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Ailanthus altissima, commonly known as tree of heaven, ailanthus, or in Chinese as chouchun (Chinese: 臭椿; pinyin: chòuchūn), is a deciduous tree in the quassia family (Simaroubaceae). It is native to northeast and central China as well as Taiwan. Unlike other members of the genus Ailanthus, it is found in temperate climates rather than the tropics. The tree grows rapidly and is capable of reaching heights of 15 metres (50 ft) in 25 years. However, the species is also short lived and rarely lives more than 50 years. Other common names include China sumac, copal tree, stink tree and ghetto palm. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 443 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (947 × 1280 pixel, file size: 1. ...
For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ...
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Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ...
Orders See text. ...
Families See text Sapindales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. ...
Genera Ailanthus Alvaradoa Castela Holacantha Picramnia Kirkia Picrasma Quassia Simarouba The Simaroubaceae are a small family in the order Sapindales, including trees such as Ailanthus. ...
Species See text Ailanthus (derived from ailanto, an Ambonese word probably meaning tree of the gods or tree of heaven) is a genus of trees belonging to the family Simaroubaceae, in the order Sapindales (formerly Rutales or Geraniales). ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Philip Miller (1691 - December 18, 1771) was a botanist of Scottish descent. ...
Walter Tennyson Swingle (January 8, 1871–January 19, 1952) was an American agricultural botanist who was born in Canaan, Pennsylvania and moved with his family to Kansas two years later. ...
Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ...
Deciduous forest after leaf fall Like many deciduous plants, Forsythia flowers during the leafless season For other uses, see Deciduous (disambiguation). ...
Species See text Quassia is a genus of about 40 species of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs native to Asia. ...
Genera Ailanthus Alvaradoa Castela Holacantha Picramnia Kirkia Picrasma Quassia Simarouba The Simaroubaceae are a small family in the order Sapindales, including trees such as Ailanthus. ...
Species See text Ailanthus (derived from ailanto, an Ambonese word probably meaning tree of the gods or tree of heaven) is a genus of trees belonging to the family Simaroubaceae, in the order Sapindales (formerly Rutales or Geraniales). ...
A. altissima was first brought from China to Europe in the 1740s and to the United States in 1784. It was one of the first trees brought west during a time when chinoiserie was dominating European arts, and was initially hailed as a beautiful garden specimen. However, enthusiasm soon waned after gardeners became familiar with its suckering habits and its offensive odour. Despite this it was used extensively as a street tree during much of the 19th century. Outside of Europe and the United States the plant has been spread to many other areas beyond its native range. In a number of these it has become an invasive species due to its ability to quickly colonise disturbed areas and suppress competition with allelopathic chemicals. It is considered a noxious weed in Australia, New Zealand and several countries in southern and eastern Europe. The tree also re-sprouts vigorously when cut, making its eradication extremely difficult and time consuming. Chinese House (Potsdam) Chinoiserie[1] refers to a recurring theme in European artistic styles since the seventeenth century, which reflects Chinese art and is characterized by the use of fanciful imagery of an imaginary China, by asymmetry in format and whimsical contrasts of scale, and by the attempts to imitate...
Lantana invasion of abandoned citrus plantation; Moshav Sdey Hemed, Israel The term invasive species refers to a subset of introduced species or non-indigenous species that are rapidly expanding outside of their native range. ...
Casuarina equisetifolia litter completely suppresses germination of understory plants as shown here despite the relative openess of the canopy and ample rainfall (>120 cm/yr) at the location The term allelopathy denotes the production of specific biomolecules by one plant that can induce suffering in, or give benefit to, another...
For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
A sucker emerging from the base of a young tree This stump is almost entirely obscured by suckers. ...
In China the tree of heaven has a long and rich history. It was mentioned in the oldest extant Chinese dictionary and listed in countless Chinese medical texts for its purported ability to cure ailments ranging from mental illness to balding. The roots, leaves and bark are still used today in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily as an astringent. The tree has been grown extensively both in China and abroad as a host plant for the ailanthus silkmoth, a moth involved in silk production. Ailanthus has become a part of western culture as well, with the tree serving as the central metaphor and subject matter of the best-selling American novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn by Betty Smith. Traditional Chinese medicine shop in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. ...
A bottle of tannic acid, an astringent Astringent medicines cause shrinkage of mucous membranes or exposed tissues and are often used internally to check discharge of blood serum or mucous secretions. ...
Binomial name (Drury, 1773) A saturniid moth, used to produce silk fabric but not as domesticated as the silkworm, Bombyx mori. ...
For other uses of this word, see Silk (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the novel. ...
