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Encyclopedia > Agnosia
Agnosia
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 R48.1
ICD-9 784.69
MeSH D000377

Agnosia (a-gnosis, "non-knowledge", or loss of knowledge) is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss[1][2]. It is usually associated with brain injury or neurological illness, particularly after damage to the temporal lobe. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // R00-R99 - Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (R00-R09) Symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory systems (R00) Abnormalities of heart beat (R000) Tachycardia, unspecified (R001) Bradycardia, unspecified (R002) Palpitations (R008) Other and unspecified abnormalities of heart beat (R01) Cardiac murmurs and other... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... Brain damage or brain injury is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. ... Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems. ... The temporal lobes are part of the cerebrum. ...

Contents

Types

    • Visual Agnosia is associated with lesions of the left occipital lobe and temporal lobes. Many are the inability to recognize objects. Subtypes:
    • Form Agnosia: Patients perceive only parts of details, not the whole object[3].
    • Simultanagnosia: Patients can recognize objects or details in their visual field, but only one at a time. They cannot make out the scene they belong to or make out a whole image out of the details. They literally cannot see the forest for the trees[4]. Simultanagnosia is a common symptom of Balint's syndrome.
    • Associative Agnosia: Patients can describe visual scenes and classes of objects but still fail to recognize them. He may, for example, know that a fork is something you eat with but may mistake it for a spoon. Patients suffering from associative agnosia are still able to reproduce an image through copying[5].
    • Apperceptive Agnosia: Patients are unable to distinguish visual shapes and so have trouble recognizing, copying, or discriminating between different visual stimuli. Unlike patients suffering from associative agnosia, those with apperceptive agnosia are unable to copy images[6].
    • Mirror Agnosia: Patients cannot recognize objects or activity on either their left or right field of view. Impairment can vary from mild inattention to complete inability to perform spatial reasoning with regard to the afflicted side. The disorder takes its name from an experiment in which a patient was shown objects reflected in a mirror and saw them, but was unable to find them when prompted[7].
    • Semantic Agnosia: Those with this form of agnosia are effectively 'object blind' until they use non-visual sensory systems to recognise the object. For example, feeling, tapping, smelling, rocking or flicking the object, may trigger realisation of its semantics (meaning). [8].
    • [Agnosic Alexia (disorder)|alexia]]: Inability to recognize text[9].
    • Color Agnosia: There is a distinction between color perception versus color recognition[10].
    • Prosopagnosia also known as faceblindness and facial agnosia: Patients cannot consciously recognize familiar faces, sometimes even including their own[11]. This is often misperceived as an inability to remember names.
    • Social Emotional Agnosia Sometimes referred to as Expressive Agnosia, this is a form of agnosia in which the person is unable to perceive facial expression, body language and intonation, rendering them unable to non-verbally perceive people's emotions and limiting that aspect of social interaction[12].
    • Topographical Agnosia This is a form of visual agnosia in which a person cannot rely on visual cues to guide them directionally due to the inability to recognise objects. Nevertheless they may still have an excellent capacity to describe the visual layout of the same place[13]
    • Automobilia Agnosia An inability to recognize cars which can be part of visual agnosia.
    • Verbal Auditory Agnosia This presents as a form of meaning 'deafness' in which hearing is intact but there is significant difficulty recognising spoken words as semantically meaningful[14].
    • Visual Verbal Agnosia This is where the difficulty comprehending the meaning of words effects comprehension of the written word. The capacity to read is usually intact but the comprehension of what is read will be impaired.<refhttp://www.medical-conditions.org/?q=Visual%20Verbal%20Agnosia</ref>
    • Auditory Agnosia With Auditory Agnosia there is difficulty distinguishing environmental and non-verbal auditory cues including difficulty distinguishing speech from non-speech sounds even though hearing is usually normal[15].
    • Amusia or Receptive amusia is agnosia for music. It involves loss of the ability to recognize musical notes, rhythms, and intervals and the inability to experience music as musical[16].
    • Cortical deafness refers to people who do not perceive any auditory information but whose hearing is intact[17].
    • Phonagnosia is the inability to recognize familiar voices, even though the hearer can understand the words used[18].
    • Tactile Agnosia involve significant difficulty recognising physical feedback[19]. Subtypes:
    • Somatosensory Agnosia or Astereognosia [clarify] is connected to tactile sense - that is, touch. Patient finds it difficult to recognize objects by touch based on its texture, size and weight. However, they may be able to describe it verbally or recognize same kind of objects from pictures or draw pictures of them. Thought to be connected to lesions or damage in somatosensory cortex[20].
    • Pain Agnosia Also referred to as Analgesia, this is the difficulty perceiving and processing pain, thought to underpin some forms of self injury[21].
    • Finger Agnosia is the inability to distinguish the fingers on the hand. It is present in lesions of the dominant parietal lobe, and is a component of Gerstmann syndrome[22].
    • Integrative Agnosia This is where one has the ability to recognize elements of something but yet be unable to integrate these elements together into comprehensible perceptual wholes[23][24].
    • Anosognosia This is the inability to gain feedback about one's own condition and can be confused with lack of insight but is caused by problems in the feedback mechanisms in the brain. It's caused by neurological damage and can occur in connection with a range of neurological impairments but is most commonly referred to in cases of paralysis following stroke. Those with Anosognosia with multiple impairments may even be aware off some of their impairments but completely unable to perceive others[25]http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=928214</ref>.

