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Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a service provided by ground based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air to ensure safe, orderly and expeditious traffic flow. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provides this service to all aircraft in the National Airspace System (NAS). The FAA is responsible for all aspects of U.S. Air Traffic Control including hiring and training controllers, who are employees of the Federal Government. This image was taken from the dutch wikipedia page on Schiphol airport [1]. It was uploaded there by the photographer and licensed under the GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
This image was taken from the dutch wikipedia page on Schiphol airport [1]. It was uploaded there by the photographer and licensed under the GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Schiphol (IATA: AMS, ICAO: EHAM) (municipality Haarlemmermeer) is the Netherlands main airport. ...
Controllers survey the field at Misawa Air Base, Japan. ...
In many countries, ATC services are provided throughout the majority of airspace, and its services are available to all users (private, military, and commercial). Such airspace is called "controlled airspace" in contrast to "uncontrolled airspace." By law, pilots must obey the directions of air traffic controllers when they are in controlled airspace. Aviators are people who fly aircraft either for pleasure or for a job. ...
Air traffic control services can be divided into two major subspecialties, terminal control and en-route control.
Terminal control includes the control of traffic (aircraft and vehicles) on the airport proper and airborne aircraft within the immediate airport environment. Generally, this is approximately a 30 to 50 nautical mile (56 to 93 km) radius of the airport, from the surface to about 10,000 ft (about 3,050 m). Terminal controllers work in facilities called control towers and Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON). At some locations, staffs are shared between Tower Control and the TRACON, while at others the tower and the TRACON are completely separate entities. For example, Honolulu International Airport is served by a combined ("up/down") facility, while Chicago's O'Hare Airport is served by a control tower at the airport, and a remote TRACON located at Elgin, Illinois. The control tower at Schiphol airport. ...
TRACON is an acronym for Terminal Radar Approach CONtrol. ...
Honolulu International Airport (IATA: HNL, ICAO: PHNL) is the principal aviation gateway of the City & County of Honolulu and the State of Hawaii and identified as one of the busiest airports in the United States. ...
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OHare International Airport is an airport located in Chicago, Illinois, 17 miles (27 km) northwest of the Chicago Loop. ...
Incorporated City in 1854. ...
En-route controllers control the traffic between the terminals. They can also control traffic in and out of airports where the traffic volume does not warrant the establishment of a terminal ATC operation. En-route controllers work at facilities called Area Control Centers or Air Route Traffic Control Centers.
Terminal Control The primary method of controlling the immediate airport environment is visual observation from the control tower. The tower is a tall, windowed structure located on the airport grounds. Tower controllers are responsible for the separation and efficient movement of aircraft and vehicles operating on the taxiways and runways of the airport itself, and aircraft in the air near the airport, generally 2 to 5 nautical miles (4 to 9 km) depending on the airport procedures. Inside the control tower at Misawa Air Base, taken from [1] and uploaded by me. ...
Inside the control tower at Misawa Air Base, taken from [1] and uploaded by me. ...
American and Japanese air traffic controllers work together in Misawas busy control tower. ...
The control tower at Schiphol airport. ...
Radar displays are also available to controllers at some airports. Controllers may use a radar system called Secondary Surveillance Radar for airborne traffic approaching and departing. These displays include a map of the area, the position of various aircraft, and data tags that include aircraft identification, speed, heading, and other information described in local procedures. This long range radar antenna (approximately 40m (130ft) in diameter) rotates on a track to observe activities near the horizon. ...
A Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) is a radar device installed in air traffic control facilities to allow the precise identification of aircraft. ...
The areas of responsibility for tower controllers fall into three general operational disciplines; Ground Control, Local Control, and Clearance Delivery. While each tower's procedures will vary and while there may be multiple teams in larger towers that control multiple runways, the following provides a general concept of the delegation of responsibilities within the tower environment.
