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Search and rescue (acronym SAR) is an operation mounted by emergency services, often well-trained volunteers, to find someone believed to be in distress, lost, sick or injured either in a remote or difficult to access area, such as mountains, desert or forest ("Wilderness search and rescue"), or at sea, whether close to shore or not. The term can also be applied in urban situations when young children or senile people wander away from their homes and cannot be found. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Backronym and Apronym (Discuss) Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. ...
Emergency services are public services that deal with emergencies and other aspects of Public Safety. ...
This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Mountain rescue refers to search and rescue activities that occur in a mountainous environment, although the term is sometimes also used to apply to search and rescue in other wilderness environments. ...
Urban search and rescue (also known as Suburan Search and Rescue as USAR Teams often relates to structural collapses and other technical rescue) operations are Search and Rescue operations conducted in a city. One of the most common is searching for people buried as a result of a building collapse, as might happen after an earthquake. Sometimes, urban searches are performed for missing persons with certain criteria (example, a missing Alzheimer's patient with a history of wandering away from their home). Also, a wilderness search may transition into an urban search. This is common when lost children are involved. It has been suggested that USAR Teams be merged into this article or section. ...
Urban search and rescue (USAR) involves the mobilisation of resources to locate and remove trapped and often injured victims from collapsed structures or environments. ...
Technical rescue refers to those aspects of saving life or property that employ the use of tools and skills that exceed those normally reserved for firefighting and rescue. ...
Alzheimers disease (AD), also known simply as Alzheimers, is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration together with declining activities of daily living and neuropsychiatric symptoms or behavioral changes. ...
Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) is a function of special military units during wartime. CSAR consists of operations carried out to retrieve, rescue and provide assistance to downed aircrews or allies behind enemy lines. CSAR missions generally have the mission's aircrews well armed as they cross into enemy territory. One famous CSAR mission was the rescue of US Air Force Captain Scott O'Grady after he was shot down over Bosnia in 1995. Other examples include the more recent Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan, and the famous Battle of Mogadishu in which the "Black Hawk Down" incident occurred. Scott F. OGrady (born October 12, 1965 in Brooklyn, New York) is a former United States Air Force captain who gained prominence after he was shot down in his F-16 by Bosnian Serb forces on June 2, 1995 while patrolling the no-fly zone over Bosnia. ...
Combatants United States, Canada, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, Denmark, France, Norway, Germany Taliban insurgents, al-Qaeda Commanders Buster Hagenbeck Unknown Strength 2,000 500-1,500 Casualties 8 U.S. servicemen dead, 82 wounded 500-800 [1] In early March 2002 the United States military, along with allied Afghan...
Combatants USSOF, UNOSOM II Somali National Alliance-affiliated militias Commanders William F. Garrison Mohamed Farrah Aidid Strength 160 2,000+ Casualties U.S. 18 killed 73 wounded 1 captured Malaysia 1 killed 7 wounded Pakistan 2 wounded Militia and civilians 1,000+ killed 3,000+ wounded Task Force Ranger achieved...
Air Sea Rescue (ASR) specifically can refer to both the use of aircraft to search for and locate or recover personnel lost at sea and the recovery of downed airmen at sea. The RAF "Air Sea Rescue Service" used Armed high speed launches to recover aircrew from the English Channel during the Second World War while long range flying boats and other aircraft would pick up aircrew (or drop equipment to them) further from shore. RAF redirects here. ...
Known as the Whaleback from the distinctive curve to its deck, the Type 2 HSL (High Speed Launch) was used to rescue Allied aircrew from the sea after they were shot down during the Second World War. ...
Satellite view of the English Channel The English Channel (French: La Manche (IPA: ), the sleeve) is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. ...
Operational phases
Search and Rescue operations have several distinct phases or parts.
In the initial phase of the operation, steps are taken to ascertain a likely location of the person being searched for, so that a search area can be established if they are in fact in need of rescue. Essential information is gathered so that leaders can determine not only who is missing, but how they are equipped, how experienced, how familiar with the area, etc.. This information is then factored with other considerations to determine the initial urgency and scale of the mission.
