Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23, 1949 in Lima) was President of Peru from 1985 to 1990. His presidency was marked by bouts of hyperinflation, social turmoil, human rights violations, and economic downturn. Alan Garcia was President of Peru from 1985 to 1990 File links The following pages link to this file: American Popular Revolutionary Alliance Alan García ... July 28 is the 209th day (210th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 156 days remaining. ... 1985 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 28 is the 209th day (210th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 156 days remaining. ... 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Fernando Belaúnde Terry (October 7, 1912 – June 4, 2002) was President of Peru for two terms (1963–1968 and 1980–1985). ... Alberto Kenya Fujimori (アルベルト・ケンヤ・フジモリ Aruberuto Kenya Fujimori, born July 28, 1938), also known as Kenya Fujimori (藤森 謙也 Fujimori Kenya), was President of Peru from July 28, 1990 to November 17, 2000. ... May 23 is the 143rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (144th in leap years). ... 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... Political parties in Peru lists political parties in Peru. ... APRA banner The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), today officially known as Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprist Party) is Perus oldest and only well-institutionalized political party. ... A lawyer or attorney at law is a person licensed by the state to advise clients in legal matters and represent them in courts of law (and in other forms of dispute resolution). ... May 23 is the 143rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (144th in leap years). ... 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... Lima is the capital and largest city in Peru. ... The following table contains a list of the individuals who have served as president of Perú . See also History of Peru Politics of Peru Categories: Lists of office-holders | Presidents of Peru | Government of Peru ... A 1,000,000,000 (1 billion) Mark banknote, issued in Bavaria/Germany during the hyperinflation of 1923 (http://www. ... When a government violates national or international law related to the protection of human rights, this is termed a human rights violation. ...

Biography

Early years

Alan García and Haya de la Torre

Alan García was born into a middle-class Peruvian family with close ties to the already established APRA party. García's father, Carlos García Ronceros, was the secretary of the APRA's organization during the government of Manuel A. Odría, which had declared the illegality of the APRA. His father was later arrested and imprisoned given his political militancy, leaving him alienated from his family and not meeting his son Alan until five years later. Alan García toguether with Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre This work is copyrighted. ... Alan García toguether with Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre This work is copyrighted. ... APRA banner The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), today officially known as Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprist Party) is Perus oldest and only well-institutionalized political party. ... Manuel Apolinario Odría Amoretti (November 26, 1897–February 18, 1974) was the President of Peru from 1948 to 1956. ...

Alan García obtained his early education at the Colegio Nacional José María Eguren in Lima's Barranco district. He went on to postsecondary studies at the Pontificia Universidad Católica and later earned his law degree at the National University of San Marcos in 1971. Interested in expanding his academic curriculum, he moved to Europe, attending the Universidad Complutense in Madrid where he studied and completed his thesis on constitutional law, which earned him his political science doctorate. In 1973, he went on to the University of Paris, where he later obtained his degree in sociology. Lima is the capital and largest city in Peru. ... Barranco is a district in Lima, Peru. ... Pontificia Universidad Nacional Católica is a private university in Lima, Peru. ... The National University of San Marcos (in Spanish Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos) is a public university in Lima, Perú. Is the oldest university in South America, and one of the oldest in the Western Hemisphere. ... World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... The Complutense University of Madrid, in Spanish Universidad Complutense de Madrid, is an important Spanish university, located in Madrid. ... Coat of arms The Plaza de España square Madrid, the capital of Spain, is located in the center of the country at 40°25′ N 3°45′ W. Population of the city of Madrid proper was 3,093,000 (Madrilenes, madrileños) as of 2003 estimates. ... Constitutional law is the study of foundational laws that govern the scope of powers and authority of various bodies in relation to the creation and execution of other laws by a government. ... Niccolò Machiavelli, ca 1500, became the key figure in realistic political theory, crucial to political science Political Science is the systematic study of the allocation and transfer of power in decision making. ... The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The historic University of Paris (French: Université de Paris) first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was in 1970 reorganized as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII). ... Sociology is the study of the social lives of humans, groups, and societies, sometimes defined as the study of social interactions. ...