Ground Control Ground Control is responsible for the airport "movement" areas, or areas not released to the airlines or other users. This generally includes all taxiways, holding areas, and some transitional aprons or intersections where aircraft arrive having vacated the runway and departure gates. Exact areas and control responsibilities are clearly defined in local documents and agreements at each airport. Any aircraft, vehicle, or person walking or working in these areas is required to have clearance from the ground controller. This is normally done via VHF radio, but there may be special cases where other processes are used. Most aircraft and airside vehicles have radios. Aircraft or vehicles without radios will communicate with the tower via aviation light signals or will be led by vehicles with radios. People working on the airport surface normally have a communications link through which they can reach or be reached by ground control, commonly either by handheld radio or even cell phone. Ground control is vital to the smooth operation of the airport because this position might constrain the order in which the aircraft will be sequenced to depart, which can affect the safety and efficiency of the airport's operation. In the case of a radio failure or a plane not equipped with a radio, air traffic control will use a light gun to direct the airplane. ...
Motorola T2288 mobile phone A mobile phone is a portable electronic device which behaves as a normal telephone whilst being able to move over a wide area (compare cordless phone which acts as a telephone only within a limited range). ...
Some busier airports have systems, such as the ASDE-X, designed to display aircraft and vehicles on the ground. These are used by the ground controller as an additional tool to control ground traffic, particularly at night or in poor visibility. There are a wide range of capabilities on these systems as they are being modernized. Older systems will display a map of the airport and the target. Newer systems include the capability to display higher quality mapping, radar target, data blocks, and safety alerts. Airport Surface Detection Equipment, Model X, or ASDE-X, is a runway-safety tool that enables air traffic controllers to detect potential runway conflicts by providing detailed coverage of movement on runways and taxiways. ...
Local Control Local Control (most often referred to as the generic "Tower" control, although Tower control can also refer to a combination of the local, ground and clearance delivery positions) is responsible for the active runway surfaces. Local control clears aircraft for take off or landing and ensures the runway is clear for these aircraft. To accomplish this, local control controllers are normally given 2 to 5 nautical miles (4 to 9 km) of airspace around the airport, allowing them to give the clearances necessary for airport safety. If the local controller detects any unsafe condition, a landing aircraft will be told to "go around" and will be re-sequenced into the landing pattern by the TRACON controller.
Within the tower, a highly disciplined communications process between local and ground control is an absolute necessity. Ground control must request and gain approval from local control to cross any runway with any aircraft or vehicle. Likewise, local control must ensure ground control is aware of any operations that impact the taxiways and must work with the arrival radar controllers to ensure "holes" in the arrival traffic are created (where necessary) to allow taxiing traffic to cross runways and to allow departures aircraft to take off. Crew resource management procedures are often used to ensure this communication process is efficient and clear. Crew (or Cockpit) Resource Management originated from a NASA workshop in 1979 that focused on improving air safety by reducing human error. ...
Clearance Delivery Clearance delivery is the position that coordinates with the national command center and the en-route center to obtain releases for aircraft. Under normal conditions, this is more or less automatic. When weather or extremely high demand for a certain airport become a factor, there may be ground "stops" (or delays), or re-routes to ensure the system does not get overloaded. The primary responsibility of the clearance delivery position is to ensure that the aircraft have the proper route and release time. This information is also coordinated with the en-route center and the ground controller in order to ensure the aircraft reaches the runway in time to meet the release time provided by the command center.
TRACON Control - For more details on this topic, see TRACON.
 Inside the Potomac TRACON Larger airports have a radar control facility that is associated with the control tower. In the U.S., this is referred to as a TRACON or Terminal Radar Approach CONtrol facility (sometimes referred to as Approach or Departure control). While every airport varies, TRACONs usually control traffic in a 30 to 50 nautical mile (56 to 93 km) radius from the airport and from the surface up to 10,000 feet. The actual airspace boundaries and altitudes assigned to a TRACON are based on factors such as traffic flows and terrain, and vary widely from airport to airport. TRACON is an acronym for Terminal Radar Approach CONtrol. ...
TRACONs are responsible for providing all ATC services within their airspace. Traffic flow is broadly divided into departures, arrivals, overflights, and VFR aircraft. As aircraft move in and out of the TRACON airspace, they are handed off to the next appropriate control facility (a control tower, an en-route control facility, or a bordering TRACON). TRACON is responsible for ensuring that aircraft are at an appropriate altitude when they are handed off, and that aircraft arrive at a slow enough rate to permit safe landing times. Visual flight rules (VFR) are a set of aviation regulations under which a pilot may operate an aircraft, if weather conditions are sufficient to allow the pilot to visually control the aircrafts attitude, navigate, and maintain separation with obstacles such as terrain and other aircraft. ...