In the Search phase, a search is mounted by personnel on foot, horse, or using vehicles, often aided by K-9 (dog) teams, and when available, air support. Specific procedures are followed during a Search, including an initial hasty team sent to the most likely locations, containment teams which are posted or patrol likely routes of a lost subject that may be moving, and the assignment of search personnel to specific areas which are mapped out using a combination of theory, prior experience and local knowledge of the terrain. A substantial body of mathematical theory called search theory, some initially developed for anti-submarine warfare, has been developed and can be used to help choose the search area priorities for maritime and inland search operations. Search is usually an iterative process over many hours or even days, with returning personnel interviewed or debriefed to glean information to be incorporated into plans for the next personnel deployment. Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ...
Police dog getting ready to search a vehicle for drugs A police dog is a dog that is trained specifically to assist police and similar law-enforcement personnel with their work. ...
The Bell 206 of Canadian Helicopters Robinson Helicopter Company (USA) R44, a four seat development of the R22 A helicopter is an aircraft which is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors consisting of two or more rotor blades. ...
Bayesian search theory is the application of Bayesian statistics to the search for lost objects. ...
In the Rescue phase, aid is rendered to the person where they are found, sufficient to allow them to be safely transported to a place where more intensive aid can be provided. This extrication of the patient often includes some aspects of technical rescue. In certain situations, the subject(s) are in a known position and the operation goes directly to the Rescue phase. The wide availability of cellular phones and increasing coverage areas has increased the number of such calls for rescue without requiring a lengthy Search phase. Technical rescue refers to those aspects of saving life or property that employ the use of tools and skills that exceed those normally reserved for firefighting and rescue. ...
The recovery of the body of a deceased person in similar situations is also considered an aspect of Search and Rescue, though the actual Rescue phase of the operation is often known as recovery rather than rescue.
Once the subject has been found, rescued or recovered, then the operation is recalled and with large operations, this phase is sometimes called demobilization.
Afterwards, there is often a critique phase where each phase of the operation is analysed to determine what could have been done better, or why things worked as well as they did.
Standards SAR standards are developed primarily by ASTM International and the US NFPA. ASTM International is an international voluntary standards organization that develops and produces technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services. ...
Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic - President George Walker Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from...
The National Fire Protection Association (established 1896) is an independent, voluntary-membership, nonprofit (tax-exempt) organization. ...
Within ASTM International, most standards of relevance to SAR are developed by Committee F32 on Search and Rescue[1]. Formed in 1988, as of November 2006 the committee had 85 current members and jurisdiction of 38 approved standards. ASTM International is an international voluntary standards organization that develops and produces technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services. ...
SAR by nation
Australia AusSAR, which is part of the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA), provides a national search and rescue service. AMSA can refer to: B-1 Lancer Austrian medical students association Australian Medical Students Association This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
AusSAR operates a 24 hour Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) in Canberra and is responsible for the national coordination of both maritime and aviation search and rescue. AusSAR is also responsible for the management and operation of the Australian ground segment of the Cospas-Sarsat distress beacon detection system. The service that spans the nation and covers 52.8 million square kilometres of the Indian, Pacific and Southern Oceans. For other uses, see Canberra (disambiguation). ...
AusSAR's RCC is staffed by SAR specialists who have a naval, merchant marine, air force, civil aviation or police service background. The RCC also coordinates medical evacuations, broadcasts maritime safety information and operates the Australian Ship Reporting System (AUSREP)[2] .
State search and rescue State Police in many states operate state-based search and rescue squads, such as the Victoria Police Search and Rescue Squad, which provides specialist expertise, advice and practical assistance in land search and rescue on most terrain including snow and vertical cliff search and rescue[3] . There are also state-based volunteer search and rescue groups such as the Bushwalkers Wilderness Rescue Squad[4] in New South Wales and Bushwalkers Search and Rescue[5] in Victoria. Capital Sydney Government Const. ...
Capital Melbourne Government Const. ...
British Virgin Islands
 A USCG HH-65 Dolphin Helicopter assists VISAR with a Mission Virgin Islands Search and Rescue (VISAR) is the officially recognised search and rescue organisation in the British Virgin Islands. VISAR is a voluntary organisation dedicated to saving life at sea, and provides 24-hour cover every day of the year in close co-operation with the Royal British Virgin Islands police, fire and ambulance services. Image File history File links VISAR.jpg‎ I am a director of Virgin Islands Search & Rescue and have taken the image from our own website - www. ...
