In traditional cultures, air is often seen as a universal power or pure substance. Its fundamental importance to life can be seen in words such as spirit, inspire, expire, and aspire, all derived from the Latin spirare ("to breathe"). Chinese Wood (木) | Fire (火) Earth (土) | Metal (金) | Water (水) Japanese Earth (地) | Water (水) | Fire (火) | Air / Wind (風) | Void / Sky / Heaven (空) Hinduism and Buddhism Vayu / Pavan — Air / Wind Agni / Tejas — Fire Akasha — Aether Prithvi / Bhumi — Earth Ap / Jala — Water Water has been important to all peoples of the earth, and it is rich in spiritual tradition. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Chinese (Wu Xing) Japanese (Godai) Earth (地) | Water (水) | Fire (火) | Air / Wind (風) | Void / Sky / Heaven (空) Hinduism (Tattva) and Buddhism (Mahābhūta) Vayu / Pavan — Air / Wind Agni/Tejas — Fire Akasha — Aether Prithvi / Bhumi — Earth Ap / Jala — Water Bön Māori Earth, home and origin of humanity, has often been worshipped in... In Chinese alchemy, wood was one of the five elements. ... Chinese (Wu Xing) Japanese (Godai) Earth (地) | Water (水) | Fire (火) | Air / Wind (風) | Void / Sky / Heaven (空) Hinduism (Tattva) and Buddhism (Mahābhūta) Vayu / Pavan — Air / Wind Agni/Tejas — Fire Akasha — Aether Prithvi / Bhumi — Earth Ap / Jala — Water Bön Māori Fire has been important to all people of the earth, and... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...

Greek and Roman Tradition

Air is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science. According to Plato, it is associated with the octahedron; air is considered to be both hot and wet. The ancient Greeks used two words for air: aer meant the dim lower atmosphere, and aether meant the bright upper atmosphere above the clouds.^[1] Plato, for instance writes that "So it is with air: there is the brightest variety which we call aether, the muddiest which we call mist and darkness, and other kinds for which we have no name...."^[2] Among the early Greek Pre-Socratic philosophers, Anaximenes (mid-6th century BCE) named air as the arche (first principle of the world). As it grows warm and rarefied, air becomes fire; as it cools and condenses it becomes water, then earth and rock.^[3] A similar belief was attributed by some ancient sources to Diogenes Apolloniates (late 5th century BCE), who also linked air with intelligence and soul (psyche), but other sources claim that his arche was a substance between air and fire.^[4] Aristophanes parodied such teachings in his play The Clouds by putting a prayer to air in the mouth of Socrates. . Bön . Hinduism (Tattva) and Buddhism (Mahābhūta) Prithvi / Bhumi — Earth Ap / Jala — Water Vayu / Pavan — Air / Wind Agni/Tejas — Fire Akasha — Aether Japanese (Godai) Earth (地) Water (水) Air / Wind (風) Fire (火) Void / Sky / Heaven (空) Chinese (Wu Xing) . Modern Many ancient philosophies used a set of archetypal classical elements to explain... Greek philosophy focused on the role of reason and inquiry. ... For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ... An octahedron (plural: octahedra) is a polyhedron with eight faces. ... Look up aether, ether in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ... Pre-Socratic philosophers are often very hard to pin down, and it is sometimes very difficult to determine the actual line of argument they used in supporting their particular views. ... Anaximenes was the name of several notable people in ancient Greece. ... In the ancient Greek philosophy, arche (ἀρχή) is the beginning or the first principle of the world. ... Diogenes Apolloniates or Diogenes of Apollonia (c. ... This article is about the 5-4th century BC dramatist. ... The Clouds (Nephelae,Νεφέλαι) is a comedy written by the Ancient Greek playwright Aristophanes lampooning the sophists and the intellectual trends of late fifth-century Athens. ... This page is about the Classical Greek philosopher. ...

