NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Agaricus bisporus

Agaricus bisporus
mycological characteristics:
gills on hymenium
cap is convex This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For the fictional character, see Fungus the Bogeyman. ... Subphyla/Classes Pucciniomycotina Ustilaginomycotina Agaricomycotina Incertae sedis (no phylum) Wallemiomycetes Entorrhizomycetes Basidiomycota is one of two large phyla, that together with the Ascomycota, comprise the subkingdom Dikarya, which were in general what were called the Higher Fungi within the Kingdom Fungi. ... former Orders Subclass Homobasidiomycetidae Agaricales Boletales Cantharellales Corticiales Ganodermatales Gomphales Hericiales Hydnales Hymenochaetales Polyporales (Aphyllophorales) Poriales Russulales Schizophyllales Stereales Thelephorales Subclass Gasteromycetidae Lycoperdales Nidulariales Phallales Sclerodermatales Tulostomatales The Class Homobasidiomycetes is a taxonomic division in the Subdivision Hymenomycotina of the Division Basidiomycota (in the Kingdom Fungi). ... Homobasidiomycetidae is one of the two subclasses of the class Homobasidiomycetes which is contained in the Kingdom of Fungi. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Genera Agaricus Allopsalliota Anellaria Barcheria Chamaemyces Chlamydopus Chlorophyllum Coprinus Cystoagaricus Cystoderma Cystolepiota Endoptychum Gyrophragmium Lacrymaria Lepista Lepiota Leucoagaricus Leucocoprinus Leucopholiota Longula Macrolepiota Melanophyllum Micropsalliota Montagnea Notholepiota Psilocybe Ripartitella Termiticola Tulostoma Verrucospora Volvolepiota The Agaricaceae is a family of basidiomycete fungi and includes organisms previously known as Tulostomataceae, Lepiotaceae and Coprinaceae. ... Agaricus is a large and important genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide[1][2]. The genus includes the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), and the Field mushroom (Agaricus campestris) the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Jakob Emanuel Lange, born 1864 died 1941, was a Danish mycologist who studied the systematics of gilled mushrooms. ... Image File history File links Gills_icon. ... Classes Homobasidiomycetes - mushrooms Heterobasidiomycetes - jelly fungi The Subdivision Hymenomycotina (Hymenomycetes) is one of three taxa of the fungal Division Basidiomycota (fungi bearing spores on basidia). ... Image File history File links Convex_cap_icon. ... The cap of a fungal fruiting body. ...
hymenium is free Image File history File links Free_gills_icon2. ... Classes Homobasidiomycetes - mushrooms Heterobasidiomycetes - jelly fungi The Subdivision Hymenomycotina (Hymenomycetes) is one of three taxa of the fungal Division Basidiomycota (fungi bearing spores on basidia). ...
stipe has a ring Image File history File links Ring_stipe_icon. ... Diagram of a basidiomycete stipe with a annulus and vulva In mycology a stipe refers to the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. ...
spore print is brown Image File history File links Brown_spore_print_icon. ... Making a spore print of the mushroom Volvariella volvacea shown in composite: (photo lower half) mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; (photo upper half) cap removed after 24 hours showing pinkish-tan spore print. ...
ecology is saprophytic Image File history File links Saprophytic_ecology_icon. ... A saprotroph (or saprobe) is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. ...
edibility: edible Image File history File links Edible_toxicity_icon. ... It has been suggested that Mycophagy be merged into this article or section. ...

Agaricus bisporus, known as table mushroom, cultivated mushroom or button mushroom, is an edible basidiomycete fungus which naturally occurs in grasslands, fields and meadows across Europe and North America, though has spread much more widely and is one of the most widely cultivated mushrooms in the world. The original wild form bore a brownish cap and dark brown gills but more familiar is the current variant with a white form with white cap, stalk and flesh and brown gills. Classes Subdivision Teliomycotina Urediniomycetes Subdivision Ustilaginomycotina Ustilaginomycetes Subdivision Hymenomycotina Homobasidiomycetes - mushrooms The Division Basidiomycota is a large taxon within the Kingdom Fungi that includes those species that produce spores in a club_shaped structure called a basidium. ... For the fictional character, see Fungus the Bogeyman. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Agriculture is the production of food, feed, fiber and other goods by the systematic raising of domesticated plants and animals. ... For other uses, see Mushroom (disambiguation). ...