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Description
 Botanical drawing of the leaves, flowers and samaras from Britton and Brown's 1913 Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada A. altissima is a medium-sized tree that reaches heights between 17 and 27 metres (56 and 90 ft) with a diameter at breast height of about 1 metre (40 in).[1] The bark is smooth and light grey, often becoming somewhat rougher with light tan fissures as the tree ages. The twigs are stout, smooth to lightly pubescent, and reddish or chestnut in colour. They have lenticels as well as heart-shaped leaf scars (i.e. a scar left on the twig after a leaf falls) with many bundle scars (i.e. small marks where the veins of the leaf once connected to the tree) around the edges. The buds are finely pubescent, dome shaped, and partially hidden behind the petiole, though they are completely visible in the dormant season at the sinuses of the leaf scars.[2] The branches are light to dark gray in colour, smooth, lustrous, and containing raised lenticels that become fissures with age. The ends of the branches become pendulous. All parts of the plant have a distinguishing strong odour that is often likened to rotting peanuts or cashews.[3] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 445 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1486 × 2000 pixel, file size: 353 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 445 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1486 × 2000 pixel, file size: 353 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Nathaniel Lord Britton (1859 - 1934) was a US botanist and taxonomist who founded the New York Botanical Garden in Bronx, New York. ...
Addison Brown (1830- ? ) was an American lawyer and judge. ...
For other meanings of bark, see Bark (disambiguation). ...
A lenticel is either One of the small, oval, rounded spots upon the stem or branch of a plant, from which the underlying tissues may protrude or roots may issue, either in the air, or more commonly when the stem or branch is covered with water or earth, or A...
Flower buds have not yet bloomed into a full-size flower. ...
Leaf of Dog Rose (Rosa canina), showing the petiole and two leafy stipules In botany, the petiole is the small stalk attaching the leaf blade to the stem. ...
The leaves are large, odd- or even-pinnately compound, and arranged alternately on the stem. They range in size from 30 to 90 cm (1 to 3 ft) in length and contain 10-41 leaflets organised in pairs, with the largest leaves found on vigorous young sprouts. The rachis is light to reddish-green with a swollen base. The leaflets are ovate-lanceolate with entire margins, somewhat asymmetric and occasionally not directly opposite to each others. Each leaflet is 5 to 18 cm (2 to 7 inches) long and 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches) wide. They have a long tapering end while the bases have two to four teeth, each containing one or more glands at the tip.[2] The leaflets' upper sides are dark green in colour with light green veins, while the undersides are a more whitish green. The petioles are 5 to 12 mm (0.2 to 0.5 inches) long.[3] The lobed bases and glands distinguish it from similar sumac species. Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Look up Pinnate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Rachis was also king of the Lombards, 744-749. ...
A leaflet in botany is a part of a compound leaf. ...
In botany, the following terms are used to describe the shape of plant leaves: cordate leaf Acicular: slender and pointed Alternate (alternifolia): Arranged alternately Bipinnate (bipinnata): Each leaflet also pinnate Cordate (cordata): Heart-shaped, stem attaches to cleft Cuneate: Triangular, stem attaches to point Deltoid: Triangular, stem attaches to side...
Species About 250 species; see text Rhus is a genus of woody shrubs and trees, all with the leaves spirally arranged and pinnately compound (some species are trifoliate). ...
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 | | Bark and flowers of A. altissima |
 Immature seeds on a female tree. The flowers are small and appear in large panicles up to 50 cm (20 inches) in length at the end of new shoots. The individual flowers are yellowish green to reddish in colour, each with five petals and sepals.[1][3] The sepals are cup-shaped, lobed and united while the petals are valvate (i.e. they meet at the edges without overlapping), white and hairy towards the inside.[2][4][5] They appear from mid-April in the south of its range to July in the north. A. altissima is dioecious, with male and female flowers being borne on different individuals. Male trees produce three to four times as many flowers as the females, making the male flowers more conspicuous. Furthermore, the male plants emit a foul smelling odour while flowering to attract pollinating insects. Female flowers contain ten (or rarely five through abortion) sterile stamens (stamenoides) with heart-shaped anthers. The pistil is made up of five free carpels (i.e. they are not fused), each containing a single ovule. Their styles are united and slender with star-shaped stigmas.[2][4] The male flowers are similar in appearance, but they of course lack a pistil and the stamens do function, each being topped with a globular anther and a glandular green disc.[2] The seeds borne on the female trees are 5 mm in diameter and each is encapsulated in a samara that is 2.5 cm long (1 inch) and 1 cm broad, appearing July though August, but usually persisting on the tree until the next spring. The samara is twisted at the tips, making it spin as it falls and assisting wind dispersal.[1][3] The females can produce huge amounts of seeds, normally around 30,000 per kilogram of tree.[1] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (480 × 640 pixel, file size: 108 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Name Ailanthus altissima Family Simaroubaceae Image no. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 2. ...
Image File history File links Name Ailanthus altissima Family Simaroubaceae Image no. ...
Image File history File links Name Ailanthus altissima Family Simaroubaceae Image no. ...
For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation). ...
White-fruited Rowan (Sorbus glabrescens) corymb; note the branched structures holding the fruits. ...
It has been suggested that Corolla be merged into this article or section. ...
Flower of the Primrose Willowherb (Ludwigia octovalvis) showing petals and sepals A sepal is one member or part of the calyx of a flower. ...
Close-up of an Echinopsis spachiana flower, showing both carpels and stamen, making it a complete flower. ...
Stamens of the Amaryllis with prominent anthers carrying pollen Insects, while collecting nectar, unintentionally transfer pollen from one flower to another, bringing about pollination The stamen (from Latin stamen meaning thread of the warp) is the male organ of a flower. ...
