Arturo Alfonso Schomburg a. ... West Indian redirects here. ...

Regions with significant populations

Brazil	75 million
Colombia	17 million
Costa Rica	66,000
Cuba	3.8 million
Dominican Republic	3.3 million
Ecuador	550,000
El Salvador	N/A
Guatemala	240,600
Haiti	8.5 million
Honduras	112,000
Mexico	N/A
Nicaragua	2.3 million
Panama	1.9 million
Paraguay	162,000
Peru	1.1 million
Puerto Rico	302,933
Uruguay	192,000
Venezuela	3.1 million

Languages

Portuguese, Spanish, and others

Religions

Predominantly Christian (mainly Roman Catholic); minorities practicing Judaism,
Islam, or no religion

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An Afro-Latin American (also Afro-Latino) is a Latin American person of at least partial sub-Saharan African ancestry; the term may also refer to historical or cultural elements in Latin America thought to emanate from this community.^[1] The term can refer to the mixing of African and other cultural elements found in Latin American society such as religion, music, language, the arts, and social class. Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Colombia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Costa_Rica. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cuba. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ecuador. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_El_Salvador. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Guatemala. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Haiti. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Honduras. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mexico. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Nicaragua. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Panama. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Paraguay. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Peru. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Puerto_Rico. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Uruguay_(bordered). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Venezuela. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Islam (Arabic: ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... Irreligion, irreligiousness, or nonreligion is an umbrella term which, depending on context, may be understood as referring to atheism, agnosticism, deism, skepticism, freethought, secular humanism, general secularism, or heresy. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ... The Arts is a broad subdivision of culture, comprised of many expressive disciplines. ... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ...

The term Afro-Latin American, as used in this article, is intended to be non-offensive; it refers specifically to black African ancestry, not, for example, to European colonial or Arab African ancestry, such as Arab Moroccan or white South African ancestry.^[2] The term is not widely used within Latin America outside of academic circles. Normally Afro Latin Americans are called black (in Spanish negro, in Portuguese negão). More commonly, when referring to cultural aspects of African origin within specific countries of Latin America, terms carry an Afro- prefix followed by the relevant nationality. Notable examples include Afro-Cuban (Spanish:AfroCubana)^[3] and Afro-Brazilian,^[4] however, usage varies considerably from nation to nation. World map showing the location of Europe. ... Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predomiantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Maronite, Alawite Islam, Druze, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism An Arab (Arabic: ) is any member of the Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to... Cuban boys playing in Trinidad, Cuba The term Afro-Cuban refers to Cubans of African ancestry, and to historical or cultural elements in Cuba thought to emanate from this community. ... Afro-Brazilian or African Brazilian is the term used to racially categorise Brazilian citizens who are black or part-black, yet it is rarely used in Brazil. ...

The accuracy of statistics reporting on Afro-Latin Americans has been questioned, especially where they are derived from census reports in which the subjects choose their own designation, due to the fact that in all countries the concept of black ancestry is viewed with differing attitudes. A graph of a Normal bell curve showing statistics used in educational assessment and comparing various grading methods. ... 1870 US Census for New York City A census is the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population). ... A Masai man in Kenya Black people or blacks is a political, social or cultural classification of people. ... Kinship and descent is one of the major concepts of cultural anthropology. ...

Of a total population of 549,549,000, 5% are considered to be Afro-Latin American proper^[5]^[6]: people who classify themselves or are classified by census takers as being of unmixed black ancestry. A further 16% of the population is mulatto, while Zambos are a small minority. By combining all three, another definition of Afro-Latin American is arrived at, one that in Latin America would be widely considered overly broad. (In fact, it would more resemble the one drop rule commonly accepted in the United States). By such a definition, about one-fourth of Latin America's population would be Afro-Latin American. Another fairly large minority probably has at least some black African ancestry. A Masai man in Kenya Black people or blacks is a political, social or cultural classification of people. ... Dame Kelly Holmes is half Black (Jamaican) and half White (English). ... A representation of Zambos in Pintura de Castas during the Latin American colonial period. ... The one-drop theory (or one-drop rule) is the colloquial term for the standard, found throughout the USA, that holds that a person with even one drop of non-white ancestry should be classified as colored, especially for the purposes of laws forbidding inter-racial marriage. ...