Some grocery stores in the Western world sell this mushroom in canned and fresh preparations. An agaric, its gills are often left on in preparations. It can be found cooked on pizzas and casseroles, stuffed mushrooms, raw on salads, and in various forms in a variety of dishes. Mycologist Paul Stamets has raised concerns that this mushroom contains trace quantities of a chemical agaritine known to have carcinogenic properties, though whether levels are sufficient to cause harm in consumers is debated.^[1] For a large scale grocery store, see supermarket. ... Occident redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see Pizza (disambiguation). ... In cooking, a casserole (from the French for stew pan) is a large, deep, covered pot or dish used both in the oven and as a serving dish. ... Salad Platter Cold Meat Salad Decorated green salad Salad is a mixture of foods, usually including vegetables or fruits, often with a dressing or sauce, occasionally nuts or croutons and sometimes with the addition of meat, fish, pasta or cheese. ... Paul Stamets next to Bridgeoporus (Oxyporus) nobilissimus. ...

Taxonomy and naming

Agaricus bisporus is known by many names several of which refer to different stages; "button mushroom" when sold, collected or eaten in young, unopened form, "Crimini mushroom" or "baby bella" an immature portobello, or "Portobello mushroom" as a large brown mature mushroom. It is known as the champignon de Paris in France. It is also often called simply "champignon" (the french word for "fungus") in several languages.

The cultivated mushroom is a member of the large genus Agaricus, which has numerous members which are edible, tasty and collected worldwide. The next best-known is the commonly collected wild mushroom A. campestris, known in North America as the meadow mushroom or field mushroom in England and Australia. This can be found throughout much of the United States and Europe. Agaricus is a large and important genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide[1][2]. The genus includes the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), and the Field mushroom (Agaricus campestris) the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West. ... Binomial name Agaricus campestris (L. 1753) Agaricus campestris, commonly known as the Field mushroom or, in North America, Meadow mushroom, is a widely eaten gilled mushroom closely related to the button mushroom. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

Agaricus bisporus was originally described by Danish mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange and named as Psalliota bisporus,^{[citation needed]} as for many years it and other members of the genus were placed in the genus Psalliota. Agaricus brunnescens was a name coined by Charles Horton Peck in 1900 which has since been synonymised into A. bisporus. Jakob Emanuel Lange, born 1864 died 1941, was a Danish mycologist who studied the systematics of gilled mushrooms. ... Charles Horton Peck, born March 30th 1833 in Sand Lake, New York, died 1917 in Albany, New York, was an American mycologist of the 19th and early 20th centuries. ...

The name bisporus comes from bi, meaning two, and sporus meaning spored. Most basidiomycetes have four spores per basidia but this species has mostly only two spores per basidia. This is a very distinctive microscopic characteristic.

Description

The pileus or cap of the original wild species is pale brown in color and 5-10 cm (2-4 in) in diameter; it is first hemispherical in shape before flattening out with maturity. The crowded gills are initially pink, then red-brown and finally a dark brown, as is the spore print. The stipe is up to 6 cm (2⅓ in) tall and bears a rough ring. The flesh is white though stains a pale pinkish-red on bruising.^[2]^[3] The cap of a fungal fruiting body. ... Mushroom gills Mushroom gills revealed through backlighting. ... Diagram of a basidiomycete stipe with a annulus and vulva In mycology a stipe refers to the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. ... An annulus is the ring like structure sometimes found on the stipe of a mushroom. ...

Commonly found in fields and grassy areas after rain from late spring through to autumn worldwide, especially in association with manure. It is widely collected and eaten, even by those who would not normally experiment with mushrooming.^[3] Mushroom hunting (or mushrooming) is the activity of searching for mushrooms in the wild, typically for consumption. ...

Similar species

The common mushroom can easily be confused with young specimens of the deadly poisonous destroying angel (Amanita virosa), however the latter can be distinguished by their volva or cup at the base of the mushroom and pure white gills (as opposed to pinkish or brown of Agaricus bisporus). Thus it is important to always clear away debris and examine the base of a mushroom, as well as cutting open young specimens to check the gills. Furthermore, the destroying angel grows on mossy woods and lives symbiotically with spruce. Morphological characteristics of the caps of mushroom, such as those illustrated in the above chart, are essential for correct mushroom identification. ... Binomial name Amanita virosa Lam. ... The volva is a mycological term to describe a cup-like structure at the base of a mushroom which is a remnant of the Universal veil. ... Species About 35; see text. ...