Flower of the spider tree (Crateva religiosa) with its numerous conspicuous stamens The stamen is the male organ of a flower. ...
The Pistil is the part of the flower made up of one or more carpels. ...
Amaryllis style and stigmas A carpel is the outer, often visible part of the female reproductive organ of a flower; the basic unit of the gynoecium. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Amaryllis style and stigmas A carpel is the female reproductive organ of a flower; the basic unit of the gynoecium. ...
Look up stigma on Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The Pistil is the part of the flower made up of one or more carpels. ...
Flower of the spider tree (Crateva religiosa) with its numerous conspicuous stamens The stamen is the male organ of a flower. ...
A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...
Maple samara or key A samara is a type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall. ...
Taxonomy The first scientific descriptions of the tree of heaven were made shortly after it was introduced to Europe by the French Jesuit Pierre Nicholas d'Incarville. d'Incarville had sent seeds from Peking via Siberia to his botanist friend Bernard de Jussieu in the 1740s. The seeds sent by d'Incarville were thought to be from the economically important and similar looking Chinese varnish tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum), which he had observed in the lower Yangtze region, rather than the tree of heaven. d'Incarville attached a note indicating this, which caused much taxonomic confusion over the next few decades. In 1751, Jussieu planted a few seeds in France and sent others on to Philip Miller, the superintendent at the Chelsea Physic Garden, and to Philip C. Webb, the owner of an exotic plant garden in Busbridge, England.[2] For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ...
Pierre Nicolas Le Chéron dIncarville (21 August 1706 - 12 June 1757) was a French Jesuit and amateur botanist. ...
Beijing (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking), is the capital city of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
This article is about Siberia as a whole. ...
Bernard de Jussieu. ...
Binomial name (Stokes) F. Barkley Lacquer Tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum or formerly Rhus verniciflua), also called Varnish Tree, Japanese lacquer Tree, Japanese Varnish Tree and Japanese Sumac, is a species of genus Toxicodendron (formerly Rhus) that grows in East Asia, in regions of China, Korea and Japan. ...
Length 6,380 km Elevation of the source ? m Average discharge 31,900 m³/s Area watershed 1,800,000 km² Origin Qinghai Province and Tibet Mouth East China Sea Basin countries China The Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: 长江; Traditional Chinese: 長江; pinyin: Cháng Jiāng...
Philip Miller (1691 - December 18, 1771) was a botanist of Scottish descent. ...
The Chelsea Physic Garden (physic in the former sense of the science of healing), established by the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London, is one of the oldest botanical gardens in Europe (second oldest in Britain), and its rock garden is the oldest English garden devoted to alpine plants. ...
Busbridge is a civil parish and village in the borough of Waverley in Surrey. ...
For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...
Confusion in naming began when the tree was described by all three men with three different names. In Paris, Linnaeus gave the plant the name Rhus succedanea, while it was known commonly as grand vernis du Japon. In London the specimens were named by Miller as Toxicodendron altissima and in Busbridge it was dubbed in the old classification system as Rhus Sinese foliis alatis. There are extant records from the 1750s of disputes over the proper name between Philip Miller and John Ellis, curator of Webb's garden in Busbridge. Rather than the issue being resolved, more names soon appeared for the plant: Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart observed a specimen in Utrecht in 1782 and named it Rhus cacodendron.[2] A painting of Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné, and who wrote under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish scientist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy. ...
John Ellis may refer to: John Ellis, 18th century scientist John Willis Ellis (1920–1961), North Carolina governor John Ellis, a baseball player John Ellis (born 1952), founding member of the 1970s punk band The Vibrators John Ellis, a drummer for the band Judas Priest John Ellis (born 1930), British...
Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart (1742-1795) was a German botanist, a pupil of Carolus Linnaeus, and later Director of the Botanical Garden of Hannover, where he produced several major botanical works between 1780-1793. ...
Utrecht refers to various cities and areas: Utrecht (province), of the Netherlands Utrecht (city), Netherlands, and capital of the province of the same name Utrecht (municipality), includes the city of Utrecht and two neighbouring villages (Vleuten / de Meern) Utrecht (agglomeration), in the Netherlands, includes the city of Utrecht Diocese of...
Light was shed on the taxonomic status of ailanthus in 1788 when René Louiche Desfontaines observed the samaras of the Paris specimens, which were still labelled Rhus succedanea, and came to the conclusion that the plant was not a sumac. He published an article with an illustrated description and gave it the name Ailanthus glandulosa, placing it in the same genus as the tropical species then known as A. integrifolia (white siris, now A. triphysa). The name is derived from the Ambonese word ailanto, meaning "heaven-tree" or "tree reaching for the sky".[6][2] The specific glandulosa , referring to the glands on the leaves, persisted until as late as 1957, but it was ultimately made invalid as a later homonym at the species level.[2] The current species name comes from Walter T. Swingle who was employed by the United States Department of Plant Industry. He decided to transfer Miller's older specific name into the genus of Desfontaines, resulting in the accepted name Ailanthus altissima.[7] Altissima is Latin for "very tall", and refers to the sizes the tree can reach. The plant is sometimes incorrectly cited with the specific epithet in the masculine (glandulosus or altissimus), which is incorrect since botanical, like Classical Latin, treats most tree names as feminine. René Louiche Desfontaines (February 14, 1750 – November 16, 1833) was a French botanist. ...