History

People of Sub-Saharan African origin probably first arrived in the Americas with the Spanish and Portuguese in the 15th and 16th centuries. For example, A Black man was a navigator in the 1492 Columbus expedition. Those who were directly from Africa mostly arrived in Latin America as part of the Atlantic slave trade, as agricultural, domestic and menial laborers, and as mineworkers. They were also employed in mapping and exploration (for example, Estevanico) and were even involved in conquest (for example, Juan Valiente). They were mostly brought from West Africa and Central Africa in what are now the nations of Nigeria, Benin, Angola, and Congo. Most of the slaves were sent to Brazil, Peru and the Caribbean, but lesser numbers went to Colombia, and Venezuela. Countries with significant black, mulatto, or zambo populations today include Brazil (75 million), Haiti (95%), Nicaragua, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico (Although most Puerto Ricans are white, 80.5% of Puerto Rico is of mostly European descent while 8% is black^[7]). Traditional terms for Afro-Latin Americans with their own developed culture include Garifuna (in Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala and Belize), cafuzo or mameluco (in Brazil), and zambo in the Andes and Central America. A geographical map of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area A political map showing national divisions in relation to the ecological break Sub-Saharan Africa is the term used to describe those countries of the African continent that are not considered part of North Africa. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Not to be confused with 1492: Conquest of Paradise. ... Christopher Columbus (1451 â€“ May 20, 1506) was a navigator and maritime explorer credited as the discoverer of the Americas. ... The Atlantic slave trade, started by the Portuguese[1], but soon dominated by the English, was the sale and exploitation of African slaves by Europeans that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean from the 15th century to the 19th century. ... Estevanico (ca. ... Juan Valiente (Â¿1505? - â€ Tucapel,1553), spanish black conqueror. ... Western Africa (UN subregion) Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ... West Indian redirects here. ... GarÃfuna is a spanish term for the people and language of the GarÃnagu. ... Cafuzo is a term of Portuguese origin describing the first generation offspring of a Black African and an Amerindian (see Zambo). ... Mameluco is a term of Portuguese origin describing the first generation offspring of a Caucasian and an Amerindian. ... A representation of Zambos in Pintura de Castas during the Latin American colonial period. ... Planes view of the Andes, Peru. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ...

The mix of these African cultures with the Spanish, Portuguese, French and indigenous cultures of Latin America has produced many unique forms of language (e.g., Palenquero, Garífuna and Creole), religions (e.g., Candomblé, Abakuá, Santería, Lucumi and Vodun), music (e.g., salsa, bachata, cumbia, plena), samba, martial arts (capoeira) and dance (rumba, merengue). Many of these cultural expressions have become pervasive in Latin America. Palenquero (also Palenque) is a Spanish-based Creole spoken in Colombia. ... The Garifuna or GarÃfuna are an ethnic group in the Caribbean area, decended from a mix of Amerindian and African people. ... Haitian Creole (Kreyòl ayisyen) is a creole language based on the French language. ... IlÃª AxÃ© Iya NassÃ´ OkÃ¡ - Terreiro da Casa Branca CandomblÃ© is an African religion practiced chiefly in Brazil but also in adjacent countries. ... Reenactment of an AbakuÃ¡ ritual performed by members of the Conjunto FolklÃ³rico Nacional de Cuba, showing symbols and dress typical of AbakuÃ¡ ceremonies Abakua or AbakuÃ¡ (various spellings are used) is an Afro-Cuban mens initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from fraternal associations in the Cross... â€œLukumi / Yoruba Religion / La ReligiÃ³nâ€ redirects here. ... Lucumi is another common name for the Yoruba religion. ... The term Voodoo (Vodun in Benin; also Vodou or other phonetically equivalent spellings in Haiti; Vudu in the Dominican Republic) is applied to the branches of a West African ancestor-based religious tradition with primary roots among the Fon-Ewe peoples of West Africa, in the country now known as... Latin American music, sometimes simply called Latin music, includes the music of many countries and comes in many varieties, from the simple, rural conjunto music of northern Mexico to the sophisticated habanera of Cuba, from the symphonies of Heitor Villa-Lobos to the simple and moving Andean flute. ... Salsa music is a diverse and predominantly Spanish Caribbean genre that is popular across Latin America and among Latinos. ... Bachata is a form of music and dance that originated in the countryside and rural marginal neighborhoods of Dominican Republic. ... Cumbia is originally a Colombian folk dance and dance music and is Colombias representative national dance and music along with vallenato. ... Plena is a folkloric genre native of Puerto Rico. ... Samba is one of the most popular forms of music in Brazil. ... Capoeira (IPA: ) is an African-Brazilian fight-dance and martial art created by enslaved Africans during the 16th Century. ... jus like my ass For other uses, see Dance (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...

Image File history File links Map-Latin_America2. ... Image File history File links Map-Latin_America2. ...

Contentious issues

Several issues arise from the theme of Afro Latin American. One is based on the selection of countries which is normally included in the definition of Latin America which, being based on the language spoken, excludes all countries in the same geographical area, such as Belize, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica, where the people do not speak a Latin-based language. As a result several countries which have significant Black heritage are excluded from study.

