Common names: moccasins, copperheads, cantils.^[2]  
 
Agkistrodon is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in North America from the United States south to northern Costa Rica.^[1] The name is derived from the Greek words ancistro, meaning "hook" and odon, which means "tooth", and is likely a reference to the fangs.^[2] Three species are currently recognized,^[3] all of them polytypic and closely related.^[4] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 757 × 600 pixels Full resolution (1024 × 811 pixel, file size: 1. ... Binomial name Agkistrodon contortrix Linnaeus, 1766 Synonyms Boa contortrix - Linnaeus, 1766 Scytale contortrix - Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 Scytale Cupreus - Rafinesque, 1818 Scytale cupreus - Say, 1819 Tisiphone cuprea - Fitzinger, 1826 [Cenchris] marmorata - F. Boie, 1827 Acontias atro-fuscus - Troost, 1836 [Toxicophis atro-fuscus] - Troost, 1836 T[rigonocephalus]. cenchris - Schlegel, 1837 Trigonocephalus Contortrix... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Subclasses Anapsida Diapsida Synonyms Reptilia Laurenti, 1768 Reptiles are tetrapods and amniotes, animals whose embryos are surrounded by an amniotic membrane, and members of the class Sauropsida. ... Suborders Lacertilia- Lizards Serpentes - Snakes Amphisbaenia - Worm lizards This article is about the Squamata order of reptiles. ... Families Acrochordidae Aniliidae Anomalepididae Anomochilidae Atractaspididae Boidae Bolyeriidae Colubridae Cylindrophiidae Elapidae Hydrophiidae Leptotyphlopidae Loxocemidae Pythonidae Tropidophiidae Typhlopidae Uropeltidae Viperidae Xenopeltidae Snakes are cold blooded legless reptiles closely related to lizards, which share the order Squamata. ... Synonyms Viperae - Laurenti, 1768 Viperini - Oppel, 1811 Viperidae - Gray, 1825[1] The Viperidae are a family of venomous snakes commonly referred to as vipers, although the term viperids is more specific and distinguishes them from the viperines (subfamily Viperinae). ... {{Taxobox[[{| class=wikitable |- ]]</nowiki>]] --> </gallery> |} |}]]| [[Image:[[Media:Failed to parse (unknown error): == <nowiki>#REDIRECT [[<sup><small>[ == == == [[Image:[[Image:[[Media:[[Media:#REDIRECT [[#REDIRECT [[#REDIRECT [[ ---- ---- <math><math><math>[[Media:[[Media: == == == == == == [[[[[[color = pink]]]]]] == == == == == ==]]]] </math></math>]]]]]]]]]]]]]] == == ==]]]</nowiki> ==</math>]]]] | name = Crotalinae | image = TimberRattler. ... Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot, baron de Beauvois. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... In scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... A venomous snake is a snake that uses modified saliva, venom, delivered through fangs in its mouth, to immobilize or kill its prey. ... {{Taxobox[[{| class=wikitable |- ]]</nowiki>]] --> </gallery> |} |}]]| [[Image:[[Media:Failed to parse (unknown error): == <nowiki>#REDIRECT [[<sup><small>[ == == == [[Image:[[Image:[[Media:[[Media:#REDIRECT [[#REDIRECT [[#REDIRECT [[ ---- ---- <math><math><math>[[Media:[[Media: == == == == == == [[[[[[color = pink]]]]]] == == == == == ==]]]] </math></math>]]]]]]]]]]]]]] == == ==]]]</nowiki> ==</math>]]]] | name = Crotalinae | image = TimberRattler. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Polytypic refers to a taxonomic group with more than one subgroup at the next (smaller) taxonomic level. ...