Species About 250 species; see text Rhus is a genus approximately 250 species of woody shrubs and small trees in the family Anacardiaceae. ...
The Ambonese, also known as South Moluccans, are an Indonesian of mixed Malay-Papuan origin. ...
Walter Tennyson Swingle (January 8, 1871–January 19, 1952) was an American agricultural botanist who was born in Canaan, Pennsylvania and moved with his family to Kansas two years later. ...
Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...
A specific epithet is a biological epithet of a species. ...
Classical Latin is the language used by the principal exponents of that language in what is usually regarded as classical Latin literature. ...
There are three varieties of A. altissima: In botanical nomenclature, variety is a rank below that of species: As such, it gets a ternary name (a name in three parts). ...
- A. altissima var. altissima, which is the type variety and is native to mainland China.
- A. altissima var. tanakai, which is endemic to northern Taiwan highlands. It differs from the type in having yellowish bark, odd-pinnate leaves that are also shorter on average at 45 to 60 cm long with only 13-25 scythe-like leaflets.[8][9][10] It is listed as endangered in the IUCN Red List of threatened species due to loss of habitat for building and industrial plantations.[11]
- A. altissima var. sutchuenensis, which differs in having red branchlets.[8][9]
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species and can be found here. ...
Distribution and habitat A. altissima is native to northern and central China, Taiwan[12] and northern Korea.[13] In Taiwan it is present as var. takanai.[11] In China it is native to every province except Gansu, Heilongjiang, Hainan, Jilin, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, and Tibet.[8] This article is about the Korean peninsula and civilization. ...
A province, in the context of China, is a translation of Sheng (Chinese: çœ ShÄ›ng), which is an administrative division of China. ...
Gansu (Simplified Chinese: 甘肃; Traditional Chinese: 甘肅; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, or Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
Heilongjiang (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江çœ; Traditional Chinese: 黑é¾æ±Ÿçœ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Postal System Pinyin: Heilungkiang) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
(Chinese: ; Pinyin: JÃlÃn; Wade-Giles: Chi-lin; Postal System Pinyin: Kirin; Manchu: Girin ula), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ...
Ningxia (Simplified Chinese: å®å¤; Traditional Chinese: 寧å¤; Pinyin: NÃngxià ; Wade-Giles: Ning-hsia; Postal Pinyin: Ningsia), full name Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Simplified Chinese: å®å¤å›žæ—自治区; Traditional Chinese: 寧å¤å›žæ—自治å€; Pinyin: NÃngxià HuÃzú ZìzhìqÅ«), is a Hui autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China, located on the northwest Loess...
Qinghai (Chinese: é’æµ·; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching-hai; Postal System Pinyin: Tsinghai; Tibetan: མཚོ་སྔོན་ mtsho-sngon; Mongolian: Köke Naγur; Manchu: Huhu Noor) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, named after the enormous Qinghai Lake. ...
For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ...
This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ...
The tree prefers moist and loamy soils, but is adaptable to a very wide range of soil conditions and pH values. It is drought-hardy, but not tolerant of flooding. It also does not tolerate deep shade.[1] In China it is often found in limestone-rich areas.[9] The tree of heaven is found within a wide range of climatic conditions.[1] In its native range it is found at high altitudes in Taiwan[11] as well as lower ones in mainland China.[2] In the U.S. it is found in arid regions bordering the Great Plains, very wet regions in the southern Appalachians, and cold areas of the lower Rocky Mountains. Prolonged cold and snow cover cause dieback, though the trees re-sprout from the roots.[1] For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ...
The Great Plains covers much of the central United States, portions of Canada and Mexico. ...
The Appalachian Mountains are a system of North American mountains running from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada to Alabama in the United States, although the northernmost mainland portion ends at the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec. ...
For individual mountains named Rocky Mountain, see Rocky Mountain (disambiguation). ...
As an exotic plant The earliest introductions of A. altissima to countries outside of its native range were to the southern areas of Korea as well as to Japan. It is possible that the tree is native to these areas, but it is generally agreed that the tree was a very early introduction.[14] Within China itself it has also been naturalised beyond its native range in areas such as Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang.[9] This article is about the Korean peninsula and civilization. ...
Qinghai (Chinese: é’æµ·; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching-hai; Postal System Pinyin: Tsinghai; Tibetan: མཚོ་སྔོན་ mtsho-sngon; Mongolian: Köke Naγur; Manchu: Huhu Noor) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, named after the enormous Qinghai Lake. ...
Ningxia (Simplified Chinese: å®å¤; Traditional Chinese: 寧å¤; Pinyin: NÃngxià ; Wade-Giles: Ning-hsia; Postal Pinyin: Ningsia), full name Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Simplified Chinese: å®å¤å›žæ—自治区; Traditional Chinese: 寧å¤å›žæ—自治å€; Pinyin: NÃngxià HuÃzú ZìzhìqÅ«), is a Hui autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China, located on the northwest Loess...
For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ...