Air was one of many archai proposed by the Pre-socratics, most of whom tried to reduce all things to a single substance. However, Empedocles of Acragas (c. 495-c. 435 BCE) selected four archai for his four roots: air, fire, water, and earth. Ancient and modern opinions differ as to whether he identified air by the divine name Hera, Aidoneus, or even Zeus. Empedocles’ roots became the four classical elements of Greek philosophy.^[5] Plato (427-347 BCE) took over the four elements of Empedocles. In the Timaeus, his major cosmological dialogue, the Platonic solid associated with air is the octahedron which is formed from eight equilateral triangles. This places air between fire (four triangular sides) and water (twenty triangular sides), which Plato regarded as appropriate because it is intermediate in its mobility, sharpness, and ability to penetrate. He also said of air that its minuscule components are so smooth that one can barely feel them.^[6] Empedocles (Greek: , ca. ... Chinese (Wu Xing) Japanese (Godai) Earth (地) | Water (æ°´) | Fire (火) | Air / Wind (風) | Void / Sky / Heaven (空) Hinduism (Tattva) and Buddhism (MahābhÅ«ta) Vayu / Pavan — Air / Wind Agni/Tejas — Fire Akasha — Aether Prithvi / Bhumi — Earth Ap / Jala — Water Bön Māori Fire has been important to all people of the earth, and... Chinese Wood (木) | Fire (火) Earth (土) | Metal (金) | Water (æ°´) Japanese Earth (地) | Water (æ°´) | Fire (火) | Air / Wind (風) | Void / Sky / Heaven (空) Hinduism and Buddhism Vayu / Pavan — Air / Wind Agni / Tejas — Fire Akasha — Aether Prithvi / Bhumi — Earth Ap / Jala — Water Water has been important to all peoples of the earth, and it is rich in spiritual tradition. ... Chinese (Wu Xing) Japanese (Godai) Earth (地) | Water (æ°´) | Fire (火) | Air / Wind (風) | Void / Sky / Heaven (空) Hinduism (Tattva) and Buddhism (MahābhÅ«ta) Vayu / Pavan — Air / Wind Agni/Tejas — Fire Akasha — Aether Prithvi / Bhumi — Earth Ap / Jala — Water Bön Māori Earth, home and origin of humanity, has often been worshipped in... For other uses, see Hera (disambiguation). ... Hades, Greek god of the underworld, enthroned, with his bird-headed staff, on a red-figure Apulian vase made in the 4th century BC. For other uses, see Hades (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Zeus (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ... Timaeus (Greek: Τίμαιος, Timaios) is a theoretical treatise of Plato in the form of a Socratic dialogue, written circa 360 BC. The work puts forward speculation on the nature of the physical world. ... In geometry, a Platonic solid is a convex regular polyhedron. ... An octahedron (plural: octahedra) is a polyhedron with eight faces. ...

Plato’s student Aristotle (384-322 BCE) developed a different explanation for the elements based on pairs of qualities. The four elements were arranged concentrically around the center of the universe to form the sublunary sphere. According to Aristotle, air is both hot and wet, and occupies a place between fire and water among the elemental spheres. Aristotle definitively separated air from aether. For him, aether was an unchanging, almost divine substance that was found only in the heavens, where it formed celestial spheres.^[7] For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation). ... The Sublunary Sphere is a concept derived from Greek astronomy. ... Hinduism (Tattva) and Buddhism (MahābhÅ«ta) Vayu / Pavan — Air / Wind Agni/Tejas — Fire Akasha — Aether Prithvi / Bhumi — Earth Ap / Jala — Water Chinese (Wu Xing) Japanese (Godai) Earth (地) | Water (æ°´) | Fire (火) | Air / Wind (風) | Void / Sky / Heaven (空) Bön Māori According to ancient and medieval science, Aether (Greek αἰθήρ, aithÄ“r[1... The celestial sphere is divided by the celestial equator. ...