Image File history File links VISAR.jpg‎ I am a director of Virgin Islands Search & Rescue and have taken the image from our own website - www. ...
The HH-65 Dolphin is a MEDEVAC-capable short-range recovery (SSR) helicopter operated by the United States Coast Guard (USCG). ...
Unlike many other search & rescue organisation, such as the United States Coast Guard, VISAR is a charity and is funded almost entirely by charitable donation. With running costs in the region of US$150,000 per year, and a population of just 20,000 in the British Virgin Islands, VISAR relies very heavily on donations made by tourists, who visit the British Virgin Islands to come sailing. The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is a branch of the United States armed forces involved in maritime law enforcement, mariner assistance, search and rescue, and national defense. ...
Canada See National Search and Rescue Program for information on jurisdiction and operations. CH-113 Labrador helicopter used by the Canadian Forces for search and rescue from 1962-2004, performing an exercise with a Canadian Coast Guard rescue cutter. ...
Ireland SAR services are provided by a civilian body, the Irish Coast Guard [2]. It has responsibility for the Irish Search and Rescue Region [3]. This service was formerly provided by the Irish Air Corps, from 1963 to the early 21st century. The need for longer range helicopters encouraged the Irish Government to create a civilian organsiation which hires private companies to provide the service. The Irish Air Corps (Aer Chór na hÉireann) provides the air defence function of Oglaigh na hÉireann (the Irish Defence Forces), in support of the Army and Naval Service, together with such other roles as may be assigned by the Government (e. ...
This procedure has worked successfully, providing a greatly increased SAR range and forward basing of the SAR service on coastal bases, greatly improving their speed to incident and time on site compared to previous centralised military operations near Dublin.
The introduction of the privatised service also allowed Ireland to field the first female SAR helicopter pilot in Europe, at the time.
New Zealand New Zealand's Search and Rescue Region extends from the South Pole to the southern border of the Honolulu region, including Norfolk, Tonga, Samoa, and Cook Islands. See the AIP New Zealand website for map and text (GEN 3.6 of the manual). Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. ...
Honolulu as seen from the International Space Station Honolulu is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Hawai‘i. ...
Poland The SAR Service was established on January 1, 2002 by virtue of the Safety at Sea Act (November 9, 2000)
SAR Service takes part in search and rescue of human life at the sea and the tasks related to combating sea pollution. Because Poland is a part of International Conventions like The International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue and The Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area,
Maritime Search and Rescue Service (called SAR Service) was established.
The SAR Service is a state owned budget unit subordinated to the competent Minister for Maritime Economy.
The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. ...
See Maritime Search and Rescue Servicefor more information.
United Kingdom In the UK, maritime search and rescue is coordinated by HM Coastguard, while land-based operations are usually coordinated by the local Police force. The operation itself is carried out with aircraft from the Royal Navy, RAF or Coastguard, RNLI lifeboats and police, military or volunteer mountain rescue or ALSAR teams. In 2006, the government announced controversial plans to effectively privatise provision of search and rescue helicopters in order to replace the aging Sea Kings currently in use, although they have suggested that crews may (at least partially) still be made up of military personnel. [4] Her Majestys Coastguard is the agency of the government of the United Kingdom concerned with co-ordinating rescue at sea. ...
The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore the Senior Service). ...
RAF redirects here. ...
Swanage lifeboat being winched up its slipway The Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) is a charity based in England dedicated to saving lives at sea around the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. ...
Mountain rescue refers to search and rescue activities that occur in a mountainous environment, although the term is sometimes also used to apply to search and rescue in other wilderness environments. ...
Privatization (sometimes privatisation, denationalization, or — especially in India — disinvestment) is the process of transferring property, from public ownership to private ownership. ...
The Westland Sea King is a license-built version of the Sikorsky helicopter of the same name, built by Westland Helicopters. ...
United States The jurisdiction for SAR operations varies from state to state in the United States, and depends upon the nature of the operation.
Urban SAR
Urban operations are often but not always under the jurisdiction of the fire department especially when a rescue is involved. If there is a criminal element, such as abduction, then a law enforcement agency will usually have jurisdictional authority. Firefighter with an axe A firefighter, sometimes still called a fireman though women have increasingly joined firefighting units, is a person who is trained and equipped to put out fires, rescue people and in some areas provide emergency medical services. ...
For the band, see The Police. ...