Not all airports have a TRACON available. In this case, the en-route center will coordinate directly with the tower and provide this type of service where radar coverage permits. Under these circumstances, the separation minimums are usually increased.
En-route Control - For more details on this topic, see Area Control Center.
 Controllers at work at the Washington Air Route Traffic Control Center. ATC provides services to aircraft in flight between airports as well. The level of service is dependant on the type of flight the aircraft falls under (IFR or VFR), the type of airspace the aircraft is in and the services requested by the pilots.
En-route Air Traffic Controllers issue clearances and instructions for airborne aircraft, and pilots are required to comply with these instructions. Controllers adhere to a set of separation standards that define the minimum distance allowed between aircraft. These distances vary depending on the equipment and procedures used in providing ATC services. An aircraft is any machine capable of atmospheric flight. ...
Pilots fly under one of two sets of rules for separation; Visual flight rules (VFR) or Instrument flight rules (IFR). Air Traffic Controllers have different responsibilities to aircraft operating under the different sets of rules. Visual flight rules (VFR) are a set of aviation regulations under which a pilot may operate an aircraft, if weather conditions are sufficient to allow the pilot to visually control the aircrafts attitude, navigate, and maintain separation with obstacles such as terrain and other aircraft. ...
Instrument flight rules (IFR) is a set of regulations and procedures for flying aircraft without the assumption that pilots will be able to see and avoid obstacles, terrain, and other air traffic; it is an alternative to visual flight rules (VFR), where the pilot is primarily or exclusively responsible for...
Visual flight rules (VFR) Pilots flying under VFR assume responsibility for their separation from all other aircraft and are not assigned routes or altitudes by ATC (outside of positive control airspace). They fly on their own using a "see and be seen" separation criteria. In busier controlled airspace, VFR aircraft are required to have a transponder. This amplifies the radar signal (as well broadcasting altitude level and a transponder code), and is used to allow controllers to warn IFR aircraft of any potential conflict. Governing agencies establish strict VFR "weather minima" for visibility, distance from clouds, and altitude to ensure that VFR pilots can see far enough. In telecommunication, the term transponder (sometimes abbreviated to XPDR or TPDR) has the following meanings: An automatic device that receives, amplifies, and retransmits a signal on a different frequency. ...
Transponder codes are four digit numbers broadcast by the transponder in an aircraft in response to a secondary surveillance radar interrogation signal to assist air traffic controllers in traffic separation. ...
VFR pilots can request, and ATC can elect to provide "VFR Advisory Services," if the controllers' workload permits. This is also referred to as "Flight following." Under this environment, the controllers will radar identify the VFR aircraft and provide traffic information and weather advisory services for the VFR pilot. Controllers do not provide any instructions concerning direction of flight, altitude, or speed to the VFR pilot receiving advisory services, and they do not provide separation services. This is an optional service and may be discontinued by ATC or the pilot at any time.
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Pilots flying under IFR must file a flight plan with ATC and accept any revisions ATC requests to their route or altitude. In return, controllers will ensure that pilots flying IFR are separated from all other IFR aircraft and terrain by the appropriate minimum separation. The IFR pilot, however, must maintain a close watch for VFR aircraft since ATC has no control over these aircraft. For this reason, VFR aircraft are restricted to altitudes below 18,000 ft and must have an operating transponder in congested airspace. Once IFR aircraft are above 18,000 ft (Flight Level 180) the aircraft is considered in "Positive Control Airspace," meaning that ATC controls all aircraft in the airspace. Flight plans are plans filed by pilots with the local Aviation Authority (e. ...
In aviation, a flight level is the nominal altitude of an aircraft referenced to a standard pressure datum, as opposed to the real altitude above mean sea level. ...