From a strictly statistical point of view, it is perfectly valid to collect data concerning a group defined by one criterion (Blackness) within another group defined by other factors (Language), however, if you change the definition of either group, then the results obtained will also be subject to change.

Another issue is the validity of the numbers of people who are classified as Black. In many countries, the people who are counted as "black" or some mixture is based on choices made by individuals in responding to census questionnaires who may, or may not, define themselves as black based on their own ideas or specific cultural biases concerning blackness. In the late 1990's it has become possible to determine racial origin by studying certain DNA factors in individuals, however, this practice is not widely used, to date. 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

A further issue is that of the validity of racial identity. In some countries, it is believed that there has been an almost universal homogenization of the races and there have been attempts in other countries, such as Colombia, to elimininate racial differences by encouraging inter-racial marriages^{[citation needed]}. Depending on one's viewpoint this may be seen as a positive, or a negative objective.

Racial and ethnic distinctions

Terms used within Latin America which pertain to black heritage include mulato (black - white mixture), and zambo (indigenous - black mixture) and moreno. Mestizo refers to an indigenous - white mixture. The term mestizaje refers to the intermixing or fusing of races, whether by mere custom or deliberate policy. In Latin America this happened extensively between all the racial groups and cultures, but usually involved European men and indigenous and African women. Unions of white females and non-white males were almost taboo. A Hupa man. ...

These distinctive terms were used in part to distinguish between different social strata in which the Europeans and criollos (people of pure European heritage born in the Americas) who generally were the ruling and admistrative parties were at the top and the African and Indian races who were the laboring class were at the bottom. The offspring of mixed marriages generally occupied a stratus closer to that of the father's, thereby putting children with a black or Indian father at a disadvantage.^[8] Criollo is a Spanish term (feminine criolla, plural criollos/criollas) which may refer to: The Criollos, a caste in the Spanish colonial caste system. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...

Argentina

Lost and officially unaccounted for are a few thousand blacks, descendants of slaves who by some accounts made up nearly 50 percent of the rural population in the late 1700s. Due to high mortality rates, migration (many to Uruguay, where the black population was larger and the climate more attractive), the decline of the slave trade after 1806, and a successful campaign aimed at whitening the country with European immigrants while eradicating nonwhites in the process, the black Argentine population receded to its present state of near invisibility.

Bolivia

Brazil

Around 46% of Brazil's 188 million people are Afro-Brazilians (39% either African and European ancestry and African, European and Amerindian ancestry, 7% African ancestry). Around 80% of the northeast state of Bahia is of African descent. Afro-Brazilian or African Brazilian is the term used to racially categorise Brazilian citizens who are black or part-black, yet it is rarely used in Brazil. ... Flag of Bahia See other Brazilian States Capital Salvador Largest City Salvador Area 564 273 kmÂ² Population - Total - Density 13 070 250 23. ...

Brazil experienced a long internal struggle over abolition of slavery and was the last Latin American country to adopt it. In 1850 it finally banned the importation of new slaves from overseas, after two decades since the first official attempts to outlaw the human traffic (in spite of illegal parties of African slaves that kept arriving till 1855). In 1864 Brazil emancipated the slaves and in September 28th 1871 the Brazilian Congress approved the Rio Branco Law of Free Birth, which conditionally freed the children of slaves born from that day to then. In 1887 army officers refused to order their troops to hunt runaway slaves, and in 1888 the Senate passed a law establishing immediate, unqualified emancipation. This law, known as "Lei Aurea" ("Golden Law") was sanctioned by the regent Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, daughter of the emperor Pedro II in May, 13th, 1888^[9] Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil (July 29, 1846â€”November 14, 1921), nicknamed the Redeemer, was heir to the throne of Brazil (with the title of Princess Imperial) during the last decades of the reign of her father Pedro II of Brazil, and sometime Regent. ... Pedro II can refer to three monarchs: Peter II of Aragon (1174-1213) Peter II of Brazil (1825-1891) Peter II of Portugal (1648-1706) This is a disambiguation page â€” a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

One of the most famous Afro-Latin Americans is the Brazilian footballer Pelé. Edson Arantes do Nascimento, KBE (born October 23, 1940 in TrÃªs CoraÃ§Ãµes, Brazil), best known by his nickname PelÃ©, is a former Brazilian football player. ...

