Florence Kate Upton's Golliwogg and friends, in The Adventures of two Dutch Dolls And A Golliwogg, published in 1895. Fashioned after a minstrel doll and described as "a horrid sight, the blackest gnome," he was the introduction to black people for many children.

Afrophobia is a phobic attitude toward people of indigenous West African, Sub-Saharan African, or otherwise black origin, their culture or ideas. It is often associated with fear of domination or "racial" or cultural "pollution". Afrophobia is primarily a racial and, to a somewhat lesser extent, cultural phenomenon, lacking a strong religious dimension. However, it has occurred in many societies throughout the world, at varying levels of severity, ranging from personal antipathy and bigotry and societal and informal discrimination to enslavement; societal marginalization, systematic violence and oppression. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... The child of English parents, Upton and her family moved to England when she was fourteen. ... Uptons Golliwogg and friends in The Adventures of two Dutch Dolls And A Golliwogg, published in 1895. ... Detail from cover of The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels, 1843. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...  Western Africa (UN subregion)  Maghreb West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... For other uses, see Race (disambiguation). ... The word culture, from the Latin colo, -ere, with its root meaning to cultivate, generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... Fishers of Men, oil on panel by Adriaen van de Venne (1614) Various religious symbols Religion is commonly defined as a group of beliefs concerning the supernatural, sacred, or divine, and the moral codes, practices, values, institutions, and rituals associated with such belief. ... An African-American drinks out of a water fountain marked for colored in 1939 at a street car terminal in Oklahoma City. ... It has been suggested that Chattel slavery be merged into this article or section. ...

A degree of Afrophobic self-loathing has on occasion extended to blacks themselves, leading many in the 19th and early 20th centuries to use skin bleaching techniques and adopt artificially straightened, lye-conditioned coiffures in repudiation of their natural hairstyles. The term "Afrophobia" is sometimes used with this ironic metonymy in mind, using the fear of the Afro as a metaphor for the fear of one's African heritage. Self-loathing in general refers to an extreme dislike of oneself or of oneselfs characteristics, often a symptom of Depression; in this sense, it is more or less synonymous with self-hatred, although neither are clinical terms. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Lye is a caustic solution, rich in potassium carbonate (potash), used for glass and soap making. ... Irony is best known as a figure of speech (more precisely called verbal irony) in which there is a gap or incongruity between what a speaker or a writer says, and what is understood. ... In rhetoric and cognitive linguistics, metonymy (in Greek μετά (meta) = after/later and όνομα (onoma) = name) (IPA: mÉ™-tŏnÉ™-mÄ“) is the use of a single characteristic to identify a more complex entity. ... Motowns girl group The Supremes sporting afros in 1970 An afro, sometimes called a natural or shortened to fro, is a hairstyle in which the hair extends out from the head like a halo or cloud. ...

Afrophobia in Europe

Afrophobia, in its modern sense, began as European states began to colonize Africa. Europeans solidified their economic and political dominance with new racial theories. Craniometry and phrenology "proved" the presumptive superiority of whites, and was used to justify the brutal, exploitative treatment of blacks. As late as the 18th century, Europeans debated whether blacks were even human. Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ... The colonization of Africa has a long history, the most famous phase being the European Scramble for Africa of the nineteenth century. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A 19th century Phrenology chart Phrenology (from Greek: φρην, phrēn, mind; and λογος, logos, study) is a theory which claims to be able to determine character, personality traits, and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head (reading bumps). Developed by German physician Franz Joseph Gall around 1800, and... Typical Caucasoid skull Caucasoid is a racial classification usually used as part of a phenotypal system, also including other classifications such as Australoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, and sometimes others such as Capoid. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are biologically classified as bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin for wise man or thinking man) under the family Hominidae (the great apes). ...

Afrophobia in the United States

As in Europe, Afrophobia was heavily associated with the trans-Atlantic slave trade and itself defined the parameters of the institution of slavery; it became a part of the domestic cultural and political landscape that endures to the present day. For the effect of Afrophobia on American history, see Negrophobia. The Middle Passage was the leg of the Atlantic slave trade that transported slaves from Africa to slave markets in North America, South America and the Caribbean. ... The history of the United States has occurred at the regional, territorial, state and local level. ... Negrophobia is a term used to refer to the prejudicial and discriminatory fear of African American freedmen, or former slaves, in the northern United States before the American Civil War. ...

