NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ajacan Mission

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The Ajacan Mission was a failed attempt in the 16th century by Spanish Jesuit priests to settle and bring Christianize the Native Americans on the Virginia Peninsula in the New World. The failed Ajacan Mission of 1570–1571, which would have been known as "St. Mary's Mission," predated the establishment of the English settlement at Jamestown by about 36 years. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ... Priesthood in the Catholic Church is the second of the three orders of ordained ministry, Bishop, Priest and Deacon. ... St Francis Xavier converting the Paravas: a 19th-century image of the docile heathen The historical phenomenon of Christianization, the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire peoples at once, also includes the practice of converting pagan practices, pagan religious imagery, pagan sites and the pagan calendar... Chief Quanah Parker of the Quahadi Comanche Native Americans in the United States (also Indians, American Indians, First Americans, Indigenous Peoples, Aboriginal Peoples, Aboriginal Americans, Amerindians, Amerinds, or Original Americans) are those indigenous peoples within the territory which is now encompassed by the continental United States, and their descendants in... The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmÃ©rique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ... Events January 23 - The assassination of regent James Stewart, Earl of Moray throws Scotland into civil war February 25 - Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England with the bull Regnans in Excelsis May 20 - Abraham Ortelius issues the first modern atlas. ... Events January 11 - Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion. ... British colonization of the Americas (including colonization under the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union) began in the late 16th century, before reaching its peak after colonies were established in North, Central and South America and in the Caribbean, and a protectorate was established in Hawaii. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

1 Spanish exploration
2 Mission sited
3 Exact location
4 Abandonment
5 Aftermath
6 Opechancanough
7 Modern times
8 Sources
9 See also

Spanish exploration

Early in the 16th century, Spanish explorers discovered the Chesapeake Bay while in search of the fabled (and non-existent) Northwest Passage to India. They gave the land now known as Virginia the name "Ajacan." (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... The Chesapeake Bay - Landsat photo The Chesapeake Bay where the Susquehanna River empties into it. ... Popular Northwest Passage routes through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago This article describes the route through the Canadian Arctic. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area Ranked 35th - Total 42,793 sq mi (110,862 kmÂ²) - Width 200 miles (320 km) - Length 430 miles (690 km) - % water 7. ...

After several failed attempts at colonization of the portion of the New World now known as the United States, the Spanish succeeded in 1565 with the establishment of St. Augustine, the first city in the United States. Small settlements spread northward along the eastern coast into Georgia and the Carolinas. The northern-most post was Santa Elena (today Port Royal, South Carolina). Five flags have flown over the city since 1565. ... Port Royal is a town located in Beaufort County, South Carolina. ...

Spanish exploration northward in the area of the Chesapeake Bay continued into the late 16th century. During one such trip in 1560, an Indian boy captured by the Spanish was brought to Mexico. He was instructed in the Catholic religion and baptized Don Luis, in honor of [Luis de Velasco],the Viceroy of New Spain. The youth was transported to Madrid, Spain, and had an audience with the Emperor. He received a thorough Jesuit education. Don Luis returned to the New World as part of a mission to create a Jesuit outpost in his homeland. Having difficulty recognizing his home land from the ships viewpoint, he convinced his Spanish captives he was in the right place - he may not have been in his homeland but may rather have sensed the captain's frustration and claimed the land as his homeland so that he would not lose the opportunity to ever get home. Events February 27 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. ... Don Luis (b. ... This article is about the Spanish capital. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ...

Some writers speculate that Don Luis, an Indian captive, was taken with Jesuits and planted near the York or James River in the Chesapeake Bay. This is speculation without any proof. Some writers write with authority that Don Luis was actually Powhatan or Powhatan's brother Opechancanough. This is pure speculation and is very unlikely. Captain John Smith was captured by Powhatan's brother Opechancanough. He presented Opechancanough with a compass, with which Opechancanough was fascinated. If Opechancanough were Don Luis, he would have sees many compasses and would not have been so fascinated with it or Captain John Smith's stories of the sun and stars.