Central America

The Afro-Latin Americans of Central America mostly live in or near Caribbean coast. The blacks of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and Nicaragua, are both of Garífuna, Afro-Caribbean, Mestizo, and/or Miskito heritage whereas those of Costa Rica and Panama are mostly of African-Caribbean heritage. Recent studies show that most people from El Salvador have at least one African ancestor in their family tree because it is said that African slaves working for the Spanish mixed blood with locals thus, leading to modern Salvadorean mestizos. Many Afro-Caribbean islanders came to Panamá to help build the Panama Canal and to Honduras to get work in the banana plantations. Mestizo (Portuguese, MestiÃ§o; French, MÃ©tis: from Late Latin mixticius, from Latin mixtus, past participle of miscere, to mix) is a term of Spanish origin used to designate people of mixed European and indigenous non-European ancestry. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ... Mestizo (Brazil Portuguese. ... Two Panamax running the Miraflores Locks The Panama Canal (Spanish: ) is a major ship canal that traverses the Isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

El Salvador

Guatemala

Guatemalan culture is a mix of European, Mayan Indian, and African, but only 1-2% of the population is considered black or mulatto. The main community of African descent are the Garifuna, concentrated in Livingston and Puerto Barrios. The rest of the community is of Afro-Caribbean stock and mulattos. Izabal, on the Caribbean coast is the center of African culture in Guatemala, with its population being of mixed African, Mayan Indian, and European. GarÃfuna is a spanish term for the people and language of the GarÃnagu. ... Livingston is the name of a town in the Izabal province of Guatemala, at the mouth of the Rio Dulce at the Gulf of Honduras. ... Puerto Barrios, city (1994 est. ... Izabal is one of the 22 departments in the nation of Guatemala. ...

Honduras

There is a strong presence of Afro-Hondurans on the north coast and to a lesser extent in San Pedro Sula. There are several Garífunas in the National Congress of Honduras. Nickname: La Capital Industrial Country Honduras Department CortÃ©s Foundation June 1536 Government - Alcalde (Mayor) Padilla Sunceri Area - Urban 136 kmÂ² (52. ... The Garifuna or GarÃfuna are an ethnic group in the Caribbean area, decended from a mix of Amerindian and African people. ... The National Congress (Spanish: Congreso Nacional) is the legislative branch of the government of Honduras. ...

Nicaragua

Mainly found on the autonomous regions of RAAN and RAAS on the Caribbean Coast of the country. RegiÃ³n AutÃ³noma del AtlÃ¡ntico Norte, sometimes shortened to RAAN, is an autonomous region in Nicaragua. ... RegiÃ³n AutÃ³noma del AtlÃ¡ntico Sur, sometimes shortened to RAAS, is an autonomous region in Nicaragua. ...

Chile

Chile imported about 6000 blacks, about one-third of whom arrived before 1615; most were utilized in agriculture around Santiago. ^[9] Today there are very few Afro-Chileans, at the most, fewer than 1% can be estimated from the 2006 population.^[8]

Mario Rojas, a Chilean musician dedicated to reviving the traditional cueca in Chile believes that this traditional dance has its roots in Africa in part for the 6/8 rhythm which passed from Arabia through to Nigeria, and also its syncopated lyrics.^[10] People dancing cueca in 1906 The cueca has been declared the official national dance of Chile since September 18, 1979. ... In music, syncopation is the stressing of a normally unstressed beat in a bar or the failure to sound a tone on an accented beat. ...

Colombia

Afro-Colombians make up approximately 21% (9,154,537) of the population according to projection of the National Administration Department of Statistics (DANE)^[8], most of whom are concentrated on the northwest Caribbean coast and the Pacific coast in such departments as Chocó, although considerable numbers are also in Cali, Cartagena, and Barranquilla. Colombia is considered to have the third largest Black/African-descent population in the western hemisphere, following Brazil and the USA. As of 2005 more than 11 million Afro-Colombians are estimated in the country. Look up choco in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Cartagena is the name of two cities: Cartagena, Spain Cartagena, Colombia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Many Afro Latin Americans in Colombia do not define themselves by their ethnic and racial origins, though many may be beginning to do so^{[citation needed]}. It has been argued by some that Afro-Colombians may often encounter a noticeable degree of passive racial discrimination and prejudice, as a socio-cultural leftover from colonial times. Many of their long-established settlements around the Pacific coast have remained underdeveloped. In Colombia's ongoing internal conflict, Afro-Colombians are both victims of violence and displacement and also participate as members of armed factions, such as the FARC and the AUC. Afro-Colombians have played a role in contributing to the development of certain aspects of Colombian culture. For example, several of Colombia's musical genres, such as cumbia, have African origins or influences. The Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombiaâ€“EjÃ©rcito del Pueblo or FARC-EP (Spanish for Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombiaâ€“Peoples Army) is Colombias oldest and largest guerrilla group, established in 1964-1966 as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party. ... Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (United Self-Defence Forces of Colombia, AUC) was formed in April 1997 as an umbrella paramilitary organization to consolidate most local and regional paramilitary groups in Colombia, each with the mission to protect local economic, social and political interests by fighting insurgents in their areas. ... Cumbia is originally a Colombian folk dance and dance music and is Colombias representative national dance and music along with vallenato. ...