In ancient Greek medicine, each of the four humours became associated with an element. Blood was the humor identified with air, since both were hot and wet. Other things associated with air and blood in ancient and medieval medicine included the season of spring, since it increased the qualities of heat and moisture; the sanguine temperament (of a person dominated by the blood humour); hermaphrodite (combining the masculine quality of heat with the feminine quality of moisture); and the northern point of the compass.^[8] This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ... For other uses, see Spring. ... The 1st-century BC sculpture The Reclining Hermaphrodite, in the Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Massimo Alle Terme in Rome A hermaphrodite is an organism that possesses both male and female sex organs during its life. ...

Symbol for air

The alchemical symbol for air is an upward-pointing triangle, bisected by a horizontal line. Image File history File links Alchemy_air_symbol. ... Image File history File links Alchemy_air_symbol. ... Alchemical symbols, originally devised as part of the protoscience of alchemy, were used to denote some elements and some compounds until the 18th century. ...

Indian Tradition

Main article: Vayu

Chinese Wood (木) | Fire (火) Earth (土) | Metal (金) | Water (水) Japanese Earth (地) | Water (水) | Fire (火) | Air / Wind (風) | Void / Sky / Heaven (空) Hinduism and Buddhism Vayu / Pavan — Air / Wind Agni / Tejas — Fire Akasha — Aether Prithvi / Bhumi — Earth Ap / Jala — Water In Hinduism, Vayu (Sanskrit वायु (properly transliterated as Vāyu), also known as Vāta वात, Pavana पवन, or Pr...

Chinese Tradition

Air is not one of the traditional Chinese elements, save for in the Buddhist religion. Some modern occultists equate the Chinese classical element of wood with air.^[9] Chinese Wood (木) | Fire (火) Earth (土) | Metal (金) | Water (水) Japanese Earth (地) | Water (水) | Fire (火) | Air / Wind (風) | Void / Sky / Heaven (空) Hinduism and Buddhism Vayu / Pavan — Air / Wind Agni / Tejas — Fire Akasha — Aether Prithvi / Bhumi — Earth Ap / Jala — Water In traditional Chinese philosophy, natural phenomena can be classified into the Five Elements (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ): wood, fire... In Chinese alchemy, wood was one of the five elements. ...

In Modern Magic

Ceremonial Magic

The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, founded in 1888, combined ideas from many different sources including Rosicrucianism and Freemasonry, the angelic system of 16th-century magician John Dee and his assistant Edward Kelley, Hermetic Qabalah, and recent archaeological discoveries of Egyptian and Greco-Roman magic and religion.^[10] Thus air and the other Greek classical elements were incorporated into the Golden Dawn system despite being considered obsolete by modern science. Theoricus (2=9) is the elemental grade attributed to air; this grade is also attributed to the Moon and the Qabalistic sphere Yesod.^[11] The elemental weapon of air is the dagger, which must be painted yellow with magical names and sigils written upon it in violet.^[12] Each of the elements has several associated spiritual beings. The archangel of air is Raphael, the angel is Chassan, the ruler is Aral, the king is Paralda, and the air elementals (following Paracelsus) are called sylphs.^[13] Air is considered to be active; it is represented by the Man and the symbol for Aquarius, and it is referred to the upper left point of the pentagram in the Supreme Invoking Ritual of the Pentagram.^[14] Many of these associations have since spread throughout the occult community. The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (or, more commonly, the Golden Dawn) was a magical order of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, practicing a form of theurgy and spiritual development. ... The Temple of the Rose Cross, Teophilus Schweighardt Constantiens, 1618. ... “Freemasons” redirects here. ... For the American college basketball coach, see John Dee (basketball coach). ... Edward Kelley, nineteenth-century portrait Edward Kelley or Kelly, also known as Edward Talbot (August 1, 1555 - 1597) was a spirit medium who worked with John Dee in his magical investigations. ... This article is about the western esoteric mystical tradition. ... The Greco-Roman period of history refers to the culture of the peoples who were incorporated into the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. ... This article is about Earths moon. ... A magical weapon is a tool consecrated to and used in Magick. ... The Archangel Raphael Raphael (Standard Hebrew רפאל, God has healed, God Heals, God, Please Heal, and many other combinations of the two words, Arabic: Israfil, اسرافيل) is the name of an archangel of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, who performs all manner of healing. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Presumed portrait of Paracelsus, attributed to the school of Quentin Matsys. ... Sylph is a faux-mythological creature in the Western tradition. ... Spirit of Aquarius Aquarius is an astrological sign, which is associated with the constellation Aquarius. ...