Wilderness SAR
Authority for Wilderness SAR and Mountain Rescue varies, with some states supervising operations from a state-wide office such as state police or office of emergency management. The United States Forest Service may also be involved. With other states authority remains with the sheriff of the county in which the incident took place, or the local fish and game officials (e.g., New Hampshire). Within U.S. national parks and monuments, the National Park Service maintains authority, "exclusive jurisdiction," regardless of state law. Most wilderness SAR operations involve volunteer groups such as US-HERO and US Search And Rescue Task Force, who work for the jurisdictional authority. Mountain rescue refers to search and rescue activities that occur in a mountainous environment, although the term is sometimes also used to apply to search and rescue in other wilderness environments. ...
The USDA Forest Service, a United States government agency within the United States Department of Agriculture, is under the leadership of the United States Secretary of Agriculture. ...
Look up Sheriff in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. ...
In addition to their responsibilities in the area of missing aircraft SAR, the Civil Air Patrol (USAF Aux) often assists in wilderness SAR when activated by local agencies. Civil Air Patrol seal The Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (USAF). ...
Water SAR
SAR on federal waters is usually the responsibility of the United States Coast Guard, but in inland and joint jursidiction waters state and local government agencies assume some or all responsibility for SAR. A sample water rescue team is Dive Team 8 of US-HERO. The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is a branch of the United States armed forces involved in maritime law enforcement, mariner assistance, search and rescue, and national defense. ...
In some situations, body recovery may fall under a separate command, such as the state medical investigator or county medical examiner, depending upon the local laws.
Missing Aircraft
Where downed aircraft are involved, the state aeronautics commission (or their delegate) is responsible for the recovery and subsequent investigation. Most states use the Civil Air Patrol (CAP). CAP is the Air Force Auxiliary. CAP SAR teams are activated through the United States Air Force Rescue Coordination Center to conduct searches for possible or actual missing aircraft. CAP conducts over 90% of all federal search and rescue missions directed by the Center for possible or actual missing aircraft. CAP also helps with missing person searches as requested by county, state and other agencies. Civil Air Patrol seal The Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (USAF). ...
Seal of the Air Force. ...
Personnel
Urban operations are generally staffed with paid personnel from fire, EMS, law enforcement agencies and volunteer teams with mutual aid agreements. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Wilderness operations are usually staffed with a combination of paid and volunteer personnel. Volunteers may be members of a public safety agency such as a fire department or county sheriff but are also likely to be members of an independent non-profit group with specialized skills such as ground search and rescue, airborne search, wilderness navigation, cave rescue, mountain rescue, ski patrol and wilderness first aid. Large operations can bring a dozen or more separate groups and government agencies to a single operation, which is usually managed using the Incident Command System (ICS) originally developed for management of diverse resources to combat large wildfires. Look up Sheriff in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Table of geography, hydrography, and navigation, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
Cave rescue is a highly specialized field of rescue in which injured or trapped people are removed from or treated in caves and other underground space(Holes). ...
Mountain rescue refers to search and rescue activities that occur in a mountainous environment, although the term is sometimes also used to apply to search and rescue in other wilderness environments. ...
Ski patroller with toboggan in tow A ski patrol is an organization that provides first aid and rescue services to skiers and participants of other snow sports, either at a ski area or in a backcountry setting. ...
Wilderness first aid is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival of emergency responders or the patient evacuation may be delayed due to constraints of terrain, weather, and available persons or equipment. ...
A typical Incident Command Post The Incident Command System (ICS) is a management system used within the United States to organize emergency response and was designed to offer a scalable response to incidents of any magnitude. ...
Bitterroot National Forest wildfire A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, brush fire, peat fire (gambut in Indonesia), bushfire (in Australasia), or hill fire, is an uncontrolled fire often occurring in wildland areas, but which can also consume houses or agricultural resources. ...
Marine operations in the U.S. are generally staffed by the United States Coast Guard including its Auxiliary, and on inland waters county and state public safety agencies will also participate. The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is a branch of the United States armed forces involved in maritime law enforcement, mariner assistance, search and rescue, and national defense. ...
The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary was established in 1939 by an act of Congress as the United States Coast Guard Reserve and re-designated as the Auxiliary in 1941. ...
