Aggression is sometimes used to intimidate and coerce during extremely rigorous physical training. Here a drill instructor screams at soldiers during an exercise.

Aggression is defined as ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (979x1183, 327 KB) Summary A drill instructor shouts at soldiers. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (979x1183, 327 KB) Summary A drill instructor shouts at soldiers. ... A Drill Instructor, Drill Sergeant, or Military Training Instructor is a non-commissioned officer in the armed forces with specific duties that vary by country. ... A soldier is a person who has enlisted with, or has been conscripted into, the armed forces of a sovereign country and has undergone training and received equipment (such as a uniform and weapon) to defend that country or its interests. ...

• The act of initiating hostilities or invasion.
• The practice or habit of launching attacks.
• Hostile or destructive behavior or actions.

In psychology, aggression encompasses many different types of behaviour, some of which are not clearly related to each other. Consequently, aggression has been a difficult term to provide one concise definition for. The 1944 Invasion of Normandy An invasion is a military action consisting of armed forces of one geo-political entity entering territory controlled by another such entity, often resulting in the invading power occupying the area, whether briefly or for a long period, and sometimes permanently. ... Auguste Rodins The Thinker, bronze cast by Alexis Rudier, Laeken Cemetery, Brussels, Belgium. ...

Moyer (1968) presented an early, and highly influential, classification of seven different forms of aggression.

1. Predatory aggression: attack on prey by a predator.
2. Inter-male aggression: competition between males of the same species over access to females, dominance, status etc.
3. Fear-induced aggression: aggression associated with attempts to flee from a threat
4. Irritable aggression: aggression directed towards an available target induced by some sort of frustration (e.g. schedule-induced aggression)
5. Territorial aggression: defence of a fixed space against intruders, typically conspecifics.
6. Maternal aggression: a female's aggression to protect her offspring from a threat. Paternal aggression also exists.
7. Instrumental aggression: aggression directed towards obtaining some goal, maybe a learned response to a situation

ŒœáħŐųŁġĖĞɮʙ[[]] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with predation. ... Male symbol Male is the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, which produces sperm. ... For the meaning of the word dominance in genetics, please see Dominance relationship Dominance in the context of biology and anthropology is the state of having high social status relative to other individuals, who react submissively to dominant individuals. ... Fear is an unpleasant feeling of perceived risk or danger, whether it be real or imagined. ... Frustration is a human emotion that occurs in situations where ones goals remain unreachable indefinitely. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Space Attempting to understand the nature of space has always been a prime occupation for philosophers and scientists. ... PROTECT, or The National Association to Protect Children, is an American grassroots political lobby dedicated to the prevention of child abuse and rectification of flawed policies. ... A father is the male parent of a child. ... Template:Wiktionarypar objective Objective may be: Objective lens, an optical element in a camera or microscope. ... Learned redirects here. ... A response is the following: Often a response is the result of a stimulus. ...

Biological basis of aggressive behaviour

Exposure to elevated androgen concentrations in the womb has been link to increased aggressiveness in adulthood in both lab mice (vom Saal & Bronson, 1980; Ryan & Vandenbergh, 2002) and humans (Reinisch, 1977; Reinisch, 1981; Berenbaum & Reinisch, 1997). Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. ...

Enhanced levels of aggression in male mice and monkeys have been associated with the hormone monoamine oxidase A, MAO-A. However, studies in macaque and humans showed that its negative effects can usually be mitigated by parenting. MAO-A is an abbreviation for monoamine oxidase A. There are 2 varieties of monoamine oxidase, which are MAO-A and MAO-B. MAO-A mainly breaks down the neurochemicals serotonin and norepinephrine, whereas MAO-B mainly breaks down the neurochemicals dopamine and phenylethylamine. ...

Aggression against outsiders

The easiest aggression to explain is that of a group defending itself against a predator to prevent being eaten.

Either the strong will form a circle around the weak and defend them, thus using aggression and also endangering themselves, or the group will flee and the weak get eaten.

Aggression against the own kind

One function of aggression is that the leader of a group is determined or the pecking order.

Another purpose of aggression is the gaining of an own territory. Initially that means scaring away the competition of the own kind. An effect of this is that the own kind will spread itself over the available space, each having its own territory. Once all territory has been used up, the aggression will, instead of scaring away, lead to death.

Aggression against friends

Since aggression is part of life and partly genetic, not being able to express aggression can be unhealthy. If people are locked up together for a long time they may fight with each other. Aggression can be experienced as fun when it fulfills this drive, in particular if one does not run any risk himself, which may explain the origin of bullying. A bully is an individual who tends to torment others, either through verbal harassment or physical assaults, or through more subtle methods of coercion. ...