Colombia external links

Costa Rica

Mainly found on the largely undeveloped northern Caribbean coast. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Afro Costa Ricans, as the /b/tards say, is a Costa Rican that is of African desendent. ...

Cuba

According to a 2001 national census which surveyed 11.2 million Cubans, 1.1 million Cubans described themselves as Black, while 2.8 million considered themselves to be "mulato" or "mestizo".^[11] Many Cubans still locate their origins in specific African ethnic groups or regions, particularly Yoruba and Congo, but also Arará, Carabalí, Mandingo, Fula and others. In contrast, between 85-95 percent of Cuban-Americans, classify themselves as white.^{[citation needed]} Cuban boys playing in Trinidad, Cuba The term Afro-Cuban refers to Cubans of African ancestry, and to historical or cultural elements in Cuba thought to emanate from this community. ... Black cat, thought by some to cause bad luck (see superstition) Black is the shade of objects that do not reflect light in any part of the visible spectrum. ... The Yoruba (YorÃ¹bÃ¡ in Yoruba orthography) are a large ethno-linguistic group or ethnic nation in Africa; the majority of them speak the Yoruba language (ede YorÃ¹bÃ¡). The Yoruba constitute approximately 21 percent of Nigerias total population,[1] and around 30 million individuals throughout the region of...

The government of Cuba has declared Cubans an Afro-Latin American people and has formed close ties with Angola, Ethiopia, and other African states.^[9]

Dominican Republic

Dominican Republic Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic. ...

73% are mixed, 11% are Black, and 16% are White, with the rest being Asian, Arab, or belonging to the "other" category^[12], although the actual ethnic composition is much more complex, with no fewer than nine ethnic mixes including: mestizos, mulattoes, sambos, grifos, quadroon Indians, quadroon mulattoes, puchelas, saltaras, and cabras.

There is also a significant presence of black Haitian immigrants in the country up to a million Haitians live in the Dominican Republic. There are also immigrants from other Latin American countries including Cuba, Venezuela, and Colombia.

Dominican culture is a mixture of Taino Amerindian, African and European origins. While Taino influences are present in many Dominican traditions, the European and African influences are the most noticeable. The Taíno are the pre-Hispanic Amerindian inhabitants of the Greater Antilles, which includes Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Bahamas. ...

Ecuador

In 2006 Ecuador had a population of 13,547,510 with 8%, or 1,083,801 descendant from Spanish and African people. ^[8] The Afro-Ecuadorian culture is found in the northwest coastal region of Ecuador and make up the majority (70%) in the province of Esmeraldas and the Valle de Chota in the Imbabura Province. They can be also found in Guayaquil. The best known cultural influence known outside of Ecuador is a distinctive kind of marimba music. The Afro-Ecuadorian culture is found in the northwest coastal region of Ecuador. ... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Esmeraldas is a province in northwestern Ecuador. ... Imbabura is a province in Ecuador. ... This article is about the city of Guayaquil. ... The marimba is a musical instrument in the percussion family. ...

Notable Afro-Ecuadorians

Haiti

95% of Haitians are of predominantly of African descent. The remainder of the population are considered Mulatto and White. The numbers of native-descended Haitians are not known. The rest are White or mulatto, including descent from French, Levantine, Spanish, Italian, German, Cuban, Dominican, Syrian, and East Indian ancestors. There is a very small percentage within the minority who are of Japanese or Chinese origin. The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in Southwest Asia south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and in the east, the north Arabian Desert and Mesopotamia. ... The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and South-East Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and...

Haiti is a Afro-Latin nation with strong African contributions to the culture as well as its language, music and religion. To a lesser degree French, Spaniard, and in rare occasions (food, art, and folk religion) Taino and Arab customs are present in the society.

Mexico

The vast majority of Afro-Mexicans inhabit the southern region of Mexico and very few have migrated to the north making their existence in the country less evident than other groups. Some Afro-Mexican facts: The term Afro-Mexican (Spanish: afromexicano) refers to Mexican citizens who are black or of African descent. ...

A sculptors interpretation of Yanga, located in the town of Yanga, Veracruz Gaspar Yanga--often simply Yanga or Nyanga--was a leader of a slave rebellion in Mexico during the early period of Spanish colonial rule. ...