In the Golden Dawn and many other magical systems, each element is associated with one of the cardinal points and is placed under the care of guardian Watchtowers. The Watchtowers derive from the Enochian system of magic founded by Dee. In the Golden Dawn, they are represented by the Enochian elemental tablets.^[15] Air is associated with the east, which is guarded by the First Watchtower.^[16] Cardinal directions or cardinal points are the four principal directions or points of the compass, north, east, south and west. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Wicca

Air is one of the four elements appears in many neopagan traditions. Wicca in particular was influenced by the Golden Dawn system of magic. Gerald Gardner, one of the founders of Wicca, was in contact with Aleister Crowley and incorporated elements of Crowley’s works into Wiccan rituals.^[17] Many practicing Wiccan traditions therefore use attributions inspired by the Golden Dawn, but there are many variations as well. Common attributions include: Neopaganism (sometimes Neo-Paganism, meaning New Paganism) is a heterogeneous group of religions which attempt to revive ancient, mainly European pre-Christian religions. ... For other uses, see Wicca (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that New Forest coven be merged into this article or section. ... Aleister Crowley, born Edward Alexander Crowley, (12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947; the surname is pronounced // i. ...

• The cardinal direction of east.
• Yellow, or pastel colors. (Some associate air with green or even a light blue.)
• The wand or the athame.
• Woodwind instruments.
• The suit of Swords in the Tarot Minor Arcana. (Some Wiccans associate air with the suit of Wands, as the ritual wand is often associated with air.)
• Mind, intellect, consciousness, study, communication.
• The alchemic notion of Azoth.
• Sunrise, childhood, spring, beginnings.
• Incense.
• Birds, insects, flying creatures.
• Masculine energy.
• Many gods and goddesses, including Aradia, Athena, Hermes, Mercury, Nuit, Shu, Thoth, and Zeus.

Many Wiccan Traditions place air in the North and Earth in the East. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST, internally called HT-7U) is a project being undertaken to construct an experimental superconducting tokamak magnetic fusion energy reactor in Hefei, the capital city of Anhui Province, in eastern China. ... The giant Galligantua and the wicked old magician transform the dukes daughter into a white hind. ... Athame Athame, athamé or arthame is what some practitioners of ritual magic call their ceremonial knives. ... A woodwind instrument is an instrument in which sound is produced by blowing against an edge or by a vibrating with air a thin piece of wood known as a reed. ... This article is about the general history, iconography, and uses of tarot cards. ... The Minor Arcana of the Tarot deck consist of 56 cards, which are closely related to the deck of 52 playing cards used in most modern card games. ... Azoth was considered to be a universal medicine or universal solvent sought in alchemy, its symbol was the Caduceus and so the term, which being originally a term for an occult formula sought by alchemists much like the philosophers stone, became a poetic word for the element Mercury. ... Aradia can refer to: The 1899 book by Charles Godfrey Leland titled Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches. ... For other uses, see Athena (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Hermes (disambiguation). ... A sculpture of the Roman god Mercury by 17th-century Flemish artist Artus Quellinus. ... In the Ennead mythology, Nuit (alternatively spelt Nut) was the sky goddess, in contrast to most other mythologies, which usually have a sky father. ... In Egyptian mythology, Shu (meaning dryness and he who rises up) is one of the primordial gods, a personification of air, one of the Ennead of Heliopolis. ... Thoth (Ramesseum, Luxor) Thoth (his Greek name derived from the Egyptian *, written by Egyptians as ) was considered one of the most important deities of the Egyptian pantheon, often depicted with the head of an ibis. ... For other uses, see Zeus (disambiguation). ... Compass rose with north highlighted and at top Look up North in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ... The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST, internally called HT-7U) is a project being undertaken to construct an experimental superconducting tokamak magnetic fusion energy reactor in Hefei, the capital city of Anhui Province, in eastern China. ...