General Characteristics En-route air traffic controllers work in facilities called Area Control Centers, each of which is commonly referred to as a "Center". The United States uses the equivalent term Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC). Each center is responsible for many thousands of square miles of airspace (known as a Flight Information Region) and for the airports within that airspace. Centers control IFR aircraft from the time the aircraft departs an airport or leaves the TRACON's airspace or until the aircraft approaches the airspace controlled by a TRACON or if the airport does not have a TRACON, until the aircraft lands. Centers may also "pick up" aircraft that are airborne and integrate them into the IFR system. These aircraft must, however, remain VFR until the Center provides a clearance. A Flight Information Region (FIR) is an airspace with specific dimensions, in which an information service and an alert service are provided. ...
Center controllers are responsible for climbing the aircraft to their requested altitude while, at the same time, ensuring that the aircraft is properly separated from all other aircraft in the immediate area. Additionally, the aircraft must be placed in a flow consistent with the aircraft's route of flight. This effort is complicated by cross traffic, severe weather, special missions that require large airspace allocations, and traffic density.
As an aircraft reaches the boundary of a Center's control area it is "handed off" to the next Area Control Center. This "hand-off" process is simply a transfer of identification between controllers so that air traffic control services can be provided in a seamless manner. Once the hand-off is complete, the aircraft is given a frequency change and begins talking to the next controller. This process continues until the aircraft is handed off to a TRACON.
Radar Coverage Since centers control a large airspace area, they will typically use long range radar that has the capability to see aircraft within 200 nautical miles (370 km) of the radar antenna. They may also use TRACON radar data to control when it provides a better "picture" of the traffic or when it can fill in a portion of the area not covered by the long range radar.
In the U.S. system, over 90% of the U.S. airspace is covered by radar and often by multiple radar systems. A center may require numerous radar systems to cover the airspace assigned to them. This results in a large amount of data being available to the controller. To address this, automation systems have been designed that consolidate the radar data for the controller. This consolidation includes eliminating duplicate radar returns, ensuring the best radar for each geographical area is providing the data, and displaying the data in an effective format.
Centers also exercise control over traffic travelling over the world's ocean areas. These areas are also FIRs. Due to the fact that there are no radar systems available for oceanic control, oceanic controllers provide ATC services using "non-radar" procedures. These procedures use aircraft position reports, time, altitude, distance, and speed to ensure separation. Controllers record information on flight progress strips and in specially developed oceanic computer systems as aircraft report positions. This process requires that aircraft be separated by greater distances, which reduces the overall capacity for any given route. A Flight Information Region (FIR) is an airspace with specific dimensions, in which an information service and an alert service are provided. ...
Some Air Navigation Service Providers (e.g Airservices Australia, Alaska Center, etc.) are implementing Automatic Dependant Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) as part of their surveillance capability. This new technology reverses the radar concept. Instead of radar "finding" a target by interrogating the transponder, ADS transmits the aircraft's position several times a second. ADS also has other modes such as the "contract" mode where the aircraft reports a position based on a pre-determined time interval. This is significant because it can be used where it is not possible to locate the infrastructure for a radar system (e.g. over water). Computerised radar displays are now being designed to accept ADS inputs as part of the display. As this technology develops, oceanic ATC procedures will be modernised to take advantage of the benefits this technology provides.
Problems
Traffic The day-to-day problems faced by the air traffic control system are primarily related to the volume of air traffic demand placed on the system, and weather. Several factors dictate the amount of traffic that can land at an airport in a given amount of time. Each landing aircraft must touch down, slow, and exit the runway before the next crosses the end of the runway. This process requires between one and up to four minutes for each aircraft. Allowing for departures between arrivals, each runway can thus handle about 30 arrivals per hour. A typical large airport with two arrival runways can thus handle about 60 arrivals per hour in good weather. Problems begin when airlines schedule more arrivals into an airport than can be physically handled, or when delays elsewhere cause groups of aircraft that would otherwise be separated in time to arrive simultaneously. Aircraft must then be delayed in the air by holding over specified locations until they may be safely sequenced to the runway. Up until the 1990s, holding was a common occurrence at airports. Advances in computers now allow controllers to predict transit times and sequence planes hours in advance. Thus, planes may be delayed before they even take off, or may reduce power in flight and proceed more slowly in order to fit perfectly into a landing sequence without holding. Composite satellite image showing the progress of a hurricane weather system approaching the East Coast of the United States Weather comprises all the various phenomena that occur in the atmosphere of a planet. ...