Aviation search operations in the U.S. are staffed by Civil Air Patrol volunteers, which include both aircrews and ground teams trained for wilderness search in coordination with aircraft. CAP members also perform SAR and disaster relief activities of other natures, in the effort to assist local, state, and national authorities as directed by CAP Incident Commanders and the Air Force Rescue Coordination Center. Civil Air Patrol seal The Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (USAF). ...
SAR Units
Most SAR units in the United States are all-volunteer groups that work under the jurisdictional authorities. These may be sponsored by a jurisdictional authority (Sheriff's Office or Police Department) or be an independent group with a Mutual Aid Agreement with the jurisdictional authorities. Examples of all volunteer groups are US-HERO, ASRC, Explorer Search and Rescue, and US Search And Rescue Task Force. ESAR is the acronym for Explorer Search and Rescue, which refers to teams of volunteers from the ranks of U.S. Explorer scouts who are trained and deployed for search and rescue missions. ...
See also
SAR by resource kind An avalanche is a very large slide of snow (or rock) down a mountainside, caused when a buildup of snow is released down a slope, and is one of the major dangers faced in the mountains. ...
Cave rescue is a highly specialized field of rescue in which injured or trapped people are removed from or treated in caves and other underground space(Holes). ...
Mountain rescue refers to search and rescue activities that occur in a mountainous environment, although the term is sometimes also used to apply to search and rescue in other wilderness environments. ...
Mounted search and rescue (MSAR), search and rescue responders on horseback, are primarily a search resource, but also can provide off-road logistics support and transportation. ...
Tracking dogs follow ground scent The use of dogs in search and rescue (SAR) is a valuable component in responding to law enforcement requests for missing persons. ...
Others US-HERO is a nation-wide volunteer organization providing qualified Search and Rescue and Disaster Relief services to local, state and federal agencies. ...
The Life Saver 1 Helicopter During a Water Rescue in Sydney The Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service was founded in 1973 by Surf Life Saving Australia. ...
Civil Air Patrol seal The Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (USAF). ...
A coast guard is a national organization responsible for various services at sea. ...
Emergency position-indicating rescue beacons (EPIRB), also called Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) or Personal Locator Beacon, are small radio transmitters that some satellites and search and rescue aircraft can use to locate people, boats and aircraft needing rescue. ...
Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs), Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) and Personal Locator Beacons (PLBs) are tracking transmitters that operate as part of the Cospas-Sarsat satellite system. ...
ESAR is the acronym for Explorer Search and Rescue, which refers to teams of volunteers from the ranks of U.S. Explorer scouts who are trained and deployed for search and rescue missions. ...
Severn class lifeboat in Poole Harbour, Dorset, England. ...
A Beechcraft King Air of the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia. ...
The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is a branch of the United States armed forces involved in maritime law enforcement, mariner assistance, search and rescue, and national defense. ...
The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary was established in 1939 by an act of Congress as the United States Coast Guard Reserve and re-designated as the Auxiliary in 1941. ...
Urban search and rescue (USAR) involves the mobilisation of resources to locate and remove trapped and often injured victims from collapsed structures or environments. ...
Ski patroller with toboggan in tow A ski patrol is an organization that provides first aid and rescue services to skiers and participants of other snow sports, either at a ski area or in a backcountry setting. ...
Wilderness first aid is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival of emergency responders or the patient evacuation may be delayed due to constraints of terrain, weather, and available persons or equipment. ...
103 Search and Rescue Squadron of the Canadian Forces Air Command currently operates the CH-149 Cormorant from CFB 9 Wing Gander, Newfoundland. ...
An Organization located in the North East United States devoted to Search and Rescue and Disaster Relief. ...
As the United States inland search and rescue (SAR) coordinator, the Air Force Rescue Coordination Center serves as the single agency responsible for coordinating on-land federal SAR activities in the 48 contiguous United States, Mexico and Canada. ...
The Law Enforcemnt Arm in the State of Maryland. ...
The Cardiff and Vale Rescue Association (CAVRA) is a voluntary search and rescue organisation, operating within the City of Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan. ...
Long Beach Search & Rescue is a specialist Explorer post of the Learning for Life program with the Boy Scouts of America. ...
External links
References - ^ [1]
- ^ AusSAR
- ^ Victoria Police Search and Rescue Squad
- ^ Bushwalkers Wilderness Rescue Squad
- ^ Bushwalkers Search and Rescue
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