Astrological Personalities

People born under the astrological signs of Aries, Libra and Aquarius are thought to have dominant air personalities. Air personalities tend to be cool like the wind. Aries the animal Aries is an astrological sign that is associated with the constellation Aries. ... Libra is an astrological sign, which is associated with the constellation Libra, in the Southern Hemisphere near Scorpius and Virgo. ... Spirit of Aquarius Aquarius is an astrological sign, which is associated with the constellation Aquarius. ...

Other Traditions

Enlil was the god of air in ancient Sumer. Shu was the ancient Egyptian god of air and the husband of Tefnut, goddess of moisture. He became an emblem of strength by virtue of his role in separating Nut (sky) from Geb (earth). He played a primary role in the Coffin Texts, which were spells intended to help the deceased reach the realm of the afterlife safely. On the way to the sky, the spirit had to travel through the air, as one spell indicates: "I have gone up in Shu, I have climbed on the sunbeams."^[18] This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Sumer (or Å umer; Sumerian: KI-EN-GIR [1]) was the earliest known civilization of the ancient Near East, located in lower Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), from the time of the earliest records in the mid 4th millennium BC until the rise of Babylonia in the late 3rd millennium BC. The term... In Egyptian mythology, Shu (meaning dryness and he who rises up) is one of the primordial gods, a personification of air, one of the Ennead of Heliopolis. ... Khafres Pyramid and the Great Sphinx of Giza, built about 2550 BC during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom,[1] are enduring symbols of the civilization of ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was a civilization in Northeastern Africa concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River... In Egyptian mythology, Tefnut is a goddess of water and fertility, indeed her name means moist waters (i. ... In Egyptian mythology, Nuit or Nut was the sky goddess, in contrast to most other mythologies, which usually have a sky father. ... ... The Coffin Text, which basically superseded the Pyramid Texts as magical funerary spells at the end of the Egyptian Old Kingdom, are principally a Middle Kingdom phenomenon, though we have found examples as early as the late Old Kingdom. ...

In East Asia, wood is sometimes seen as the equivalent of air and is represented by the Azure Dragon, known as 青龍 (Qīng Lóng) in Chinese, Seiryuu in Japanese and Cheong-ryong (청룡, Hanja:靑龍) in Korean. Air is represented in the Aztec religion by a snake; to the Scythians, a yoke; to the Hindus and Greeks, a sword^{[citation needed]}; and in Christian iconography, as mankind. East Asia Geographic East Asia. ... In Chinese alchemy, wood was one of the five elements. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. ... Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political and military dominance over large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the Late post-Classic... The Scythians (, also ) or Scyths ([1]; from Greek ), a nation of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who spoke an Iranian language[2], dominated the Pontic steppe throughout Classical Antiquity. ... Bhavna says there are 300 million gods in Hinduism. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... Look up Iconography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about modern humans. ...

See also

• Earth's atmosphere
• Deities of the sky

Air redirects here. ... The sky has important religious significance. ...