Panama

Black laborers from the British West Indies, mainly Jamaica, came to Panama by the tens of thousands in the first half of the twentieth century. While most were involved in the effort to build the canal, many also came to work on Panama's banana plantations. By 1910, the Panama Canal Company had employed more than 50,000 workers, three-quarters of whom were Antillean blacks. They formed the nucleus of a community separated from the larger society by race, language, religion, and culture.

Paraguay

Peru

Afro-Peruvians make up about 4-5% of the population (2-3 million people). To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Afro-Peruvian music was little known even in Peru until the 1950's, when it was popularized by the performer Nicomedes Santa Cruz.^[14]

Puerto Rico

According to the 2000 U.S. Census taken in Puerto Rico, 8% of the population is black and 10.9% is of mixed or other race. ^[15] An island-wide mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) study conducted by the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez revealed that 61% of Puerto Ricans have maternal Native American ancestry, 27% have maternal West or Central African ancestry, and 12% have maternal European ancestry. ^[16] On the other hand, the Y chromosome evidence showed Puerto Ricans' patrilineage to be approximately 75% European, 20% African, and less than 5% indigenous. The combined results reveal a mostly mestizo population with important African elements. // Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA that is located in mitochondria. ... The University of Puerto Rico at MayagÃ¼ez (UPRM) â€”or Recinto Universitario de MayagÃ¼ez (RUM) in Spanishâ€” is a state university located in the city of MayagÃ¼ez, Puerto Rico. ... A Hupa man. ... Western Africa (UN subregion) Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ... Central Africa Middle Africa (UN subregion) Central African Federation (defunct) Central Africa is a core region of the African continent often considered to include: Burundi Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Rwanda Middle Africa (as used by the United Nations when categorising geographic subregions) is an analogous... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... The human Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes, it contains the genes that cause testis development, thus determining maleness. ... Mestizo (Portuguese, MestiÃ§o; French, MÃ©tis: from Late Latin mixticius, from Latin mixtus, past participle of miscere, to mix) is a term of Spanish origin used to designate people of mixed European and indigenous non-European ancestry. ...

Certain critics consider census figures to be skewed since they are based on self-definition and acute physical observation of census-takers.^{[citation needed]} These critics maintain that a majority of Puerto Ricans are racially mixed, but that they do not feel the need to identify as such. They argue, furthermore, that Puerto Ricans tend to assume that they are of African, American Indian, and European ancestry, and only identify themselves as mixed if having parents "appearing" to be of separate "races". It should also be noted that Puerto Rico underwent a "whitening" process while under U.S. rule. The census-takers at the turn of the 20th Century recorded a huge disparity in the number of "black" and "white" Puerto Ricans between the 1910 and 1920 censuses. "Black" suddenly began to disappear from one census to another (within 10 years' time), possibly due to redefinition of the term. It also appears that the "black" element within the culture was simply disappearing possibly due to the popular idea that in the U.S. one could only advance economically and socially if one were to pass for "white". ^[17] Another reason for Puerto Rico having a high white population is due to the fact that many of the Puerto Ricans of African descent left the island in waves of migration to become the Nuyoricans, while the Puerto Ricans of European and Mestizo descent were better off economically so they stayed in Puerto Rico. Nuyorican is a blending of the phrases New York and Puerto Rican and refers to the members or culture of the Puerto Rican diaspora located in or around New York City, or of their descendants (especially those raised or still living in the New York area). ...

Misinformation of ethnic populations within Puerto Rico also existed under Spanish rule when the Native Amerindian (Taino) populations were recorded as being "extinct". Biological science has now rewritten their history books. In all, about 31 African tribes have been recorded in Puerto Rico^{[citation needed]}. These tribes were not voluntary travellers, but have since blended into the mainstream Puerto Rican population (as all the others have been) with Taino ancestry being the common thread that binds.

Many so-called "pure" blacks in Puerto Rico are found in the coastal areas, areas traditionally associated with sugar cane plantations (especially in the towns Loiza, Guayama, Ponce, and Carolina). Although, due to the DNA evidence that is being presented by UPR at Mayaguez, many African bloodlines have been recorded in the central mountains of the island, though not written in the Spanish history books of the time. Consequently, Taino bloodlines have begun appearing in the coastal towns. All this suggesting that escaped Africans ran off to the mountains to escape the slaveowners, while some Tainos remained close to their main staple food, fish. Loíza is a small town in the northeastern coast of Puerto Rico, near Canóvanas, Carolina and San Juan. ... Image:Guayamas eal. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Ciudad de los Leones , La Perla del Sur Gentilic: PonceÃ±os Location Location of Ponce, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded 1692 Mayor Francisco Zayas Seijo Political party PPD Senatorial district 5 - Ponce Representative district 24,25 Geographical characteristics Area Total 501. ... Statue of Roberto Clemente located at entrance of Ciudad Deportiva Roberto Clemente Nickname: Ciudad de Gigantes Official website: None Location Location within the island of Puerto Rico Government Country Puerto Rico Mayor JosÃ© E. Aponte de la Torre (PPD) Geographical characteristics Area Total 117. ...