Description

Members of this genus have a number of features in common. All species have a relatively broad head with short fangs. A loreal scale is present, except in A. piscivorus. There are usually nine large symmetrical platelike scales on the crown of the head, but in all species these are often irregularly fragmented or have sutures, especially in A. bilineatus. All have a sharply defined canthus rostralis and a vertically elliptical pupil. There are 6-10 (usually 8) supralabial scales and 8-13 (usually 10-11) sublabials. The dorsal scales are mostly keeled and at midbody number 21-25 (usually 23), while A. piscivorus has 23-27 (usually 25). There are 127-157 ventral scales and 36-71 subcaudals. Of the latter, some may be divided. The anal scale is single. All have a color pattern of 10-20 dark crossbands on a lighter ground color, although sometimes the crossbands are staggered as half bands on either side of the body.^[2] Scales on a snakes head Loreal scale refers to the scales of a snake which lie between the eye and the nostril of a snake. ... Binomial name (Lacépède, 1789) Synonyms Vipera aquatica - Catesby, 1743 Crot[alus]. Piscivorus - Lacépède, 1789 C[rotalus]. Aquaticus - Bonnaterre, 1790 Scytale piscivora - Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 Coluber Aquaticus - Shaw, 1802 Coluber Tisiphone - Shaw, 1802 Scytale piscivorus - Daudin, 1803 [Coluber (Natrix)] piscivorus - Merrem, 1820 Colub[er]. tisiphone - Cuvier, 1829... Binomial name Agkistrodon bilineatus Günther, 1863 Synonyms Ancistrodon bilineatus - Günther, 1863 Ankistrodon bilineatum - Müller, 1877 Tr[igonocephalus] bilineatus - Müller, 1878 Ancistrodon bilineatum - Dugès, 1896 Agkistrodon bilineatus - Stejneger, 1899 Ancistrodonus bilineatus - Herrera, 1899 Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus - Burger & Robertson, 1951 Arkistrodon bilineatus - Martín del Campo, 1953... In snakes, the canthus, or canthus rostralis,[1] is the angle between the flat crown of the head and the side of the head between the eye and the snout. ... Atheris ceratophora In reptiles, the supralabial scales, also called upper-labials, are those scales that border the mouth opening along the upper jaw. ... Atheris ceratophora In reptiles, the sublabial scales, also called lower-labials or infralabials, are those scales that border the mouth opening along the lower jaw. ... Dorsal scales on the body of a Banded Krait Bungarus fasciatus, an Elapid. ... Amphiesma stolata In snakes, the ventral scales, or gastrosteges, are the enlarged scales that extend down the underside of the body[1] from the head to the anal plate. ... Amphiesma stolata In snakes, the subcaudal scales are the enlarged plates on the underside of the tail. ... Amphiesma stolata In snakes, the anal scale (or anal plate) is the scale just in front of and covering the cloacal opening. ...

The phylogeny of the three species has long been controversial. Studies based on morphological (Gloyd & Conant, 1990) and venom characteristics (Jones, 1976) support the idea that A. bilineatus and A. contortrix are more closely related. However, an analysis of mitochondrial DNA was conducted by Knight et al. (1992), as well as more recent molecular studies (Parkinson et al., 1997, 1999) have concluded that A. bilineatus and A. piscivorus are sister taxa, with A. contortrix being a sister species to them both.^[2] Phylogenetic groups, or taxa, can be monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic. ... The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ... Mitochondrial DNA (some captions in German) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria. ...

Geographic range

Found in North America from the northeastern and central USA southward through peninsular Florida and southwestern Texas. In Central America on the Atlantic versant from Tamaulipas and Nuevo León southward to the Yucatan Peninsula, Belize and Guatemala. Along the Pacific coastal plane and lower foothills from Sonora south through Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua to northwestern Costa Rica.^[1] North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area South Florida Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... Tamaulipas is a state in the northeast of Mexico. ... Nuevo León (Spanish for New León, after the former kingdom in Spain) is a state located in northeastern Mexico. ... The Yucatán Peninsula separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. ... Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico, bordering the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. ...

Behavior

All are semiaquatic to terrestrial and are often found near sources of water. However, A. contortrix and A. bilineatus are also found in dry habitats, often far from permanent streams or ponds.^[2] Binomial name Agkistrodon contortrix Linnaeus, 1766 Synonyms Boa contortrix - Linnaeus, 1766 Scytale contortrix - Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 Scytale Cupreus - Rafinesque, 1818 Scytale cupreus - Say, 1819 Tisiphone cuprea - Fitzinger, 1826 [Cenchris] marmorata - F. Boie, 1827 Acontias atro-fuscus - Troost, 1836 [Toxicophis atro-fuscus] - Troost, 1836 T[rigonocephalus]. cenchris - Schlegel, 1837 Trigonocephalus Contortrix... Binomial name Agkistrodon bilineatus Günther, 1863 Synonyms Ancistrodon bilineatus - Günther, 1863 Ankistrodon bilineatum - Müller, 1877 Tr[igonocephalus] bilineatus - Müller, 1878 Ancistrodon bilineatum - Dugès, 1896 Agkistrodon bilineatus - Stejneger, 1899 Ancistrodonus bilineatus - Herrera, 1899 Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus - Burger & Robertson, 1951 Arkistrodon bilineatus - Martín del Campo, 1953...

Reproduction

The members of this genus are all viviparous.^[2] Ovoviviparous animals develop within eggs that remain within the mothers body up until they hatch or are about to hatch. ...

