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An Airplane (US usage), or Aeroplane (ICAO usage), is defined as: a power-driven heavier than air Aircraft, deriving its lift chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surface which remain fixed under given conditions of flight. (ICAO Doc 9110)
Straight and level flight of airplane
In steady, level flight, an airplane can be considered as being acted on by four forces in equilibrium: lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Thrust is the force generated by the engine and acts along the engine's thrust vector. Lift acts perpendicular to the motion of the airplane. Drag acts antiparallel to the motion of the airplane. Weight acts towards the centre of the Earth. Very roughly, in straight and level flight, lift can be assumed equal to weight and thrust equal to drag. By altering the balance of these basic forces, an aircraft can be maneuvered in three dimensions. Lift consists of the sum (technically the negative product) of all the aerodynamic forces normal (i. ...
Weight is the force exerted upon an object by virtue of its position in a gravitational field. ...
For the land-speed record breaking car, see ThrustSSC and Thrust2 For the computer game, see Thrust (computer game) Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newtons Second Law when a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction to propel a vehicle in the opposite direction. ...
For a solid object moving through a fluid or gas, drag is the sum of all the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces in the direction of the external fluid flow. ...
Airplane control and movement There are three primary ways for an airplane to change direction.... pitch (movement of the nose up or down), roll (rotation around the longitudinal axis, that is, the axis which runs along the length of the airplane) and yaw (swinging the nose left or right relative to the airplane vertical axis). On a commercial airplane these are controlled using a handlebar or spectacle grip mounted on a control column in front of the pilot. Following the introduction of fly-by-wire, some commercial airplanes now use a small controller mounted on the side of the flight deck. With Fly by wire there is no mechanical connection from the flight deck to the control surfaces, electrical signalling is used instead. A flight control system consists of the flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkage, and necessary operating mechanisms to control aircraft in flight The basic fundamentals of aircraft controls has been explained in aeronautics. ...
On a military airplane, as on the earliest airplane, a control stick or joystick is used.
Conventionally, pulling back causes a nose-up pitch action. Pushing forward causes a nose-down pitch action. Turning or moving the control to the right or left produces roll, turning the control affects the rate of roll rather than indicating the angle to which the aircraft will roll. Yaw is induced by foot pedals where pressure on the right or left pedal produces yaw in the indicated direction. A coordinated turn (change of heading direction) includes both roll and yaw of the airplane.
In micro-lights and hang gliders the pitch action is reversed - pulling back produces a nose-down pitch action. Hang gliding is one of the windsports. ...
Airplane control surfaces Yaw is induced by a moveable rudder, attached to a vertical fin usually at the rear of the airplane. Sometimes the entire fin is movable. Movement of the rudder changes the size and orientation of the force the vertical surface produces. Since the force is created a distance behind the centre of gravity this sideways force causes a yawing motion. On a large aiplane there may be several independent rudders on the single fin for both safety and to control the inter-linked yaw and roll actions. A rudder is a device used to steer a ship or other watercraft. ...
It should be realised that an airplane cannot execute a level turn by yaw alone - there is no surface to use to create cornering forces. A precise combination of bank and lift must be generated to cause the required centripetal forces without producing a sideslip.
Pitch is controlled by the rear part of the tailplane's horizontal stabiliser being hinged to create an elevator. By moving the elevator up (a position of negative camber) the tailplane is pulled down and the angle of attack on the wings increased so the nose is pitched up and lift is generally increased. There is however an initial period where lift is reduced, this is especially noticeable in larger airplane which can drop some way before the increased angle of attack on the wings takes effect. A tailplane is a small lifting surface located behind the main lifting surfaces of a fixed-wing aircraft. ...
For other meanings of elevator see Elevator (disambiguation). ...
In this diagram, the black arrow represents the direction of the wind. ...
In computing, WinG (pronounced Win Gee) was an API to provide fast graphics performance on Windows 3. ...