The Puerto Rican musical genres of bomba and plena are of African and Caribbean origin respectively and danced to during parties and African-derived festivals. Many Boricuas who claim West/Central African ancestry are descendants of enslaved Congo and Yoruba tribes from Africa. After the abolition of slavery in 1873 and the invasion of the United States, a number of African Americans have also migrated and settled in Puerto Rico. It has been noted that the Puerto Ricans that typically identify as black, make up the majority of Puerto Ricans immigrating to the U.S.((^{[citation needed]} This article is about the musical style. ... Plena is a folkloric genre native of Puerto Rico. ... Boricua a word of origin from Boriken (or BoriquÃ©n, Borinquen, or BorinquÃ©n) used by the original Taino Indian population to refer to Puerto Rico before the coming of the Spanish, which translated as The Valiant People of the Sacred House. The word has come to identify any resident... The Yoruba (YorÃ¹bÃ¡ in Yoruba orthography) are a large ethno-linguistic group or ethnic nation in Africa; the majority of them speak the Yoruba language (ede YorÃ¹bÃ¡). The Yoruba constitute approximately 21 percent of Nigerias total population,[1] and around 30 million individuals throughout the region of... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...

Roberto Clemente was a Puerto Rican baseball player of African descent. Félix Trinidad is a Afro-Puerto Rican world champion boxer. Roberto Clemente Walker (August 18, 1934 â€“ December 31, 1972) was a Major League Baseball right fielder and right-handed batter. ... FÃ©lix Tito Trinidad, Jr. ...

Uruguay

African slaves and their descendants figured prominently in the founding of Uruguay. In the late 1700s, Montevideo became a major arrival port for slaves, most brought from Portuguese colonies of Africa and bound for Spanish colonies of the New World: the mines of Peru and Bolivia and the fields and Uruguay.

In the 19th century, when Uruguay joined other colonies in fighting for independence from Spain, Uruguayan national hero Jose Artigas led an elite division of black troops against the colonists. One of his top advisors was Joaquin Lezina, known as Ansina, a freed slave who composed musical odes about his commander's exploits and is regarded by Afro Uruguayans as an unheralded father of the nation.

Venezuela

Black Venezuelans, descendants from African slaves, make up approximately 10% of the population. The majority of these Venezuelans live in small coastal towns in the region called Barlovento. They have kept their traditions and culture alive especially through music. Hugo Chavez, the current president has some African heritage. Here are places that have the name Barlovento (Spanish for windward Barlovento, a municipality in the northern part of the island of La Palma in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife Barlovento, a place in the central part of Venezuela in the state of Miranda See also Barlavento, a... President Hugo Chávez Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (born July 28, 1954) has been the President of Venezuela since 1999. ...