Venom

It is assumed that the venom of all three species is not unlike that of A. contortrix, which contains thrombinlike enzymes that act upon the coagulant activity of the blood. A study of electrophoretic patterns of proteins in venoms among and within populations of A. contortrix and A. piscivorus showed that substantial variation exists (Jones, 1976), and there is no reason to believe that these differences do not correspond with variations in toxicity.^[2] Binomial name Agkistrodon contortrix Linnaeus, 1766 Synonyms Boa contortrix - Linnaeus, 1766 Scytale contortrix - Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 Scytale Cupreus - Rafinesque, 1818 Scytale cupreus - Say, 1819 Tisiphone cuprea - Fitzinger, 1826 [Cenchris] marmorata - F. Boie, 1827 Acontias atro-fuscus - Troost, 1836 [Toxicophis atro-fuscus] - Troost, 1836 T[rigonocephalus]. cenchris - Schlegel, 1837 Trigonocephalus Contortrix... It has been suggested that Electrophoretic mobility be merged into this article or section. ... Binomial name (Lacépède, 1789) Synonyms Vipera aquatica - Catesby, 1743 Crot[alus]. Piscivorus - Lacépède, 1789 C[rotalus]. Aquaticus - Bonnaterre, 1790 Scytale piscivora - Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 Coluber Aquaticus - Shaw, 1802 Coluber Tisiphone - Shaw, 1802 Scytale piscivorus - Daudin, 1803 [Coluber (Natrix)] piscivorus - Merrem, 1820 Colub[er]. tisiphone - Cuvier, 1829...

Species

*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).
^T) Type species.^[1] Binomial name Agkistrodon bilineatus Günther, 1863 Synonyms Ancistrodon bilineatus - Günther, 1863 Ankistrodon bilineatum - Müller, 1877 Tr[igonocephalus] bilineatus - Müller, 1878 Ancistrodon bilineatum - Dugès, 1896 Agkistrodon bilineatus - Stejneger, 1899 Ancistrodonus bilineatus - Herrera, 1899 Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus - Burger & Robertson, 1951 Arkistrodon bilineatus - Martín del Campo, 1953... Albrecht Carl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... Tamaulipas is a state in the northeast of Mexico. ... Nuevo León (Spanish for New León, after the former kingdom in Spain) is a state located in northeastern Mexico. ... The state of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that comprise Mexico. ... Location within Mexico Country  Mexico Capital Tuxtla Gutiérrez Municipalities 118 Largest City Tuxtla Gutiérrez Government  - Governor Juan José Sabines Guerrero ( PRD)  - Federal Deputies PRI: 7 PRD: 5  - Federal Senators PRI: 1 PRD: 1 PVEM: 1 Area Ranked 8th  - State 74,211 km²  (28,653 sq mi) Population (2005... Río Grijalva is a river in south Mexico. ... The Yucatán Peninsula separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. ... The State of Campeche was long a part of Yucatán and shared its history through the mid 19th century. ... Yucatán is the name of one of the 31 states of Mexico, located on the north of the Yucatán Peninsula. ... Quintana Roo is a state of Mexico, on the eastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula. ... Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico, bordering the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. ... Binomial name Agkistrodon contortrix Linnaeus, 1766 Synonyms Boa contortrix - Linnaeus, 1766 Scytale contortrix - Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 Scytale Cupreus - Rafinesque, 1818 Scytale cupreus - Say, 1819 Tisiphone cuprea - Fitzinger, 1826 [Cenchris] marmorata - F. Boie, 1827 Acontias atro-fuscus - Troost, 1836 [Toxicophis atro-fuscus] - Troost, 1836 T[rigonocephalus]. cenchris - Schlegel, 1837 Trigonocephalus Contortrix... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... 1766 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) None Capital Oklahoma City Largest city Oklahoma City Area  Ranked 20th  - Total 69,898 sq mi (181,196 km²)  - Width 230 miles (370 km)  - Length 298 miles (480 km)  - % water 1. ... Official language(s) English[2] Capital Topeka Largest city Wichita Area  Ranked 15th  - Total 82,277 sq mi (213,096 km²)  - Width 211 miles (340 km)  - Length 417 miles (645 km)  - % water 0. ... Official language(s) English Capital Jefferson City Largest city Kansas City Largest metro area St Louis[1] Area  Ranked 21st  - Total 69,709 sq mi (180,693 km²)  - Width 240 miles (385 km)  - Length 300 miles (480 km)  - % water 1. ... Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Area  Ranked 29th  - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,002 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 261 miles (420 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) de jure: none de facto: English & French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans [1] Area  Ranked 31st  - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 16  - Latitude 29°N to 33°N  - Longitude 89°W... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area  Ranked 30th  - Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km²)  - Width 190 miles (306 km)  - Length 330 miles (531 km)  - % water 3. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area South Florida Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32° 2′ N to 35° 13′ N  - Longitude... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (901 km)  - % water 9. ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  Ranked 35th  - Total 42,774 sq mi (110,785 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 7. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Area  Ranked 41st  - Total 24,244 sq mi (62,809 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 240 miles (385 km)  - % water 0. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... Official language(s) English Capital Indianapolis Largest city Indianapolis Area  Ranked 38th  - Total 36,418 sq mi (94,321 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 270 miles (435 km)  - % water 1. ... Official language(s) None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Cleveland Area  Ranked 34th  - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²)  - Width 220 miles (355 km)  - Length 220 miles (355 km)  - % water 8. ... Official language(s) English Capital Des Moines Largest city Des Moines Area  Ranked 26th  - Total 56,272 sq mi (145,743 km²)  - Width 310 miles (500 km)  - Length 199 miles (320 km)  - % water 0. ... Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 280 miles (455 km)  - Length 160 miles (255 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 90 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N  - Longitude 75° 03′ W to 79° 29... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area  Ranked 47th  - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 km²)  - Width 70 miles (110 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 14. ... Capital Dover Largest city Wilmington Area  Ranked 49th  - Total 2,491 sq mi (6,452 km²)  - Width 30 miles (48 km)  - Length 100 miles (161 km)  - % water 21. ... “NY” redirects here. ... Official language(s) English Capital Hartford Largest city Bridgeport Largest metro area Hartford Area  Ranked 48th  - Total 5,543[2] sq mi (14,356 km²)  - Width 70 miles (113 km)  - Length 110 miles (177 km)  - % water 12. ... Official language(s) English Capital Boston Largest city Boston Area  Ranked 44th  - Total 10,555 sq mi (27,360 km²)  - Width 183 miles (295 km)  - Length 113 miles (182 km)  - % water 13. ... For other uses, see Chihuahua (disambiguation). ... Coahuila (formal name: Coahuila de Zaragoza) is one of Mexicos 31 component states. ... Binomial name (Lacépède, 1789) Synonyms Vipera aquatica - Catesby, 1743 Crot[alus]. Piscivorus - Lacépède, 1789 C[rotalus]. Aquaticus - Bonnaterre, 1790 Scytale piscivora - Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 Coluber Aquaticus - Shaw, 1802 Coluber Tisiphone - Shaw, 1802 Scytale piscivorus - Daudin, 1803 [Coluber (Natrix)] piscivorus - Merrem, 1820 Colub[er]. tisiphone - Cuvier, 1829... See also the disambiguation page Lacépède (disambiguation) de La Cépède Bernard Germain Étienne comte de La Ville-sur-Illon La Cépède (December 26, 1756 – October 6, 1825) was a French naturalist. ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the river that empties into the Gulf of Mexico. ... Type specimens When a new species is discovered, more important than creating a new and unique name for the species is developing a reasonably detailed description. ...