A runway is a strip of land on an airport, on which aircraft can take off and land. ...
A Boeing 747-400 belonging to Virgin Atlantic Airways, one of the UKs largest airlines. ...
A hold is an aeronautical maneuver that keeps an aircraft in a predetermined safe area while waiting for a clearance, weather, traffic, or any other delays. ...
The 1990s refers to the years 1990 to 1999; the last decade of the 20th Century, but in an economical sense The Nineties is often considered to span from the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 to the 9/11 attacks in 2001. ...
Weather Beyond runway capacity issues, weather is a major factor in traffic capacity. Rain or ice and snow on the runway cause landing aircraft to take longer to slow and exit, thus reducing the safe arrival rate and requiring more space between landing aircraft. This, in turn, increases airborne delay for holding aircraft. If more aircraft are scheduled than can be safely and efficiently held in the air, a ground delay program may be established, delaying aircraft on the ground before departure due to conditions at the arrival airport. Rain falling For other uses see Rain (disambiguation). ...
A natural, 4 tonne, block of ice on a beach in Iceland Icicles Ice is the solid form of water. ...
A fresh snowfall in Colorados (USA) high forests. ...
In ACCs, a major weather problem is thunderstorms, which present a variety of hazards to aircraft. Aircraft will deviate around storms, reducing the capacity of the en-route system by requiring more space per aircraft, or causing congestion as many aircraft try to move through a single hole in a line of thunderstorms. Occasionally weather considerations cause delays to aircraft prior to their departure as routes are closed by thunderstorms. A rolling thundercloud over Enschede, The Netherlands. ...
Much money has been spent on creating software to streamline this process. However, at some Area Control Centers, air traffic controllers still record data for each flight on strips of paper and personally coordinate their paths. In newer sites, these flight progress strips have been replaced by electronic data presented on computer screens. As new equipment is brought in, more and more sites are upgrading away from paper flight strips. Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ...
A flight progress strip is a small strip of paper used to track flights in Air traffic control. ...
Call signs A prerequisite to safe air traffic separation is the assignment and use of distinctive airline call signs that usually include up to four digits (the flight number) prefaced by a company-specific airline call sign. In this arrangement, an identical call sign might well be used for the same scheduled journey each day it is operated, even if the departure time varies a little across different days of the week. The call sign of the return flight often differs only by the final digit, from the outbound flight. Generally, airline flight numbers are even if eastbound, and odd if westbound. In air traffic control terminology, a block of airspace of predetermined size assigned to a radar air traffic controller is called a "sector". Depending on various factors (traffic density, etc.), a controller may be responsible for one or more sectors at any given time. In broadcasting and radio communication, a callsign or call sign (also call letters) is a unique designation for a transmitting station. ...
Most airlines employ a distinctive and internationally recognised call sign that is normally spoken during airband radio transmissions as a prefix to the flight number. ...
A sector is a part of a whole. ...
Technology Many technologies are used in air traffic control systems. Primary and secondary radar are used to enhance a controller's "situational awareness" within his assigned airspace — all types of aircraft send back primary echoes of varying sizes to controllers' screens as radar energy is bounced off their skins, and transponder-equipped aircraft reply to secondary radar interrogations by giving an ID (Mode A), an altitude (Mode C) and/or a unique callsign (Mode S). Certain types of weather may also register on the radar screen. This long range radar antenna (approximately 40m (130ft) in diameter) rotates on a track to observe activities near the horizon. ...
In telecommunication, the term transponder (sometimes abbreviated to XPDR or TPDR) has the following meanings: An automatic device that receives, amplifies, and retransmits a signal on a different frequency. ...
These inputs, added to data from other radars, are correlated to build the air situation. Some basic processing occurs on the radar tracks, such as calculating ground speed and magnetic headings.
Other correlations with electronic flight plans are also available to controllers on modern operational display systems. Flight plans are plans filed by pilots with the local Aviation Authority (e. ...
Operational Display Systems in avionics, refers to systems used for tracking the status of multiple objects. ...
Some tools are available in different domains to help the controller further:
- Conflict Alert (CA): a tool that checks possible conflicting trajectories and alerts the controller.
- Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (MSAW): a tool that alerts the controller if an aircraft appears to be flying too low to the ground or will impact terrain based on its current altitude and heading.
- System Coordination (SYSCO) to enable controller to negotiate the release of flights from one sector to another.
- Area Penetration Warning (APW) to inform a controller that a flight will penetrate a restricted area.
- Arrival and Departure manager to help sequence the takeoff and landing of aircraft.
Major Accidents Failures in the system have caused delays or even, in rare cases, crashes. On July 1, 2002 a Tupolev Tu-154 and Boeing 757 collided above Überlingen near the boundary between German and Swiss-controlled airspace when a Skyguide-employed controller apparently gave instructions to the southbound Tupolev to descend despite an instruction from the on-board automatic Traffic Collision Avoidance System software to climb. The northbound Boeing, equipped with similar avionics, was already descending due to a software prompt. All passengers and crew died in the resultant collision. Skyguide company publicity had previously acknowledged that the relatively small size of Swiss airspace makes real-time cross-boundary liaison with adjoining authorities particularly important. See Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937 for more on this accident. It is worth noting, that currently air traffic controllers have no way of knowing if or when the TCAS system is issuing resolution advisories to pilots. They also do not know what the advisory is telling the pilots. Therefore, pilots are supposed to immediately report TCAS resolution advisories and follow them as soon as possible. Consequently, they should ignore ATC instructions until they have reported to the ground that they are clear of the conflict. July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ...
2002 (MMII) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Overhead view of Tu-154 airliner, operated by Aeroflot at Moscow airport. ...
The Boeing 757 is a medium-range transcontinental commercial passenger airplane manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. ...
Ãœberlingen Ãœberlingen is a city in south-western Germany. ...
Airspace means the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a particular country on top of its territory and territorial waters or, more generally, any specific portion of the atmosphere. ...
TCAS and IVSI Indicator The Traffic Collision Avoidance System (or TCAS) is a computer system installed on board many large aircraft, designed to prevent mid-air collisions. ...
The onboard electronics used for piloting an aircraft are called avionics(AVI-ation electr-ONICS). ...
Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937 was a Russian aircraft which collided with a DHL-owned cargo plane, on July 1, 2002 at 21:35 (UTC), near the German town of Ãœberlingen, near Lake Constance. ...
Other fatal collisions between airliners have occurred over India and Zagreb in Croatia. When a risk of collision is identified by aircrew or ground controllers an "air miss" or "air prox" report can be filed with the air traffic control authority concerned. The worst fatal collision between airliners actually took place on the ground, on March 27, 1977, in what is known as the Tenerife Disaster. Zagreb (pronounced: ) is the capital city of Croatia. ...
March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (87th in Leap years). ...
For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ...
The Tenerife disaster took place at 17:06 local time on March 27, 1977, when two Boeing 747 airliners collided on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, killing 583 people. ...
The FAA has spent over USD$3 billion on software, but a fully-automated system is still over the horizon. The UK has recently brought a new control centre into service at Swanwick, in Hampshire, relieving a busy suburban centre at West Drayton in Middlesex, north of London Heathrow Airport. Software from Lockheed-Martin predominates at Swanwick. The Swanwick facility, however, has been troubled by software and communications problems causing delays and occasional shutdowns, paralyzing air traffic in the area. The Federal Aviation Administration is the entity of the United States government which regulates and oversees all aspects of civil aviation in the U.S. // Activities Along with the European Joint Aviation Authorities, the FAA is one of the two main agencies worldwide responsible for the certification of new aircraft. ...
Location within the British Isles Swanwick is a town in Hampshire, England, situated on the River Hamble and M27 motorway. ...
Hampshire (abbr. ...
West Drayton is a place in the London Borough of Hillingdon to the west of central London. ...
Middlesex is an area of south-eastern England, it is traditionally regarded as one of the 39 historic counties of England. ...
London Heathrow Airport (IATA: LHR, ICAO: EGLL), often referred to simply as Heathrow, is the United Kingdoms busiest and best-connected airport. ...
Lockheed Martin NYSE: LMT is an aerospace manufacturer and advanced technology company formed in 1995 by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta. ...