Famous Afro-Latin Americans

FÃ©lix Tito Trinidad, Jr. ... Edson Arantes do Nascimento, KBE (born October 23, 1940 in TrÃªs CoraÃ§Ãµes, Brazil), best known by his nickname PelÃ©, is a former Brazilian football player. ... Ibrahim Ferrer (February 20, 1927 â€“ August 6, 2005) was a popular Afro-Cuban musician in Cuba. ... Rosa Maria Perez (born September 6, 1964) is an American actress, dancer, choreographer and director. ... Celia Cruz (October 21, 1925 â€“ July 16, 2003) was a three-time Grammy Award and four-time Latin Grammy winning Cuban-American salsa singer who spent most of her career living in New Jersey, and working in the United States and several Latin American countries. ... Roberto Clemente Walker (August 18, 1934 â€“ December 31, 1972) was a Major League Baseball right fielder and right-handed batter. ... Samuel (Sammy) Peralta Sosa (born November 12, 1968 in , San Pedro de MacorÃs, Dominican Republic is a right fielder/designated hitter for the Texas Rangers of the MLB. He has formerly played for the Chicago White Sox, Chicago Cubs, Baltimore Orioles and a prior stint with the Texas Rangers... Fantasia Monique Barrino (born June 30, 1984), or simply Fantasia, is an American pop, R&B, and soul singer and Broadway actress who rose to fame as the winner of the third season of the television series American Idol in 2004. ... TaÃs Bianca Gama de AraÃºjo (born on November 25, 1978 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian actress. ... Rick Aviles, (born Richard Anthony Aviles) October 14, 1952 - March 17, 1995, was a stand-up comedian who is best remembered for the role of Willie Lopez in the movie Ghost. ... Susana Baca de la Colina (b. ... RubÃ©n Blades. ... Nando Boom is a reggae singer from PanamÃ¡. His real name is Fernando Brown and he began singing in 1977. ... Tegui Calderón Rosario —better known as Tego Calderón— is a rapper from Loíza Aldea, Loíza, Puerto Rico. ... JosÃ© Campeche (1751-1809), was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico. ... Irene Cara (born Irene Escalera on March 18, 1959 in The Bronx, New York City) is an American singer, Academy Award-winning songwriter and actress of African, Cuban and Puerto Rican descent. ... Pedro Albizu Campos Pedro Albizu Campos (September 12, 1891 â€“ April 21, 1965) born in TenerÃas Village in Ponce, Puerto Rico was the son of Alejandro Albizu and Juana Campos. ... El Chombo, real name Rodney Clark, is an American-born Panamanian Reggaeton producer and artist. ... Template:Los Dementes Algarete Los Dementes Algarete, or LDA for short, are a Dominican reggaeton duo from New York City. ... Sen Dog (born Senen Reyes, November 20, 1965, in Havana, Cuba) is an Afro-Cuban rapper, and member of the well known rap group Cypress Hill. ... Ulpiano Sergio Reyes (born April 12, 1967) is an Afro-Cuban rapper known as Mellow Man Ace. ... El General, (born Edgardo A. Franco) is a Panamanian musical artist best known as the father of reggaeton. ... NicolÃ¡s GuillÃ©n (10 July 1902 â€“ 16 July 1989) was an Afro-Cuban poet. ... Juano Hernandez (July 19, 1901-July 17, 1970 born in San Juan, Puerto Rico) was one of the first Afro-Latin Americans to become a major star in the Negro Film Industry of the United States. ... Nelust Wyclef Jean (IPA pronunciation: ) (born October 17, 1972) is a Grammy Award-winning and Golden Globe-nominated Haitian-rapper, reggae artist, producer, and member of the superstar hip hop trio The Fugees, known popularly for a series of low-profile singles in the 1990s but respected within the hip... Lorna Zarina Aponte (born 1983 in Panama), better known simply as Lorna, is a female rapper and reggaeton artist best known for her song Papi Chulo (Te Traigo el Mmmm). This song got wide spread popularity in US and Europe (Reaching No. ... Christina Milian (born Christine Flores on September 26th, 1981) is an American actress and Grammy Award-nominated R&B and pop singer, songwriter, record producer and dancer. ... Miguel A. NÃºÃ±ez Jr. ... Danilo PÃ©rez Panamanian pianist and composer Danilo PÃ©rez. ... Pras (born Prakazrel Michel on October 19, 1972) offered up his first solo effort, Ghetto Supastar, in the fall of 1998, following in the footsteps of his fellow Fugees Wyclef Jean and Lauryn Hill. ... Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro (born September 21, 1971 in New York City) is an American actor, singer, and dancer of Afro-Dominican descent. ... Ismael Rivera a. ... Ronaldo de Assis Moreira (born 21 March 1980 in Porto Alegre) is a Brazilian footballer, commonly known as Ronaldinho GaÃºcho (due to his being from the Rio Grande do Sul state of Brazil), or simply Ronaldinho. ... Luis Russell (6 August 1902 - 11 December 1963) was a jazz pianist and bandleader . ... ZoÃ« Yanira ZaldaÃ±a Nazario (born June 19, 1978), better known as ZoÃ« SaldaÃ±a, is a American actress. ... Schomburg, Arturo Alfonso, a self-described Afroborinqueño (Black Puerto Rican), was born January 24, 1874, of María Josefa a freeborn Black midwife from St. ... Zion y Lennox were a reggaeton duo from Carolina, Puerto Rico. ...

Contents

History

Contentious issues

Racial and ethnic distinctions

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Central America

El Salvador

Guatemala

Honduras

Nicaragua

Chile

Colombia

Colombia external links

Costa Rica

Cuba

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Notable Afro-Ecuadorians

Haiti

Mexico

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Puerto Rico

Uruguay

Venezuela

Famous Afro-Latin Americans

See also

References

External links

Contents

History GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Contentious issues

Racial and ethnic distinctions

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Central America

El Salvador

Guatemala

Honduras

Nicaragua

Chile

Colombia

Colombia external links

Costa Rica

Cuba

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Notable Afro-Ecuadorians

Haiti

Mexico

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Puerto Rico

Uruguay

Venezuela

Famous Afro-Latin Americans

See also

References

External links

History