NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Agglutination (biology)

Agglutination is the clumping of particles. The word agglutination comes from the Latin agglutinare, "to glue to."

1. The clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells, in the presence of an antibody. The antibody or other molecule binding with multiple particles, and joining them.

2. The coalescing of small particles that are suspended in solution; these larger masses are then (usually) precipitated.

3. An allergic reaction type occurrence where cells become more compacted together to prevent foreign materials entering them. This is usually the result of an antigen in the vicinity of the cells.

Agglutination in hematology

Hemagglutination

Hemagglutination is a more specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells (RBCs) and can be used to identify RBC surface antigens (with known antibodies) or to screen for antibodies (with RBCs with known surface antigens). Image File history File links Size of this preview: 695 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (697 Ã— 601 pixel, file size: 109 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Photo of bedside blood grouping card showing agglutination of blood with anti-A and anti-Rh(D), but not with anti-B. The blood group is... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 695 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (697 Ã— 601 pixel, file size: 109 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Photo of bedside blood grouping card showing agglutination of blood with anti-A and anti-Rh(D), but not with anti-B. The blood group is... Hemagglutination (also haemagglutination) is a more specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells. ... Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood. ...

Using anti-A and anti-B antibodies that bind specifically to either the A or to the B blood group surface antigens on RBCs it is possible to test a small sample of blood and determine the ABO blood group (or blood type) of an individual. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Blood type (or blood group) is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells. ... An antigen is any molecule that is recognized by antibodies. ... Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood. ... Abo may refer to: Ã…bo, the Swedish name for Turku in Finland. ... A blood type is a description an individuals characteristics of red blood cells due to substances (carbohydrates and proteins) on the cell membrane. ...

The bedside card method of blood grouping relies on visual agglutination to determine an individual's blood group. The card has dried blood group antibody reagents fixed onto its surface and a drop of the individuals blood is placed on each area on the card. The presence or absence of visual agglutination enables a quick convenient method of determining the ABO and Rhesus status of the individual. A reagent or reactant is any substance used in a chemical reaction. ...

Coombs test

Agglutination of red blood cells is used in the Coombs test. Coombs test (also known as Coombs test, antiglobulin test or AGT) refers to two clinical blood tests used in hematology and immunology. ... Coombs test (also known as Coombs test, antiglobulin test or AGT) refers to two clinical blood tests used in hematology and immunology. ...

Cross-matching

In cross-matching, agglutination occurring when donor and recipient's blood are incubated together indicates that the donor blood is incompatible for that particular recipient. In medicine, Cross-matching refers to the process of performing blood tests to determine the similarity between two different blood types. ... In medicine, Cross-matching refers to the process of performing blood tests to determine the similarity between two different blood types. ... A donor in general is a person that donates something. ... The term compatibility has the following meanings: In telecommunication, the capability of two or more items or components of equipment or material to exist or function in the same system or environment without mutual interference. ...

Leukoagglutination

Leukoagglutination is when the particles involved are white blood cells. A scanning electron microscope image of normal circulating human blood. ...

Agglutination in microbiology

Agglutination is commonly used as a method of identifying specific bacterial antigens, and in turn, the identity of such bacteria. Because the clumping reaction occurs quickly and is easy to produce, agglutination is an important technique in diagnosis.

History of discoveries

Two bacteriologists, Herbert Edward Durham (-1945) and Max von Gruber (1853-1927), discovered specific agglutination in 1896. The clumping became known as Gruber-Durham reaction. Gruber introduced the term agglutinin (from the Latin) for any substance that caused agglutination of cells. Max von Gruber Max von Gruber (July 6, 1853 â€“ September 16, 1927) was an Austrian scientist. ...

French physician Fernand Widal (1862-1929) put Gruber and Durham's discovery to practical use later in 1896, using the reaction as the basis for a test for typhoid fever. Widal found that blood serum from a typhoid carrier caused a culture of typhoid bacteria to clump, whereas serum from a typhoid-free person did not. This Widal test was the first example of serum diagnosis. For a related disease which is caused by a different bacterium, see Paratyphoid fever. ... The Widal test is a serological test for Salmonella typhi. ...

Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner found another important practical application of the agglutination reaction in 1900. Landsteiner's agglutination tests and his discovery of ABO blood groups was the start of the science of blood transfusion and serology which had made transfusion possible and safe. Karl Landsteiner Karl Landsteiner (June 14, 1868 â€“ June 26, 1943), was an Austrian biologist and physician. ... Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. ... Serology is the scientific study of blood serum. ...

See also

Categories: Immunology | Hematology A macrophage of a mouse stretching its arms to engulf two particles, possibly pathogens Macrophages (Greek: big eaters, makros = long, phagein = eat) are white blood cells, more specifically phagocytes, acting in the nonspecific defense as well as the specific defense system of vertebrate animals. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made it an excellent tool in the detection of substances in a variety of diagnostic techniques, known collectively as diagnostic immunology. ... Immunoprecipitation is the technique of precipitating an antigen out of solution using an antibody specific to that antigen. ... Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, is an experimental method used in molecular biology. ... Immunodiffusion is a diagnostic test which involves diffusion through a substance such as agar. ... Ouchterlony double immuno diffusion is a simple, rather dated method which is still considered to be the gold standard for detection of ENAs (Extractable Nuclear Antigens). ... Radial immunodiffusion is a immunodiffusion technique used in immunology to detect quantity of antigen by measuring the radius surrounding samples of the antigen, marking the boundary between it and antibody. ... Immunoelectrophoresis (IES) is the electrophoresis of a determined antigen mixture in an agarose gel that allows the separation of different proteins along the gel slide, and then the lateral diffusion in the gel of an immune serum or a monoclonal antibody. ... A laboratory technique used to evaluate the binding of an antibody to its antigen. ... An immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the concentration of a substance in a biological liquid, typically serum or urine, using the reaction of an antibody or antibodies to its antigen. ... Elisa (born Elisa Toffoli on 19 December 1977) is an Italian singer and solo artist, writing and performing within several genres, notably rock, blues, soul and ambient. ... The Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique, or EMIT, is a common method for screening urine and blood for drugs, whether legal or illicit. ... A RAST test (short for radioallergosorbent test) is a blood test used to determine what a person is allergic to. ... Radioimmunoassay is a scientific method used to test hormone levels in the blood without the need to use a bioassay. ... Immunofluorescence is the labeling of antibodies or antigens with fluorescent dyes. ... Nephelometry is a technique used in immunology to determine levels of IgM, IgG, and IgA.[1] It is performed by shining light on a sample, and measuring the amount of light reflected. ... Hemagglutination (also haemagglutination) is a more specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells. ... The complement fixation test is an immunological medical test looking for evidence of infection. ... Immunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of localizing proteins in cells of a tissue section exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues. ...

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