Afrophobia in Africa

Africa's colonial past preserved many effects of European Afrophobia. In countries such as Ian Smith's Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and pre-1994 South Africa, whites held power using aggressive minoritarian tactics. The National Party policy of apartheid institutionalized a brutal system of racial discrimination and disenfranchisement that systematically stripped black South Africans of their land and their civil and human rights. Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. ... The Rt Hon Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia, 1964 (official portrait) The Right Honourable Ian Douglas Smith, GCLM ID, (born April 8, 1919) was the Premier of the British Crown Colony of Southern Rhodesia from April 13, 1964 to November 11, 1965 and the Prime Minister of Rhodesia (now... National motto: Sit Nomine Digna (Latin: May she be worthy of the name} Official language English Capital Salisbury Political system Parliamentary system Form of government Republic - Last President John Wrathall - Prime Minister Ian Smith Area  - Total  - % water 390 580 km² 1% Population  - 1978 est. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... Minoritarianism (often also called minority rule) is a political philosophy or agenda which asserts that a segment of a countrys population (sometimes categorized by religion, language or some other identifying factor) to which a minority of its citizens belong is entitled to obstruct political progress sought by a majority... The National Party (Afrikaans: Nasionale Party) (with its members sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of South Africa from June 4th 1948 until May 9th 1994, and was disbanded in 2005. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... An African-American drinks out of a water fountain marked for colored in 1939 at a street car terminal in Oklahoma City. ...

Under Hendrik Verwoerd's policy of 'grand apartheid', black South Africans were regarded not as South African citizens, but as citizens of Bantustans or 'homelands', barren areas of the country in which most had never lived. Blacks were required to carry passbooks containing their photographs and identifying information at all times, could not move freely about the country and were subject to arbitrary arrest and confinement. Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (8 September 1901 - 6 September 1966) was Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 to 1966, when he was assassinated. ... South Africa rewrote its nationality law since the end of apartheid in 1994 and the establishment of majority (i. ... Map of the black homelands in South Africa as of 1986 Map of the black homelands in Namibia as of 1978 Bantustan refers to any of the territories designated as tribal homelands for black South Africans and Namibians during the apartheid era. ...

Owing to racial segregation, black South Africans experienced considerable discrimination in education, healthcare, business and employment, were denied entry to hotels, restaurants and bars. They were confined to poorly paid and menial jobs, and it was only in 1979 that blacks were able to form their own trade unions. This page refers to the year 1979. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Apartheid also extended to "Coloureds" (people of mixed race) and Asians, and despite the white minority government's attempts to co-opt them by giving them more privileges than blacks, they were actively involved in opposition to apartheid. In the South African and Namibian context, the term Coloured (also known as Bruinmense, Kleurlinge or Bruine Afrikaners) refers to a rather heterogeneous group of people of mixed Khoisan, white European descent, Malay, Malagasy, Black (Bantu), and South Indian ancestry, especially in the Western Cape. ... Asians in South Africa constitute two per cent of South Africas population, and most are of Indian origin, although there is also a small Chinese community. ...

Afrophobia in Islamic Africa

The arrival of Islam and the Arabic language in different parts of Africa has greatly influenced the cultural landscape of the continent. Beginning with the Muslim conquest in the 7th century AD, some parts of Africa, starting with the northern region, were incorporated into the wider Islamic world. Many Sahel nations, such as Chad, Sudan and Mali, remain divided along ethnic and religious lines, with Arabs (or more accurately Arabized indigenous Africans) enjoying better land and higher standards of living than their non-Arab countrymen. In the Darfur region of Sudan, these divisions recently erupted into a violent conflict, as the government-supported Janjaweed militia, recruited primarily from Northern Sudanese tribes, began a campaign against non-Arabic speaking peoples to the south. It should be noted, however, that in the context of the Darfur conflict, the distinction between "Arab" and "non-Arab" is often one of culture and religion, not race. Both parties are predominantly black African. Islam (Arabic: ; ) is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the Quran. ... The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent. ... The Islamic world is the world-wide community of those who identify with Islam, known as Muslims, and who number approximately one-and-a-half billion people. ... The location of Sahel in Africa The Sahel (from Arabic ساحل, sahil, shore, border or coast of the Sahara desert) is the boundary zone in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the more fertile region to the south, known as the Sudan (not to be confused with the country... Arabization is the gradual transformation of an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture. ... Darfur (Arabic دار فور, meaning home of the Fur) is a region of far western Sudan, bordering the Central African Republic, Libya, and Chad. ... The country of Sudan The Darfur conflict is an ongoing conflict in the Darfur region of western Sudan, mainly between the Janjaweed, a militia group recruited from local Arab tribes, and the non-Arab peoples of the region. ... The Janjaweed (Arabic جنجويد, variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, etc. ... For other uses, see Race (disambiguation). ...