Notes

1. ^ W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, vol. 1, pp. 466, 470-71.
2. ^ Plato, Timaeus, ch. 27, p. 83.
3. ^ Guthrie, History of Greek Philosophy, vol. 1, pp. 115-16, 120-32; Jonathan Barnes, Early Greek Philosophy, pp. 77-80.
4. ^ Guthrie, vol. 2, pp. 362-81; Barnes, pp. 289-94.
5. ^ Guthrie, vol. 2, pp. 138-46. Guthrie suggests that Hera is the safest identification for air.
6. ^ Plato, Timaeus, chap. 22-23; Gregory Vlastos, Plato’s Universe, pp. 66-82.
7. ^ G. E. R. Lloyd, Aristotle, chapters 7-8.
8. ^ Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex?, p. 162.
9. ^ Donald Michael Kraig, Modern Magick, p. 115.
10. ^ Ronald Hutton, Triumph of the Moon, pp. 72-83.
11. ^ Israel Regardie, The Golden Dawn, pp. 154-65.
12. ^ Regardie, Golden Dawn, p.322; Kraig, Modern Magick, pp. 149-53.
13. ^ Regardie, Golden Dawn, p. 80.
14. ^ Regardie, Golden Dawn, pp. 280-286; Kraig, Modern Magick, pp. 206-209.
15. ^ Doreen Valiente, The Rebirth of Witchcraft, p. 64.
16. ^ Regardie, Golden Dawn, p. 631.
17. ^ Hutton, Triumph of the Moon, pp. 216-23; Valiente, Witchcraft for Tomorrow, p. 17.
18. ^ Bob Brier, Ancient Egyptian Magic, p.128.

William Keith Chambers Guthrie (1906 – 1981) was a Scottish classical scholar. ... Professor Sir Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd (born 1933) is a Historian of Ancient Science and Medicine at the University of Cambridge. ...

References and Further Reading

• Barnes, Jonathan. Early Greek Philosophy. London: Penguin, 1987.
• Brier, Bob. Ancient Egyptian Magic. New York: Quill, 1980.
• Guthrie, W. K. C. A History of Greek Philosophy. 6 volumes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962-81.
• Cunningham, Scott. Earth, Air, Fire and Water: More Techniques of Natural Magic.
• Hutton, Ronald. Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, 2001.
• Kraig, Donald Michael. Modern Magick: Eleven Lessons in the High Magickal Arts. St. Paul: Llewellyn, 1994.
• Lloyd, G. E. R. Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of His Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
• Plato. Timaeus and Critias. Translated by Desmond Lee. Revised edition. London: Penguin, 1977.
• Regardie, Israel. The Golden Dawn. 6th edition. St. Paul: Llewellyn, 1990.
• Schiebinger, Londa. The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.
• Starhawk. The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess. 3rd edition. 1999.
• Valiente, Doreen. Witchcraft for Tomorrow. Custer, Wash.: Phoenix Publishing, 1978.
• Valiente, Doreen. The Rebirth of Witchcraft. Custer, Wash.: Phoenix Publishing, 1989.
• Vlastos, Gregory. Plato’s Universe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975.

Jonathan Barnes (born 1942) is a British philosopher, translator and historian of ancient philosophy. ... // Background Dr. Robert Brier (b. ... Occult author Scott Cunningham Scott Douglas Cunningham (June 27, 1956 – March 28, 1993) was the author of dozens of popular books on Wicca and various other alternative religious subjects. ... Ronald Hutton is Professor of History at the University of Bristol and is an occasional commentator on British television and radio on the history of paganism in the British Isles. ... Donald Michael Kraig (1951 - ) is an occult author and ceremonial magician. ... Israel Regardie (Francis Israel Regudy) was born on November 17, 1907 in London, England to poor Jewish immigrant parents. ... Londa Schiebinger is a leading international expert on gender in science. ... Starhawk (born Miriam Simos in St. ... The Spiral Dance: a Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess is a best-selling book about Pagan belief and practice by Starhawk. ... Doreen Valiente (1922 - 1999) was a co-creator of Wicca, together with Gerald Gardner. ... Gregory Vlastos (27 July 1907 - 12 October 1991) was a scholar of ancient philosophy, and author of several works on Plato and Socrates. ...

External links

• The elements Elemental correspondences from Wicca: For the rest of us.
• The Four Elements In the Western Tradition Essay on Golden Dawn elemental tradition by V.N. Frater I.C.L.
• The Elements:Air Neo-pagan version of "The Ancient Greek Esoteric Doctrine of the Elements" by John Opsopaus.
• Different versions of the classical elements
• Overview the 5 elements