Psychology

Aggression is one of the most important and most controversial kinds of motivation. Its use as a category in the psychology of motivation has often been criticised, because it is clear that it encompasses a vast range of phenomena, from modern war to squabbles between individuals. It is far from clear that these have anything in common other than the risk that someone gets hurt. There is a constant danger that concepts and explanations that are useful in the study of one kind of aggression will be misapplied in a different field. However, it remains one of the most important topics in many areas of psychology and other social sciences, including: This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Auguste Rodins The Thinker, bronze cast by Alexis Rudier, Laeken Cemetery, Brussels, Belgium. ... The only atomic weapons ever used in war - the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, 1945, effectively ending World War II. The bombs over Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki immediately killed over 120,000 people. ... Terms like SOSE (Studies of Society & the Environment) not only refer to social sciences but also studies of the environment. ...

• motivation
• ethology and comparative psychology
• social psychology
• psychoanalysis and other kinds of depth psychology
• game theory
• social anthropology
• criminology
• ethics
• international relations

This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior considered as a branch of zoology. ... Comparative psychology, taken in its most usual, broad sense, refers to the study of the behaviour and mental life of animals other than human beings. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Depth psychology is a broad term that refers to any psychological approach examining the depth (the hidden or deeper parts) of human experience. ... Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that studies strategic situations where players choose different actions in an attempt to maximize their returns. ... Cultural anthropology, also called social anthropology or socio-cultural anthropology, is one of four commonly recognized fields of anthropology, the holistic study of humanity. ... Criminology is the study of crime as a social phenomenon, including the causes and consequences of crime, criminal behavior, as well as the development of, and impact of laws. ... Ethics (from Greek ethikos) is the branch of axiology – one of the four major branches of philosophy, alongside metaphysics, epistemology, and logic – which attempts to understand the nature of morality; to define that which is right from that which is wrong. ... International relations (IR), a branch of political science, is the study of foreign affairs of and relations among states within the international system, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). ...

Identification

Not all aggression is direct or readily identifiable. Some aggression may occur in the context of what appear to be a friendship. Such Relational aggression may involve domination, even sadism as the more powerful friend torments the weaker through threats of exclusion. Indirect aggression involves such actions as spreading rumors about others, even lies; as may social aggression which attacks self esteem or social status. Together these are characterized by Rachel Simmons in Odd Girl Out as alternative aggression. Friendship is a human relationship which involves mutual knowledge, esteem, and affection. ... Relational aggression is a term used to describe psychological (social/emotional) aggression between people in relationships. ... Domination is a supreme or preeminate control, rule, or governing; plural dominion. ... Flogging demonstration at Folsom Street Fair 2004. ... A rumor (Commonwealth English: rumour) is a piece of purportedly true information that circulates without substantiating evidence. ... To tell a lie is to make a declarative statement to another person that one believes to be false, with the intention that the other person believe that statement to be true, and with the intention that the other person believe that one believes the statement to be true. ... In psychology, self-esteem or self-worth includes a persons subjective appraisal of himself or herself as intrinsically positive or negative to some degree (Sedikides & Gregg, 2003). ... Social status is the standing, the honour or prestige attached to ones position in society. ...

See also

• Bully
• Conflict
• Konrad Lorenz
• Male-male aggression, as component of sexual selection
• On Aggression
• Resource holding potential
• Testosterone poisoning

A bully is an individual who tends to torment others, either through verbal harassment and/or physical assaults, or through more subtle methods of coercion. ... Conflict is a state of opposition, disagreement or incompatibility between two or more people or groups of people, which is sometimes characterized by physical violence. ... Lorenz being followed by his imprinted geese Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (November 7, 1903–February 27, 1989) was an Austrian zoologist, animal psychologist, and ornithologist. ... Illustration from The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex by Charles Darwin showing the Tufted Coquette Lophornis ornatus, female on left, ornamented male on right. ... On Aggression is a book by ethologist Konrad Lorenz on instinctual aggression within animals and humans. ... In biology resource holding potential (RHP) is the ability of an animal to win an all-out fight were one to take place. ... Testosterone poisoning is a neologism referring to those aspects of male behavior regarded as self-defeating or humorous and allegedly caused by an excess of the male hormone testosterone. ...

References

• Berenbaum, S.A. & Reinisch, J.M. (1997) Early androgen effects on aggression in children and adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 22:505--515.
• Moyer, KE. 1968. Kinds of aggression and their physiological basis. Communications in Behavioral Biology 2A:65-87.
• Rachel Simmons, Odd Girl Out: The Hidden Culture of Aggression in Girls, Harcourt, 2002, hardcover, 296 pages, ISBN 0151006040
• Reinisch, J.M (1977) Prenatal exposure of human foetuses to synthetic progestin and estrogen affects personality. Nature 266:561--562.
• Reinisch, J.M (1981) Prenatal exposure to synthetic progestins increases potential for aggression in humans. Science 211:1171--1173.
• Ryan B.C. & Vandenbergh J.G. (2002) Intrauterine position effects. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 26:665-678.