The recent conversion of many African Americans to Islam further complicates this issue. The Nation of Islam, the largest organization representing African American Muslims, is widely regarded as a heretical sect by mainstream practitioners of Islam. Most denominations of Islam, including Sunni and Shi'a, believe that Allah would not manifest himself as a human being. However, the divinity of Wallace Fard Muhammad is a central tenet of the NOI. Mainstream Muslims also believe that Mohammed was the final prophet; no other prophets would appear after him. The fact that Muslims and Arabs are ethnically heterogeneous and hence unreceptive to the supremacist tendencies of the NOI is perhaps a further impediment to NOI-oriented black Muslim integration into mainstream Islamic society. Among Muslims, the NOI is generally viewed as parochial and deviant, particularly in its claims about Fard Muhammad. In response, many NOI members have accused Muslims of insensitivity to their circumstances. They argue that because of the unique experience of the oppression and degradation of slavery, NOI leader Elijah Muhammad was forced to use unique methods to introduce Islam to his people. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black), is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and socio-political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930 with a declared aim of resurrecting the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of the Black men and women of America and the rest of the world. ... Heresy, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a theological or religious opinion or doctrine maintained in opposition, or held to be contrary, to the Catholic or Orthodox doctrine of the Christian Church, or, by extension, to that of any church, creed, or religious system, considered as orthodox. ... A religious denomination, (also simply denomination) is a large, long-established subgroup within a religion that has existed for many years. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ... For other uses, see Allah (disambiguation). ... Wallace Fard Muhammad (1877-1893? – after 1934) was a preacher and founder of the Black-nationalist movement the Nation of Islam (NOI), establishing its first mosque in Detroit. ... For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ... Supremacism is the belief that a particular race, religion, gender, belief system or culture is superior to others and entitles those who identify with it to dominate, control or rule those who do not. ... It has been suggested that Chattel slavery be merged into this article or section. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Afrophobia in Asia

In Asia, Afrophobia stems from ignorance of Africa and Africans, as there are relatively few trade and political links between the two continents, and the lack of exposure to African culture has meant that prejudice and racial stereotypes now considered unacceptable in North America and Western Europe have endured. Africans studying at university in China have experienced racial abuse despite the Chinese government's abhorrence of racism, while in Japan, there are similar allegations of racism. World map showing the location of Asia. ... Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... The Nanjing Anti-African protests were mass demonstrations and riots against African students in Nanjing, China, which lasted from December 1988, to the following January. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

In Southeast Asia, one of the most popular brands of toothpaste was Hong Kong-based Hawley and Hazel's 'Darkie', which featured a grinning black man in a top hat as its logo. [1] In 1985, Hawley and Hazel was acquired by Colgate, and following protests from US civil rights groups, Darkie was renamed 'Darlie', with the man's ethnic origins being less identifiable. Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Modern toothpaste gel Toothpaste is a paste or gel used to clean and improve the aesthetic appearance and health of teeth. ... This article is about the year. ... Colgate redirects here. ...

In the 1980s, a Japanese doll called '"Dakko-chan', which was black and had fat lips, was sold overseas as 'Little Black Sambo' but was later withdrawn after many complaints from people in the US.

Afrophobia among Blacks

Self-hate among blacks has generally occurred since they first came into contact with foreign powers. Slave owners frequently enlisted the aid of black intermediaries. The enthusiasm of tribal leaders to sell their people has often been presented as a justification for the exploitation and colonization of the African continent, on the false basis that blacks are not capable of forming cohesive, lawful societies. Many have suggested that the attitude of these black collaborators was grounded in Afrophobic sentiment. Literally, self-hatred refers to an extreme dislike of oneself, or being angry at oneself. ... It has been suggested that Chattel slavery be merged into this article or section. ...

On plantations of the Southern United States, resentment often brewed between outdoor field slaves and indoor domestic slaves, who were perceived to be closer to the white plantation owners. The latter, in turn, often developed an Afrophobic outlook. The stereotype of the Uncle Tom, an obsequious, servile black who submits unreservedly to white authority, remains in use to this day. Southern United States. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... // The term as a pejorative epithet Uncle Tom is a pejorative term for a black person who is perceived by other blacks to be obsequiously servile to white authority figures, or who simply are perceived as being unnecessarily accommodating of whites. ...

Following the American Civil War and the exodus of blacks to cities of the Northern United States, many new forms of black self-loathing came into existence. Though no longer rigidly confined to a servile position, African Americans as a group nevertheless remained politically and socially oppressed, not to mention economically destitute. There was nevertheless the potential for individual success, which had never existed in the era of slavery. Many successful black professionals have since been accused of Afrophobic behavior, not necessarily because of their success, but because it is supposed that they had to collaborate with and submit to white society, in effect "selling their souls", in order to achieve material prosperity. Targets of this characterization have generally attributed it to jealousy and sour grapes. See also tall poppy syndrome. Combatants Union (remaining U.S. states) Confederate States of America Commanders Abraham Lincoln† Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties KIA: 110,000 Total dead: 360,000 Wounded: 275,200 KIA: 94,000 Total dead: 258,000 Wounded: 137,000+  The... The Northern United States or simply The North, is a region in the United States of America. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black), is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The soul, according to many religious and philosophical traditions, is a self aware ethereal substance particular to a unique living being. ... Tall poppy syndrome (TPS) is a term used in Australasia for a levelling social attitude, pushed to the point of bad behaviour. ...