Air Traffic Control Internationally This article is based upon Air Traffic Control in the US. Although there is much common ground between Air Traffic Control in various countries around the world (since ICAO has many Standards and Recommended Practices in this Area), there are some significant differences in airspace, procedures and terminology.
In the UK, Clearance Delivery is referred to as 'Planner', Ground Control is referred to as 'Ground Movement Control' or 'GMC' and Local Control is referred to as 'Air Control'. It is common for airports to have an Approach Radar Control based upon the airport to provide radar services to arriving and departing aircraft. For five London-area airports approach radar control is provided from the London Terminal Control Centre in West Drayton, Middlesex.
Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs) Created by an act of Parliament in 1996, NAV CANADA is Canadas provider of air navigations services. ...
A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, covering around 10,790,000 km² (4,170,000 sq mi) or 2. ...
EUROCONTROL members EUROCONTROL is the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, an international organisation whose primary objective is the development of a seamless, pan-European Air Traffic Management (ATM) system. ...
National Air Traffic Services Ltd. ...
The Federal Aviation Administration is the entity of the United States government which regulates and oversees all aspects of civil aviation in the U.S. // Activities Along with the European Joint Aviation Authorities, the FAA is one of the two main agencies worldwide responsible for the certification of new aircraft. ...
Related Topics // Institutions Certification In most countries, aircraft have to be certified by the aviation authority to be allowed to fly. ...
Airspace means the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a particular country on top of its territory and territorial waters or, more generally, any specific portion of the atmosphere. ...
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (also called ADS-B) is a system by which airplanes constantly broadcast their current position and altitude, category of aircraft, airspeed, identification, and whether the aircraft is turning, climbing or descending over a dedicated radio datalink. ...
In the case of a radio failure or a plane not equipped with a radio, air traffic control will use a light gun to direct the airplane. ...
In aviation, a flight level is the nominal altitude of an aircraft referenced to a standard pressure datum, as opposed to the real altitude above mean sea level. ...
A flight progress strip is a small strip of paper used to track flights in Air traffic control. ...
Free flight (model aircraft) Free flight (air traffic control) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Global Air Traffic Management (GATM) is a concept for satellite-based communication, navigation, surveillance and air traffic management. ...
International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers Associations (IFATCA) unites the professional associations of air traffic controllers from around the world. ...
The Tenerife disaster took place at 17:06 local time on March 27, 1977, when two Boeing 747 airliners collided on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, killing 583 people. ...
External links
Official Air Traffic Control Organizations and Research Institutes This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ...
(?) [ˈfraŋkfʊrt] is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany. ...
Cologne (German: ▶ [kœln]; Kölsch: Kölle) is with its one million residents Germanys fourth largest city after Berlin, Hamburg and Munich. ...
Cologne (German: ▶ [kœln]; Kölsch: Kölle) is with its one million residents Germanys fourth largest city after Berlin, Hamburg and Munich. ...
City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area - City Proper 1290 km² Population - City (2004) - Metropolitan - Density (city proper) 2,546,807 almost 4,000,000 1...
Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, French: Bruxelles, German: Brüssel) is the capital of Belgium, the French community of Belgium, the Flemish community and of the European Union. ...
The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ...
State nickname: The Evergreen State Official languages None Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Governor Christine Gregoire (D) Senators Patty Murray (D) Maria Cantwell (D) Area - Total - % water Ranked 18th 184,824 km² 6. ...
The Old town in Stockholm from the air ▶(?) is the capital of Sweden, located on the east coast at the entrance of lake Mälaren. ...
Amsterdam Location Country The Netherlands Province North Holland Population 739,295 (1 January 2005) Coordinates 4°54´E 52°22´N Website www. ...
State nickname: The Evergreen State Official languages None Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Governor Christine Gregoire (D) Senators Patty Murray (D) Maria Cantwell (D) Area - Total - % water Ranked 18th 184,824 km² 6. ...
Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London is the most populous city in the European Union, with an estimated population on 1 January 2005 of 7,500,000 and a metropolitan area population of between 12 and 14 million. ...
Amsterdam Location Country The Netherlands Province North Holland Population 739,295 (1 January 2005) Coordinates 4°54´E 52°22´N Website www. ...
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