Mission sited

In 1570, Father Juan Bautista de Segura, Jesuit vice provincial of Havana, wanted to establish a mission in Ajacan without a military garrison, which was unusual. Despite concerns about the plan's feasibility, Father Segura eventually obtained permission from his superiors for the founding of the new St. Mary's Mission. This article is about the Cuban city. ...

In August 1570, Father Segura, Father Luis de Quiros, former head of the Jesuit college among the Moors in Spain, and six Jesuit brothers set forth from their base in Havana on their Ajacan Mission, seeking to establish a new outpost to be called St. Mary's Mission. A young Spanish boy, Alonso Olmos, called Aloncito, also accompanied the priests to serve Mass. They were also accompanied by Don Luis as their guide and translator. On September 10, the party of 10 landed in Ajacan.

Exact location

Some say (without reference or any proof what-so-ever) that the location they chose was at Queen's Creek on the north side of the Lower Peninsula, near the York River. Some say that there are recent findings that suggest that St. Mary's Mission may have been in the village of Axacam on the New Kent side of Diascund Creek near its confluence with the Chickahominy River. Others speculate that the location was in Deleware Bay. The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... The York River is a navigable estuary, approximately 40 mi (64 km) long, in eastern Virginia in the United States. ... New Kent County is a county located in the state of Virginia. ... Chickahominy also known as the Chick is a river in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Virginia, near which several battles of the United States Civil War were fought in 1862 and 1864. ...

In either case, Don Luis soon set about attempting to locate his native village of which he had not seen in ten years. In the same general area, the Spaniards constructed a small wooden hut with an adjoining room where Mass could be celebrated. Soon after the ship bringing them had departed, Don Luis left the Jesuits, supposedly to seek his uncle and supplies. However, rather than returning, he rejoined his tribe, where his brother had become the weroance, and took several wives, as was the custom. A weroance is a tribal chief, leader, commander, or king, notably among the Powhatan confederacy of the Virginia coast and Chesapeake Bay region. ...

Abandonment

As time went by, first days, and then months, the small band of Jesuits realized that they had been abandoned by Don Luis. To their added misfortune, it was a time when the mid-Atlantic region was enduring a long period of famine due to drought conditions. The food they brought with them was in short supply. Immediately there was a dependence on the Indians for food.

They successfully traded with some natives for food, but it was increasingly in short supply as the winter months set in. Around February of 1571, Don Luis returned with other natives and stole all their clothing and supplies. The natives killed both of the priests and all six brothers. Only the young servant boy was spared, perhaps because he was not a Jesuit. Escaping the carnage, the young boy made his way to a rival native chief who lived close to the main coast on the Chesapeake Bay. There he waited until the relief expedition arrived in 1572.

Aftermath

More than a year after the massacre, a Spanish supply ship found and rescued Alonso, upon which he gave the only survivor's account. Subsequently, Florida's Governor, Pedro Menendez de Aviles, traveled to Ajacan to punish the culprits. The native-convert Don Luis proved ever elusive and was never discovered. However, eight other Indians accused of murdering the missionaries were promptly hanged by the Spaniards. Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles Pedro Menendez de Aviles (born 1519 in Avilés, Spain, dead in Santander on September 17, 1574), was the first Spanish governor of Florida. ...

The disastrous attempt at establishing a mission in Virginia spelled the end of Spanish ventures to colonize the area. Following the death of Father Segura and his companions in the Ajacan Mission venture, the Jesuits were recalled from St. Augustine and sent on to Mexico.

Opechancanough

At the time of the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown in 1607, a fierce Native American warrior named Opechancanough was the half-brother of Wahunsonacock, the Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy, The name Opechancanough meant "He whose Soul is White" in the Algonquin language. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Opechancanough or Opchanacanough was a chief of the Powhatan tribe, becoming chief after his older brother, Wahunsonacock, died. ... The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan and Powhaten) were a very powerful tribe of Native Americans, speaking an Algonquian language, who lived in what is now Virginia at the time of the first European-Native encounters. ... The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan and Powhaten) were a very powerful tribe of Native Americans, speaking an Algonquian language, who lived in what is now Virginia at the time of the first European-Native encounters. ... This article is about the Native American tribe. ...