Skin lesions caused by Chickenpox A lesion is any abnormal tissue found on or in an organism, usually damaged by disease or trauma. ... The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain, containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. ... People with simultanagnosia are unable to attend to more than one object of the visual field at a time. ... The term visual field is sometimes used as a synonym to field of view, though they do not designate the same thing. ... Balints syndrome, identified by Rezsö (Rudolf) Bálint in 1909, is the inability to perceive the visual field as a whole, resulting in the unpredictable perception and recognition of only parts of it (simultagnosia). ... People with associative agnosia fail in assigning meaning to an object, animal or building that they can see clearly. ... Prosopagnosia (sometimes known as face blindness) is disorder of face perception where the ability to recognize faces is impaired, while the ability to recognize objects may be relatively intact. ... Amusia refers to a number of disorders which are indicated by the inability to recognize musical tones or rhythms or to reproduce them. ... Central hearing loss is a form of sensorineural hearing loss caused by damage to the auditory pathways. ... The lateral postcentral gyrus is a prominent structure in the parietal lobe of the human brain and an important landmark. ... For other uses of painkiller, see painkiller (disambiguation) An analgesic (colloquially known as painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain. ... The parietal lobe is a lobe in the brain. ... Gerstmann syndrome is a neurological disorder. ... Anosognosia is a condition in which a person who suffers disability due to brain injury, seems unaware of or denies the existence of their handicap. ...

Causes

Agnosia can result from strokes, dementia, or other neurological disorders. It may also be trauma-induced by a head injury, brain infection, or hereditary. Some forms of agnosia have been found to be genetic[26]. For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Dementia (disambiguation). ... Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems. ...


Treatment

For all practical purposes, there is no direct cure. Patients may improve if information is presented in other modalities than the damaged one. In some cases, occupational therapy or speech therapy can improve agnosia, depending on its etiology. Occupational therapy refers to the use of meaningful occupation to assist people who have difficulty in achieving healthy and balanced life; and to enable an inclusive society so that all people can participate to their potential in daily occupations of life. ... It has been suggested that Speech-Language Pathology, Speech pathology, Phoniatrics be merged into this article or section. ...


See also

For other uses, see Aphasia (disambiguation). ... Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned (familiar) movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements. ...