In 1784, not long after Jussieu had sent seeds to England, some were forwarded to the United States by William Hamilton, a gardener in Philadelphia. In both Europe and America it quickly became a favoured ornamental, especially as a street tree, and by 1840 it was available in most nurseries.[2][6] The tree was separately brought to California in the 1890s by Chinese immigrants who came during the California Gold Rush. It has escaped cultivation in all areas where it was introduced, but most extensively in the United States.[12] It has naturalised across much of Europe, including Germany,[15] Austria, Switzerland, the Pannonian region (i.e. southeastern Europe from Italy and Hungary south to Bosnia and Herzegovina) and most countries of the Mediterranean Basin.[13] Ailanthus has also been introduced to Argentina,[12] Australia (where it is a declared weed in New South Wales and Victoria),[16] New Zealand and several countries in the Middle East such as Pakistan.[17] Several people have been known by the name William Hamilton; William is often shortened to Will or Bill. ...
For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ...
The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was discovered at Sutters Mill. ...
Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ...
The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. ...
In North America, A. altissima is present from Massachusetts in the east, west to southern Ontario, southwest to Iowa, south to Texas, and east to the north of Florida. On the west coast it is found from New Mexico west to California and north to Washington.[1][12] In the east of its range it grows most extensively in disturbed areas of cities, where it was long ago present as a planted street tree.[2][12] It also grows sparsely along roads and railways. For example, a 2003 study in North Carolina found the tree of heaven was present on 1.7% of all highway and railroad edges in the state.[18] It sometimes enters undisturbed areas as well and competes with native plants.[12] In western North America it is most common in mountainous areas around old dwellings and abandoned mining operations.[19][20] North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...
This article is about the U.S. State. ...
Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Official languages English (de facto) Government - Lieutenant-Governor David C. Onley - Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 106 - Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area...
Official language(s) English Capital Des Moines Largest city Des Moines Area Ranked 26th - Total 56,272 sq mi (145,743 km²) - Width 310 miles (500 km) - Length 199 miles (320 km) - % water 0. ...
Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington Area Ranked 2nd - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²) - Width 773 miles (1,244 km) - Length 790 miles (1,270 km) - % water 2. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area Ranked 22nd - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²) - Width 361 miles (582 km) - Length 447 miles (721 km) - % water 17. ...
Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Largest metro area Albuquerque metropolitan area Area Ranked 5th - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²) - Width 342 miles (550 km) - Length 370 miles (595 km) - % water 0. ...
For the capital city of the United States, see Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington (disambiguation). ...
Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area Ranked 28th - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²) - Width 150 miles (240 km) - Length 560[1] miles (901 km) - % water 9. ...
Ecology Ailanthus is an opportunistic plant that thrives in full sun and disturbed areas. It spreads aggressively both by seeds and vegetatively by root sprouts. It can re-sprout rapidly after being cut.[1] It is considered a shade-intolerant tree and cannot compete in low-light situations,[21] though it is sometimes found competing with hardwoods, but such competition rather indicates it was present at the time the stand was established.[1] On the other hand, a study in an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest in New York found that Ailanthus was capable of competing successfully with native trees in canopy gaps where only 2 to 15% of full sun was available. The same study characterised the tree as using a "gap-obligate" strategy in order to reach the forest canopy, meaning it grows rapidly during a very short period rather than growing slowly over a long period.[22] It is a short lived tree in any location and rarely lives more than 50 years.[1] Ailanthus is among the most pollution-tolerant of tree species, including to sulfur dioxide, which it absorbs in its leaves. It can withstand cement dust and fumes from coal tar operations, as well as resist ozone exposure relatively well. Furthermore, high concentrations of mercury have been found built up in tissues of the plant.[12] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 154 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ailanthus altissima (Mill. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 154 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ailanthus altissima (Mill. ...
For the city in Mexico, see Valladolid, Yucatán. ...
A sucker emerging from the base of a young tree This stump is almost entirely obscured by suckers. ...
Species Eastern Hemlock Carolina Hemlock Taiwan Hemlock Northern Japanese Hemlock Himalayan Hemlock Forrests Hemlock Western Hemlock Mountain Hemlock Southern Japanese Hemlock Tsuga is a genus of conifers in the family Pinaceae. ...
This article is about the state. ...
Sulfur dioxide (or Sulphur dioxide) has the chemical formula SO2. ...
For other uses, see Ozone (disambiguation). ...
General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 200. ...
Ailanthus has been used to re-vegetate areas where acid mine drainage has occurred and it has been shown to tolerate pH levels as low as 4.1 (approximatively that of tomato juice). It can withstand very low phosphorus levels and high salinity levels. The drought-tolerance of the tree is strong due to its ability to effectively store water in its root system.[12] It is frequently found in areas where few trees can survive. The roots are also aggressive enough to cause damage to subterranean sewers and pipes.[2] Along highways it often forms dense thickets in which few other tree species are present, largely due to the toxins it produces to prevent competition.[12] General Name, symbol, number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ...