Taxonomy

This genus was previously much larger and also included the following genera:^[1]

• Calloselasma - The Malayan pit viper found in Southeast Asia.
• Deinagkistrodon - The Hundred-pace viper found mostly in southern China.
• Gloydius - Moccasins found in Asia.
• Hypnale - Hump-nosed vipers found in India and Sri Lanka.

Binomial name Calloselasma rhodostoma (Kuhl, 1824) Synonyms Tisiphone - Fitzinger, 1843 Leiolepis - AMC Duméril, 1853 Calloselasma - Cope, 1860[1] [Trigonocephalus] rhodostoma - Kuhl, 1824 [Trigonocephalus] rhodostoma - F. Boie, 1827 [Trigonocephalus] praetextatus - Gravenhorst, 1832 Tisiphone rhodostoma - Fitzinger, 1843 L[eiolepis]. rhodostoma - AMC Duméril, 1853 [Calloselasma] rhodostomus - Cope, 1860 T[isiphone]. rhodostoma... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Binomial name Deinagkistrodon acutus (Günther, 1888) Synonyms Ancistrodon - Boulenger, 1896 Deinagkistrodon - Gloyd, 1979[1] Halys acutus - Günther, 1888 Ancistrodon acutus - Boulenger, 1896 Agkistrodon acutus - Namiye, 1908 Deinagkistrodon acutus - Gloyd, 1979[1] Common names: sharp-nosed viper, snorkel viper, hundred pacer,[2] hundred-pace viper. ... Species see text Gloydius (after Howard Gloyd) is a genus of Old World pit vipers very similar to the North American Agkistrodon. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... Synonyms Hypnale - Fitzinger, 1843[1] Common names: hump-nosed vipers. ...

See also

• American pit vipers by common name.
• American pit vipers by taxonomic synonyms.
• Snakebite.

A snakebite, or snake bite, is a bite inflicted by a Snake. ...

Cited references

The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) is a partnership designed to provide consistent and reliable information on the taxonomy of biological species. ... is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Genus Agkistrodon at The Reptile Database. Accessed 9 August 2007..
• Agkistrodon at Herpbreeder.com. Accessed 26 September 2006.