References

  1. ^ http://brainmind.com/Agnosia.html
  2. ^ http://www.dana.org/brainhealth/detail.aspx?id=4710
  3. ^ http://vectors.usc.edu/issues/04_issue/malperception/agnosia.html
  4. ^ http://vectors.usc.edu/issues/04_issue/malperception/simultanagnosia.html
  5. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_agnosia
  6. ^ http://www.psych.ucalgary.ca/PACE/VA-Lab/Visual%20Agnosias/types%20of%20agnosias.html
  7. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=9178535&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google
  8. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9920472&dopt=AbstractPlus
  9. ^ http://www.medlink.com/medlinkcontent.asp
  10. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_agnosia
  11. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopagnosia
  12. ^ http://brainmind.com/Agnosia.html
  13. ^ http://www.psych.ucalgary.ca/PACE/VA-Lab/Visual%20Agnosias/topagnosia.htm
  14. ^ http://www.online-medical-dictionary.org/Verbal+Agnosia,+Visual.asp?q=Verbal+Agnosia%2C+Visual
  15. ^ http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/UBNRP/visionwebsite04/glossary.html
  16. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusia
  17. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_hearing_loss
  18. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=3416603&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google
  19. ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-tactileagnosia.html
  20. ^ http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/UBNRP/visionwebsite04/glossary.html
  21. ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007338/analgesia
  22. ^ http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?finger+agnosia
  23. ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-integrativeagnosia.html
  24. ^ http://www.psych.ucalgary.ca/PACE/VA-Lab/Visual%20Agnosias/integrative.htm
  25. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosognosia
  26. ^ http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:8l6tU6ZOKuUJ:visionlab.harvard.edu/Members/Ken/Ken%2520papers%2520for%2520web%2520page/148CognitiveNDuchaine2007.pdf+genetic+agnosia&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7&gl=au

External links

v • d • e
Symptoms and signs (R00-R69, 780-789)
Circulatory and
respiratory systems		 Tachycardia - Bradycardia - Palpitation - Heart murmur - Epistaxis - Hemoptysis - Cough - abnormalities of breathing (Dyspnea, Orthopnoea, Stridor, Wheeze, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Hyperventilation, Mouth breathing, Hiccup, Bradypnea, Hypoventilation) - Chest pain - Asphyxia - Pleurisy - Respiratory arrest - Sputum - Bruit/Carotid bruit - Rales
Digestive system and abdomen Abdominal pain - Acute abdomen - Nausea - Vomiting - Heartburn - Dysphagia - Flatulence - Burping - Fecal incontinence - Encopresis - Hepatomegaly - Splenomegaly - Hepatosplenomegaly - Jaundice - Ascites - Fecal occult blood - Halitosis
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disturbances of skin sensation (Hypoesthesia, Paresthesia, Hyperesthesia) - Rash - Cyanosis - Pallor - Flushing - Petechia - Desquamation - Induration - Diaphoresis
Nervous and
musculoskeletal systems		 abnormal involuntary movements (Tremor, Spasm, Fasciculation, Athetosis) - Gait abnormality - lack of coordination (Ataxia, Dysmetria, Dysdiadochokinesia, Hypotonia) - Tetany - Meningism - Hyperreflexia
Urinary system Dysuria - Vesical tenesmus - Urinary incontinence - Urinary retention - Oliguria - Polyuria - Nocturia
Cognition, perception,
emotional state and behaviour		 Anxiety - Somnolence - Coma - Amnesia (Anterograde amnesia, Retrograde amnesia) - Dizziness/Vertigo - smell and taste (Anosmia, Ageusia, Parosmia, Parageusia)
Speech and voice speech disturbances (Dysphasia, Aphasia, Dysarthria) - symbolic dysfunctions (Dyslexia, Alexia, Agnosia, Apraxia, Acalculia, Agraphia) - voice disturbances (Dysphonia, Aphonia)
General symptoms and signs Fever (Hyperpyrexia) - Headache - Chronic pain - Malaise - Fatigue - Fainting (Vasovagal syncope) - Febrile seizure - Shock (Cardiogenic shock) - Lymphadenopathy - Edema (Peripheral edema, Anasarca) - Hyperhidrosis (Sleep hyperhidrosis) - Delayed milestone - Failure to thrive - food and fluid intake (Anorexia, Polydipsia, Polyphagia) - Cachexia - Xerostomia - Clubbing

  Results from FactBites:
 
Agnosia: Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders (979 words)
Agnosia is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize common objects, persons, or sounds, in the absence of perceptual disability.
Agnosia is caused by lesions to the parietal and temporal lobes of the brain, regions involved in storing memories and associations of objects.
Agnosia, from the Greek "not knowing," describes a collection of disorders where the ability to recognize objects or sounds or retrieve information about them is impaired, in the absence of other perceptual difficulties, including memory, intellectual capabilities, and the capacity for communication.
Agnosia (401 words)
Agnosia (“a-gnosis”, “non-knowledge”) means a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss.
Visual agnosia is associated with lesions[?] of the left occipital lobe[?] and temporal lobes.
It may be object agnosia for specific faces, perception disorder[?] in face perception system or syndrome that causes separation of perception of face and memories associated of the face.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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