Ailanthus produces an allelopathic chemical called ailanthone, which inhibits the growth of other plants.[23] The inhibitors are strongest in the bark and roots, but are also present in the leaves, wood and seeds of the plant. One study showed that a crude extract of the root bark inhibited 50% of a sample of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds from germinating. The same study tested the extract as an herbicide on garden cress, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastii), yellow bristlegrass (Setaria glauca), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli), pea (Pisum sativum cv. Sugar Snap) and maize (Zea mays cv. Silver Queen). It proved able to kill nearly 100% of seedlings with the exception of velvetleaf, which showed some resistance.[24] Another experiment showed a water extract of the chemical was either lethal or highly damaging to 11 North American hardwoods and 34 conifers, with the white ash (Fraxinus americana) being the only plant not adversely affected.[25] The chemical does not, however, affect the tree of heaven's own seedlings, indicating that A. altissima has a defence mechanism to prevent autotoxicity.[23] Resistance in various plant species has been shown to increase with exposure. Populations without prior exposure to the chemicals are most susceptible to them. Seeds produced from exposed plants have also been shown to be more resistant than their unexposed counterparts.[26] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (3072 × 2048 pixel, file size: 3. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (3072 × 2048 pixel, file size: 3. ...
Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area City 606. ...
Casuarina equisetifolia litter completely suppresses germination of understory plants as shown here despite the relative openess of the canopy and ample rainfall (>120 cm/yr) at the location The term allelopathy denotes the production of specific biomolecules by one plant that can induce suffering in, or give benefit to, another...
Binomial name Lepidium sativum L. Garden cress (Lepidium sativum) is a fast-growing, edible plant botanically related to watercress and mustard and sharing their peppery, tangy flavor and aroma. ...
Binomial name L. Amaranthus retroflexus is a species of flowering plant. ...
The velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) in the Malvaceae family is a noxious weed found in agricultural regions of the Eastern and Midwestern North America. ...
Binomial name Echinochloa crus-galli Echinochloa crus-galli (Barnyard grass) is a species of Echinochloa. ...
Binomial name L. Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ...
This article is about the maize plant. ...
This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ...
Beech is a typical temperate zone hardwood For the record label, see Hardwood Records. ...
Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales Pinaceae - Pine family Araucariaceae - Araucaria family Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae - Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ...
Binomial name Fraxinus americana L. The White Ash (Fraxinus americana) is one of the largest of the ash genus Fraxinus, growing to 35 m tall. ...
Autotoxicity is self-destruction of a species through the production of chemicals that escape into the environment and directly inhibit the growth of that species. ...
The tree of heaven is a very rapidly growing tree, possibly the fastest growing tree in North America.[27] Growth of one to two metres (3.3 to 6.6 ft) per year for the first four years are considered normal. Shade considerably hampers growth rates. Older trees, while growing much slower, still do so faster than other trees. Studies found that Californian trees grew faster than their East Coast counterparts, and American trees in general grew faster than Chinese ones.[27] Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ...
East Coast can refer to: East Coast of the United States East Coast hip hop East Coast Park East-coast liberal East Coast Railway East Coast Akalat East Coast bias East Coast Music Awards East Coast Bays East Coast Main Line East Coast Greenway East Coast Parkway East Coast Swing...
In northern Europe the tree of heaven was not considered naturalised in cities until after the Second World War. This has been attributed to the tree's ability to colonise areas of rubble of destroyed buildings where most other plants would not grow.[13] In addition, the warmer microclimate in cities offers a more suitable habitat than the surrounding rural areas. For example, one study in Germany found the tree of heaven growing in 92% of densely populated areas of Berlin, 25% of its suburbs and only 3% of areas outside the city altogether.[13] In other areas of Europe this is not the case as climates are mild enough for the tree to flourish. It has colonised natural areas in Hungary, for example, and is considered a threat to biodiversity at that country's Aggtelek National Park.[13] Northern Europe Northern Europe is the northern part of the European continent. ...
Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...
Tree ferns thrive in a protected dell at Heligan Gardens, in Cornwall, England, latitude 50° 15N A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding area. ...
This article is about the capital of Germany. ...
Aggtelek National Park is a national park in Northern Hungary, in the Aggtelek karst region. ...
Several species of Lepidoptera utilise the leaves of ailanthus as food, including the Indian moon moth (Actias selene) and the grass yellow (Eurema hecabe). In North America the tree is the host plant for the ailanthus webworm (Atteva punctella), though this ermine moth is native to Central and South America and originally used other members of the mostly tropical Simaroubaceae as its hosts.[28] In its native range A. altissima is associated with at least 32 species of arthropods and 13 species of fungi.[9] The order Lepidoptera is the second most speciose order in the class Insecta and includes the butterflies, moths and skippers. ...
Binomial name (Hübner, 1807) The Indian Moon Moth or Indian Luna Moth (Actias selene) is a species of moth. ...
Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms Terias hecabe The Grass Yellow (Eurema hecabe) is a small pierid butterfly species found in Asia. ...
Ailanthus webworm Categories: Stub | Moths ...
Categories: Stub | Moths ...
For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ...
South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...
Genera Ailanthus Alvaradoa Castela Holacantha Picramnia Kirkia Picrasma Quassia Simarouba The Simaroubaceae are a small family in the order Sapindales, including trees such as Ailanthus. ...
Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - Trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - Spiders, Scorpions, etc. ...
Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ...