The stereotype of the sell-out black professional, regardless of its basis in reality, has made a significant impact on popular culture, and can be found throughout literature. In Raisin in the Sun, for instance, the character of George Murchison embodies both success and self-loathing. Though professionally successful, he is obsessively attentive to white fashion and cultural mores, strenuously objecting to the Afro hairstyle. Popular culture, or pop culture, is the vernacular (peoples) culture that prevails in any given society. ... Literature is literally acquaintance with letters as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary (from the Latin littera meaning an individual written character (letter)). The term has generally come to identify a collection of texts, which in Western culture are mainly prose, both fiction and non-fiction... Lorraine Hansberrys 1959 A Raisin in the Sun was the first play written by a black woman to be produced on Broadway. ...

Many black public figures on the political right have been accused of Afrophobia, including the Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Clarence Thomas, United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, her predecessor Colin Powell, and politician Alan Keyes. In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply The Right, are terms that refer to the segment of the political spectrum often associated with any of several strains of conservatism, the religious right, and areas of classical liberalism, or simply the opposite of left-wing politics. ... To become a Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States, an individual must be nominated by the President of the United States and approved by the U.S. Senate, with at least half of that body approving in the affirmative. ... Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American jurist and has been an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since 1991. ... Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. ... Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is the 66th and current United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... Alan Keyes is a former American diplomat and was a Republican presidential candidate in 1996 and 2000. ...

It has even been suggested, by journalist John Carlson, that gangsta rap culture is an expression of Afrophobia. In his view, the tendency of rappers to portray black women as "bitches" and "whores", whilst glorifying violent behavior in black men, succeeds only in reinforcing racist stereotypes about African-Americans. The tone of this article is inappropriate for an encyclopedia. ... Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop music which involves a lyrical focus on the lifestyles of inner-city criminals. ... An African-American man drinks out of the colored only water cooler at a racially segregated street car terminal in the United States in 1939. ...

See also

• Racism
• Discrimination
• White Flight
• Apartheid
• Xenophobia
• Lynching
• Mass Hysteria
• Groupthink
• Negrophobia
• Pigmentocracy

An African-American man drinks out of the colored only water cooler at a racially segregated street car terminal in the United States in 1939. ... To discriminate socially is to make a distinction between people on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit. ... White flight is a colloquial term for the demographic trend of white people, generally but not always upper and middle class, moving from increasingly and predominantly non-white areas, often from urban cores to nearby suburbs or even to new locales entirely, e. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... Look up xenophobia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Lynching is a term loosely applied to various forms of violence, usually murder, conceived by its perpetrators as extra-legal punishment of offenders by a summary procedure, ignoring, or even contrary to, the strict forms of law, notably execution, or used as a terrorist method of enforcing social domination. ... In psychology collective hysteria is the name given to a phenomenon of the manifestation of the same hysterical symptoms by more than one person. ... Groupthink is a term widely (and mistakenly) attrbuted to psychologist Irving Janis. ... Negrophobia is a term used to refer to the prejudicial and discriminatory fear of African American freedmen, or former slaves, in the northern United States before the American Civil War. ... Pigmentocracy group-based social hierarchy based largely on human skin color. ...

References

• Immigrants in Chains: Afrophobia in American Legal History, 76 Oregon Law Review (1997)by Dennis Greene Professor of Law University of Dayton school of Law
• Writing Marginality in Modern French Literature: From Loti to Genet" by Edward J. Hughes
• "The Not-so-dark Continent " and "America loses its Afrophobia", pp. 18, 23-24, The Economist (April 26, 1997).
• The Rising tide of color against white world supremacy by Lothrop Stoddard

External links

• Shedding "Afrophobia": New democracies and potential markets make Africa fertile ground for blossoming U.S. interest
• "Writing Marginality in Modern French Literature: From Loti to Genet" by Edward J. Hughes
• University of Dayton School of Law Profeessor Dennis Green
• "As Zimbabwe Goes..." by Mark Gevisser
• Similarities in governor's races: Nebraska 1998, Alabama 1962
• The Rising Tide Of Color Against White World-supremacy
• Text of "The Rising Tide of Color" (1922)