The system of a fixed tail surface and moveable elevators is standard in subsonic airplane. Craft capable of supersonic flight often have a stabilator, an all-moving tail surface. Pitch is changed in this case by moving the entire horizontal surface of the tail. This seemingly simple innovation was one of the key technologies that made supersonic flight possible. In early attempts, as pilots exceeded Mach 0.9, a strange phenomena made their control surfaces useless, and their airplane uncontrollable. It was determined that as an airplane approaches the speed of sound, the air approaching the airplane is compressed and shock waves are produced in a conical shape as the airplane meets and exceeds the sound barrier. These shock waves made the elevator control surfaces freeze and so the problem was solved by moving the entire horizontal surface of the tail. Also, in supersonic flight the change in camber has less effect on lift and a stabilator produces less drag.
Airplane that need control at extreme angles of attack are sometimes fitted with a canard configuration, in which pitching movement is created using a forward foreplane (roughly level with the cockpit). Such a system produces an immediate increase in lift and therefore a better response to pitch controls. This system is common in delta-wing airplane (deltaplane), which use a stabilator-type canard foreplane. Another advantage of a canard configuration is improved behaviour at stall. Disadvantages of a canard configuration include that the requirements for efficiency and good handling qualities drive the design in opposite directions, and that the canard disturbs the airplane before it encounters the main wing. In aeronautics, canard (French for duck) is a type of fixed-wing aircraft in which the tailplane is ahead of the main lifting surfaces, rather than behind them as in conventional aircraft. ...
Simple Definition: An aircraft in flight is usually not pointed directly into the oncoming airflow. ...
A further design of tailplane is the V-tail, so named because that instead of the standard inverted T there are two vertical fins angled away from each other in a V. To produce force, like a rudder, the two trailing edge control surfaces move together. To act as an elevator both surfaces move in opposite directions. The advantage is the reduction in weight and drag from the reduction in the number of control surfaces from three to two. The V-tail of a Belgian Air Force Fouga Magister In aircraft, a V-tail (sometimes called a butterfly tail) is an unconventional arrangement of the tail control surfaces that replaces the traditional fin and horizontal surfaces with two surfaces set in a V-shaped configuration when viewed from the...
Roll is controlled by movable sections on the trailing edge of the wings called ailerons. The ailerons move differentially - one goes up as the other goes down. The difference in camber cause a difference in lift and thus a rolling movement. As well as ailerons there are sometimes also spoilers - small hinged plates on the upper surface of the wing, originally used to produce drag to slow the airplane down. On modern airplane, which have the benefit of automation, they can be used in combination with the ailerons to provide roll control. Aileron location on a Piper PA-28. ...
Airbus A319 with fully deployed combined airbrakes and spoilers In aeronautics a spoiler (sometimes called a lift dumper) is a device intended to reduce lift in an aircraft. ...
The earliest powered airplane did not have ailerons. The whole wing was warped using wires. Wing warping is efficient since there is no discontinuity in the wing geometry. But as speeds increased unintentional warping became a problem and so ailerons were developed.
Aerodynamics The Dutch (1700 - 1782) mathematician Daniel Bernoulli has contributed greatly to the science of aerodynamics and therefore to airplane flight mechanics. Without his theories no airplane would be able to fly in the manner they do so now. Especially Bernoulli's principle, - which states that in fluid flow, an increase in velocity occurs simultaneously with decrease in pressure- is important. For a mathematical formulation, see Bernoulli's equation. This theory is considered to be essential for airplane flight mechanics. Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ...
1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
A mathematician is a person whose area of study and research is mathematics. ...
Daniel Bernoulli Daniel Bernoulli (Groningen, February 9, 1700 – Basel, March 17, 1782) was a Dutch-born mathematician who spent much of his life in Basel, Switzerland. ...
Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study of gas flows, first analysed by George Cayley in the 1800s. ...
ěūūÖÂÄËBernoullis principle states that in [[fluid]] flow, an increase in [[velocity]] occurs simultaneously with decrease in [[pressure]]. It is named for the [[Netherlands|Dutch]]/[[Switzerland|Swiss]] mathematician/scientist [[Daniel Bernoulli]], though it was previously understood by [[Leonhard DOGGIE!!!!!!]] relies upon the pressure differential above and below a wing. ...
In fluid dynamics, Bernoullis equation, derived by Daniel Bernoulli, describes the behavior of a fluid moving along a streamline. ...
The actual linkages within the airplane are discussed under:
aircraft flight control systems A flight control system consists of the flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkage, and necessary operating mechanisms to control aircraft in flight The fundamentals of aircraft controls have been explained in aeronautics. ...
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