Due to the tree of heaven's weedy habit, landowners and other organisations often resort to various methods of control in order to keep its populations in check. For example, the city of Basel in Switzerland has an eradication program for the tree.[13] It can be very difficult to eradicate, however. Means of eradication can be physical, thermal, managerial, biological or chemical. A combination of these can be most effective, though they must of course be compatible. All have some positive and negative aspects, but the most effective regime is a mixture of chemical and physical control. This involves the application of foliar or basal herbicides in order to kill existing trees, while either hand pulling or mowing seedlings in order to prevent new growth.[29][30] For other uses, see Basel (disambiguation). ...
A herbicide is a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants. ...
Uses
 A male ailanthus silkmoth from the Texas A&M insect collection In addition to its use as an ornamental plant, the tree of heaven is also used for its wood, medicinal properties, and as a host plant to feed silkworms of the moth Samia cynthia, which produces silk that is stronger and cheaper than mulberry silk, although with inferior gloss and texture. It is also unable to take dye. This type of silk is known as "pongee" or "Shantung silk", the second name being derived from the Shandong Province of China where this silk is often produced. Its production is particularly well known in the Yantai region of that province. The moth has also been introduced in the United States.[2] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 × 1728 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 × 1728 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Texas A&M University at College Station Texas A&M University, often Texas A&M, A&M or TAMU for short, is one of the flagship universities of Texas, and is the flagship institution of the Texas A&M University System. ...
Binomial name Bombyx mori Linnaeus, 1758 For other senses of this word, see silkworm (disambiguation). ...
Binomial name Samia cynthia (Drury, 1773) Ailanthus silkmoth adult female Ailanthus silkmoth adult male Ailanthus silkmoth diversity Category: ...
For other uses of this word, see Silk (disambiguation). ...
Species See text. ...
Pongee is a soft thin woven cloth. ...
Shandong (Simplified Chinese: 山东; Traditional Chinese: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade-Giles: Shan-tung) is a coastal province of eastern Peoples Republic of China. ...
Yantai (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong province, Peoples Republic of China. ...
The pale yellow, close-grained and satiny wood of ailanthus has been used in cabinet work.[31] It is flexible and well suited to the manufacture of kitchen steamers, which are important in Chinese cuisine for cooking mantou, pastries and rice. The Chekiang Province of eastern China is most famous for producing these steamers.[2] It is also considered a good source of firewood across much of its range as it moderately hard and heavy, yet readily available.[32] There are problems with using the wood as lumber, however. Because the trees exhibit rapid growth for the first few years, the trunk has uneven texture between the inner and outer wood, which can cause the wood to twist or crack during drying. Techniques have been developed for drying the wood so as to prevent this cracking, allowing it to be commercially harvested. Although the live tree tends to have very flexible wood, the wood is quite hard once properly dried.[33] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Chinese cuisine (Chinese: ä¸åœ‹èœ) is widely seen as representing one of the richest and most diverse culinary cuisines and heritages in the world. ...
Mantou or man tou (Simplified Chinese: 馒头; Traditional Chinese: 饅é ; pinyin: ), sometimes known as Chinese steamed bun, is a kind of steamed buns typically served in Northern Chinese cuisine. ...
Zhejiang (Chinese: 浙江; pinyin: Zhèjiāng; Wade-Giles: Che-chiang; Postal System Pinyin: Chehkiang or Chekiang) is a eastern coastal province of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
Cultivation Tree of heaven is a popular ornamental tree in China and valued for its tolerance of difficult growing conditions.[9] It was once very popular in cultivation in both Europe and North America, but this popularity dropped, especially in the United States, due to the disagreeable odour of its blossoms and the weediness of its habit. The problem of odour was previously avoided by only selling pistillate plants since only males produce the smell, but a higher seed production also results.[6] Michael Dirr, a noted American horticulturalist and professor at the University of Georgia, reported meeting, in 1982, a grower who could not find any buyers. He further writes (his emphasis): An ornamental plant is a plant species or cultivar that is grown indoors, or in gardens and parks for its amenity value, or for beauty (in its end use), rather than commercial or other value. ...
Michael A. Dirr, Ph. ...
For most landscaping conditions, it has no value as there are too many trees of superior quality; for impossible conditions this tree has a place; selection could be made for good habit, strong wood and better foliage which would make the tree more satisfactory; I once talked with an architect who tried to buy Ailanthus for use along polluted highways but could not find an adequate supply [...] — Michael A. Dirr, Manual of Woody Landscape Plants[34] In Europe, however, the tree is still used in the garden to some degree as its habit is generally not as invasive as it is in America. In the United Kingdom it is especially common in London squares, streets, and parks, though it is also frequently found in gardens of southern England and East Anglia. It becomes rare in the north, occurring only seldomly in southern Scotland. It is also rare in Ireland.[35] In Germany the tree is commonly planted in gardens.[15] The tree has furthermore become unpopular in cultivation in the west due to the fact that it is short-lived and that the trunk soon becomes hollow, making trees more than two feet in diameter unstable in high winds.[31] This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...
Norfolk and Suffolk, the core area of East Anglia. ...
This article is about the country. ...