A more common and less dangerous mistake is to confuse this with the inedible yellow-staining mushroom (Agaricus xanthodermus), a common mushroom found worldwide in grassy areas which can be distinguished by its chemical smell reminiscent of phenol and its flesh which turns yellow on bruising. This fungus causes gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea and vomiting in some people. Binomial name Agaricus xanthodermus Genev. ... Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a colourless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ...

Culinary use

Common mushrooms are fairly rich in vitamins and minerals. The mushroom contains an especially high amount of vitamin B and potassium. Raw mushrooms are naturally cholesterol, fat, and sodium free. The mushrooms also have very low energy levels — five medium-sized common mushrooms added together only have 20 calories. Retinol (Vitamin A) For the record label, see Vitamin Records A vitamin is an organic compound required in tiny amounts for essential metabolic reactions in a living organism. ... Vitamin B is a complex of several vitamins. ... General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ...

Common mushrooms have a unique flavor that can be matched by few other mushrooms. No specific flavor can be defined; most people describe the mushroom as "plain", but other people say that the common mushroom tastes slightly sweet or "meaty".

Like potatoes and apples, table mushrooms oxidize ("rust") quickly when exposed to air. When sliced and exposed to air for ten minutes or more, the mushrooms quickly soften, turn a brownish color, and lose their original flavor. For other uses, see Potato (disambiguation). ... This article is about the fruit. ... To oxidize an element or a compound is to increase its oxidation number. ...

History of cultivation

The cultivated Agaricus bisporus common mushroom originated in France. Originally, cultivation was unreliable as mushroom growers would watch for good flushes of mushrooms in fields and then dig up the mycelium, replanting in beds of composted manure or inoculating 'bricks' of compressed litter, loam and manure. Spawn collected this way contained pathogens and crops would be commonly infected or not grow at all.^[4] Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. ...

In 1893 sterilised, or pure culture, spawn was discovered and produced by the Pasteur Institute in Paris.^[5] Today's commercial variety of the common mushroom was originally a light brown color. In 1926, a Pennsylvanian mushroom farmer found a clump of common mushrooms with white caps in his mushroom bed. Like white bread it was seen as a more attractive food item and was very popular.^[6] As was done with the navel orange and Red Delicious apple, cultures were grown from the mutant individuals, and most of the cream-colored store mushrooms we see today are products of this chance natural mutation. The Pasteur Institute (French: Institut Pasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, microorganisms, diseases and vaccines. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... The Red Delicious is a cultivar of apple. ...

In most supermarkets, common mushrooms are marketed as "table mushrooms" and are often packed in small quantities. Mushrooms may be sold sliced or whole.

Portobello mushroom

The 'Portobello mushroom' is a large brown strain of the same fungus, left to mature and take on a broader, more open shape before picking. Portobello mushrooms are distinguished by their large size, thick cap and stem, and a distinctive musky smell. Because of their size and the thickness of their fleshy caps, these mushrooms can be cooked in a range of different ways, including grilling and frying.

Crimini mushroom

Although sometimes described a sub-variety of the portobello mushroom, the Crimini or Cremini mushroom is actually an immature portobello. Marketers have begun to refer to Crimini mushrooms as baby Portobellos and Portabellinis. Left to grow another 48 to 72 hours, a Crimini mushroom will more than quadruple in size, taking on the large-capped Portobello shape. They are more delicate in texture but still have the meaty Portobello flavor.

Agaritine

All mushrooms of the genus Agaricus contain agaritine, a suspected carcinogen^[7]^[8]. Agaricus is a large and important genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide[1][2]. The genus includes the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), and the Field mushroom (Agaricus campestris) the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West. ... The hazard symbol for carcinogenic chemicals in the Globally Harmonized System. ...

Contents

Taxonomy and naming

Description

Similar species

Culinary use

History of cultivation

Portobello mushroom

Crimini mushroom

Agaritine

References

Cited texts

External links

Contents

Taxonomy and naming GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Description

Similar species

Culinary use

History of cultivation

Portobello mushroom

Crimini mushroom

Agaritine

References

Cited texts

External links

Taxonomy and naming