After living several years in Paris, García was urged by the elder Haya de la Torre (who would die one year later) to return to political life in Peru in 1978, after the Bermúdez administration presided over the return to civilian government and allowed the reorganization of other political parties. The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (22 February 1895 - 2 August 1979) was a Peruvian political leader. ... Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti (1921) was a centrist Peruvian general who came to power in Peru 1975 after deposing his predecessor, General Juan Velasco Alvarado. ...

President of Peru in 1985

President Alan García in 1985

The youthful and charismatic García was elected president on April 14, 1985 with 45% of the vote during the first round. Since he did not receive the 50% of the vote required to win the presidency, García was required to enter the second round against Alfonso Barrantes Lingán (former mayor of Lima) of the Izquierda Unida party and a major presidential contender. Lingán, however, retired and decided not to enter the second round of the elections, saying he did not want to prolong the political uncertainty of the country. García was thus declared president on June 1st and officially took power on July 28, 1985. It was the first time in its sixty-year history that the populist APRA party had come to power in Peru. Aged only 36, García was dubbed "Latin America's Kennedy," becoming the region's youngest president at the time. Alan García - President of Peru 1985 - 1990 This work is copyrighted. ... Alan García - President of Peru 1985 - 1990 This work is copyrighted. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (105th in leap years). ... 1985 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... United Left (in Spanish: Izquierda Unida), was an alliance of leftist parties in Peru founded in 1980 by Popular Democratic Unity (UDP), Revolutionary Left Union (UNIR), Peruvian Communist Party (PCP), Revolutionary Socialist Party (PSR), Revolutionary Communist Party (PCR) and FOCEP. In 1984 UDP and a part of PCR converts itslef... APRA banner The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), today officially known as Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprist Party) is Perus oldest and only well-institutionalized political party. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Order: 35th President Vice President: Lyndon B. Johnson Term of office: January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 Preceded by: Dwight D. Eisenhower Succeeded by: Lyndon B. Johnson Date of birth: May 29, 1917 Place of birth: Brookline, Massachusetts Date of death: November 22, 1963 Place of death: Dallas, Texas First...

Despite his initial popularity among Peruvian voters, García's term in office was marked by bouts of hyperinflation, which reached 7,649% in 1990 and had a cumulative total of 2,200,200% between July 1985 and July 1990, thereby profoundly destabilizing the Peruvian economy.

Owing to such chronic inflation, the Peruvian currency, the sol, was replaced by the inti in mid-1985, which itself was replaced the nuevo sol ("new sol") in July 1991, at which time the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion old soles. During his administration, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's Gross Domestic Product dropped 20%. By the end of his term, national reserves were a negative $900 million. The sol (plural: soles) is the monetary unit (currency) of Peru. ... The sol (plural: soles) is the monetary unit (currency) of Peru. ... For GDP in neuroscience see Giant depolarizing potentials. ...

According to studies of the INEI and PNUD[1] (http://www.yachay.com.pe/especiales/internet/index1.htm), around the start of his presidency, 41.6% of peruvians lived in poverty. During his presidency, more than five million Peruvians were added to the ranks of the poor. The percentage increased 23% (to 55%) in 1991. The Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) (National Institute of Statistics and Informatica) is a semi-autonomous Peruvian government agency which coordinates, compiles, and evaluates statistical information for the country. ...

García also made an attempt to nationalize the banking and insurance industries. He incurred the wrath of the IMF and the financial community by unilaterally declaring a ceiling on debt repayment equal to 10% of GNP, thereby isolating Peru from the international financial world until García's successor, Alberto Fujimori, resolved the matter in the early 1990s. Nationalization is the act of taking assets into state ownership. ... The flag of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing global financial system‘s current trade account balances of member states. ... Measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate the value of goods and services produced in an economy. ... Alberto Kenya Fujimori (アルベルト・ケンヤ・フジモリ Aruberuto Kenya Fujimori, born July 28, 1938), also known as Kenya Fujimori (藤森 謙也 Fujimori Kenya), was President of Peru from July 28, 1990 to November 17, 2000. ...