A few cultivars exist, but they are not often sold outside of China and probably not at all in North America:
- ‘Hongye’ - The name is Chinese and means "red leaves". As the name implies it has attractive vivid red foliage[36]
- ‘Thousand Leaders’[36]
- ‘Metro’ - A male cultivar with a tighter crown than usual and a less weedy habit[37]
- ‘Erythrocarpa’ - The fruits are a striking red[37]
- ‘Pendulifolia’ - Leaves are much longer and hang elegantly[37]
Medicinal Nearly every part of A. altissima has some application in Chinese traditional medicine. One of the oldest recipes, recorded in a work from 732 AD, is used for treating mental illness. It involved chopped root material, young boys' urine and douchi. After sitting for a day the liquid was strained out and given to the patient over the course of several days.[2] Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) also known simply as Chinese medicine (Chinese: 中醫學 or 中药学, zhōngyào xŭe) or traditional Oriental medicine, is the name commonly given to a range of China thousands of years ago. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Douchi (Chinese: 豆豉; pinyin: ), also called hamanatto or Chinese fermented black beans, is a flavoring most popular in the cuisine of China, and is used to make black bean sauce. ...
Another source from 684 AD, during the Tang dynasty and recorded in Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, states that when the leaves are taken internally, they make one incoherent and sleepy, while when used externally they can be effectively used to treat boils, abscesses and itches. Yet another recipe recorded by Li uses the leaves to treat baldness. This formula calls for young leaves of ailanthus, catalpa and peach tree to be crushed together and the resulting liquid applied to the scalp to stimulate hair growth.[2] For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...
Li Shizhen (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Li Shih-Chen) (1518 - 1593 CE, Ming Dynasty), was one of the greatest physicians and pharmacologists in Chinese history. ...
The Compendium of Materia Medica (Chinese: 本è‰ç¶±ç›®; pinyin: BÄ›ncÇŽo GÄngmù) is a pharmaceutical text written by Li Shizhen (1518-1593 AD) during the Ming Dynasty of China. ...
For the death metal band, see Abscess (band). ...
Species 11 species, including: Catalpa bignonioides Catalpa bungei Catalpa fargesii Catalpa longissima Catalpa ovata Catalpa punctata Catalpa speciosa Catalpa tibetica Catalpa (Catalpa), also spelled Catawba, is a genus of mostly deciduous trees in the flowering plant family Bignoniaceae, native to warm temperate regions of North America, the West Indies, and...
Binomial name (L.) Batsch Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ...
The dried bark, however, is still an officinal drug and is listed in the modern Chinese materia medica as chun bai pi (Chinese: 椿白皮; pinyin: chūnbáipí), meaning "white bark of spring". Modern works treat it in detail, discussing chemical constituents, how to identify the product and its pharmaceutical uses. It is prepared by felling the tree in fall or spring, stripping the bark and then scraping off the hardest, outermost portion, which is then sun-dried, soaked in water, partially re-dried in a basket and finally cut into strips. The bark is said to have cooling and astringent properties and is primarily used to treat dysentery, intestinal hemorrhage, menorrhagia and spermatorrhea. It is only prescribed in amounts between 4 and 10 grams, so as not to poison the patients. Li's Compendium has 18 recipes that call for the bark. Asian and European chemists have found some justification for its medical use as it contains a long list of active chemicals that include quassin and saponin, while ailanthone, the allelopathic chemical in the tree of heaven, is a known antimalarial agent.[38] It is available in most shops dealing in Chinese traditional medicine.[2] A tincture of the root-bark has been used successfully in treating cardiac palpitation, asthma and epilepsy.[4] For other meanings of bark, see Bark (disambiguation). ...
Materia medica is a Latin term for any material or substance used in the composition of curative agents in medicine. ...
Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ...
A bottle of tannic acid, an astringent Astringent medicines cause shrinkage of mucous membranes or exposed tissues and are often used internally to check discharge of blood serum or mucous secretions. ...
Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is frequent, small-volume, severe diarrhea that shows blood in the feces along with intestinal cramping and tenesmus (painful straining to pass stool). ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Menorrhagia is an abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual period at regular intervals. ...
Spermatorrhea, defined as excessive ejaculation, was regarded in the nineteenth century as a medical disorder with corrupting and devastating effects on the mind and body. ...
Quassin is a white bitter, crystaline substance extracted from the quassia tree. ...
Saponins are the glycosides of 27 carbon atom steroids, or 30 carbon atom triterpenoids. ...
Antimalarial drugs are designed to prevent or cure malaria. ...
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) also known simply as Chinese medicine (Chinese: 中醫學 or 中药学, zhōngyào xŭe) or traditional Oriental medicine, is the name commonly given to a range of China thousands of years ago. ...
The samaras are also used in modern Chinese medicine under the name feng yan cao (simplified Chinese: 凤眼草; traditional Chinese: 鳳眼草; pinyin: fèngyǎncǎo), meaning "herbal phoenix eye". They are used as a hemostatic, spermatorrhea and for treating patients with blood in their feces or urine. It was clinically shown to be able to treat trichomoniasis, a vaginal infection caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis.[2] In occident, an extract of the bark sold under the synonym A. glandulosa is sometimes used as an herbal homeopathic remedy for various ailmen
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