It is speculated by some historians without any proof what-so-ever that Opechancanough was the same individual who had also been known as "Don Luis". This is very unlikly since Opechancanough was so interested in Captain John Smith's stories fo the earth, sun and stars. What is known with certainty is that Opechancanough was violently opposed to the European settlers who arrived at Jamestown beginning in 1607. It was he who led the party that captured Captain John Smith in late 1607 and brought him before Chief Powhatan at Werowocomoco. (This was the same incident later recounted by Smith in one of his books when the Chief's daughter Pocahontas allegedly intervened on Smith's behalf, saving his life). Don Luis (b. ... John Smith (1580 â€“ June 21, 1631), was an English soldier, sailor, and author. ... Chief Powhatan (detail of map published by John Smith (1612) Chief Powhatan ( 1547â€” 1618) , whose proper name was Wahunsenacawh or (in seventeenth century English spelling) Wahunsunacock, was the leader of the Powhatan (also spelled Powatan and Powhaten), a powerful tribe of Native Americans, speaking an Algonquian language, who lived in... Chief Powhatan in a longhouse at Werowocomoco (detail of John Smith map, 1612) Werowocomoco was the chief village of the Powhatan Confederacy of the Native American tribes, speaking an Algonquian language, who lived in what is now Virginia at the time of the first English-Native encounters during the establishment... A 1616 engraving of Pocahontas by Simon van de Passe. ...

A period of relative peace between the Powhatans and the settlers ended not long after the death of Wahunsonacock in 1618, when Opechancanough became the new chief. Beginning with the Indian massacre of 1622, Chief Opechancanough gave up on diplomacy with the English settlers of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia and tried to force them to abandon the region both then and again in 1644, when he was captured. Opechancanough was later killed by a soldier assigned to guard him. The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan and Powhaten) were a very powerful tribe of Native Americans, speaking an Algonquian language, who lived in what is now Virginia at the time of the first European-Native encounters. ... Indian massacre of 1622, depicted as a woodcut by Theodore de Bry The Indian massacre of 1622 (also known as the Jamestown massacre) occurred in the Virginia Colony on March 22, 1622. ... Diplomat redirects here. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the Queen England() â€“ on the European continent() â€“ in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified - by Athelstan 967 AD Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² 50,346 sq mi Population - 2007 estimate 50... A family of Russian settlers in the Caucasus region, ca. ... A map of the Colony of Virginia. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ...

At the time he was killed in 1644, Opechancanough was estimated to be between 90 and 100 years old. The timing makes the possibility that he and the Don Luis who sabotaged the Jesuit Ajacan Mission in 1571 were one and the same at least feasible.

Modern times

The Richmond Diocese of the Catholic Church has designated "St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Parish" in New Kent County as the new Shrine of the Jesuit Martyrs.

Sources

Virginia's Jesuit Martyrs, Seattle Catholic.

Martinez, Bartolomé. “Relation,” The Spanish Jesuit Mission in Virginia, 1570–1572. Clifford M. Lewis and Albert J. Loomie, eds. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1953.

Rountree, Helen C. Powhatan Foreign Relations: 1500–1722. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 1993.

Taylor, Alan. American Colonies. New York: Viking, 2001.

Anger, Matthew, "Spanish martyrs for Virginia" Tuesday, June 06, 2006.

Jamestown 2007

Ajacan, The Spanish Jesuit Mision The Mariners' Museum, Newport News, Virginia 2002

Letter of Juan Rogel to Francis Borgia, 1572. Describes the rescue of a young boy, the sole survivor of the Indian massacre at Ajacàn, as related by the boy. Also, the revenge taken by the Spanish forces.

Contents

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