The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of the violent rebel movement Shining Path. The García administration unsuccessfully sought a military solution to the growing terrorism, committing human rights violations which are still under investigation. These include the Accomarca massacre, where 47 campesinos were gunned to death by the Peruvian armed forces in August 1985, the Cayara massacre (May 1988) in which some thirty were killed and dozens disappeared, and the summary execution of more than 200 inmates during prison riots in Lurigancho, San Juan Bautista (El Frontón) and Santa Bárbara in 1986. According to an official inquiry, an estimated 1,600 forced disappearances took place during García's presidency. Shining Paths Flag Sendero Luminoso or Shining Path is a Maoist guerrilla organization in Peru; it calls itself the Communist Party of Peru (Partido Comunista del Perú). ... Campesino means simple farmer in Spanish. ... A Forced disappearance occurs when an organization (usually a ruling government and that is usually a police state or dictatorship) forces a person to disappear from public view. ...

In 1992, García went into exile in France after Fujimori's auto-coup during which the military raided his house. The new government re-opened charges against him that he took millions of dollars in bribes. He denied the charges but by then Peru's Supreme Court ruled in 2001 that the statute of limitations had run out. After living eight years and 10 months in neighboring Colombia, he returned to Peru in 2001 to run for president, and just 90 days after arriving in Peru he managed to obtain 48% of the vote but lost by a close margin to Alejandro Toledo. Since the 2001 election, García, as leader of the APRA party, has led the opposition in the Peruvian Congress. Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique (born 28 March 1946) is the President of Peru. ... Congress (Spanish: Congreso) is the name given to Perus unicameral legislature under the current (1993) constitution. ...

Despite the mixed record of his term in office, García remains a popular public figure in Peru, largely due to his oratorial skills. Some Peruvians have called him "Latin America's best orator with a power to convince." However, his critics claim the many poor decisions he took while in office created an environment conducive the rise of an authoritarian leader like Fujimori. Some suspect García and APRA cut a deal with Fujimori during the 1990 election, backing him in return for impunity, so as to prevent Mario Vargas Llosa and his FREDEMO party, then leading in the polls, from coming to power. During the campaign, FREDEMO had promised to investigate corruption in the García administration. Mario Vargas Llosa The Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa (born March 28, 1936) is one of Latin Americas leading novelists and essayists. ... Democratic Front (in Spanish: Frente Democrático), was a political alliance in Peru founded in 1988 by Liberty Movement, Popular Action and Christian Peoples Party. ...

Published works

Alan García is the author of several books on the Peruvian reality and Latin America. His published works include the following:

• A la inmensa mayoría: discursos (1988)
• El futuro diferente (1989)
• El desarme financiero: pueblo y deuda en América Latina (1989)
• La revolución regional (1990)
• La defensa de Alan García (1991)
• El nuevo totalitarismo (1992)
• El mundo de Machiavello (1994)
• La falsa modernidad (1997)
• Siete tesis erróneas del neoliberalismo en América Latina (1997)
• Mi Gobierno hizo la regionalización (1999)
• La década infame: deuda externa 1990–1999 (2000)
• Modernidad y política en el siglo XXI: globalización con justicia social (2003)

Alan García is also a member of the Socialist International. 1988 is a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1989 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1989 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1992 is a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Reef. ... 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Reef. ... 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... 2000 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Socialist International (SI) is an international organisation for social democratic and democratic socialist parties. ...

2006 presidential campaign

Alan García, the day he officially started his presidential campaign for the 2006 elections

García officially started his campaign for the April 2006 presidential election in Lima on February 18, 2005. His party considers him to be the best chance for APRA to regain power after Toledo's term ends. Alan Garcia in one of his mitins File links The following pages link to this file: Alan García ... Alan Garcia in one of his mitins File links The following pages link to this file: Alan García ... Politics of Peru Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Peru ... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... APRA banner The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), today officially known as Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprist Party) is Perus oldest and only well-institutionalized political party. ... Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique (born 28 March 1946) is the President of Peru. ...

According to a poll by Apoyo published in El Comercio newspaper in April 2005, García has a popularity rating of 21%, behind Valentín Paniagua, who is the leading candidate for the 2006 elections, with a 23% popularity rating. Lourdes Flores Nano of the Popular Christian Party (PPC) is in third place with 17% and Alberto Andrade (former mayor of Lima) of We Are Peru (SP) trails with 7%. Diario El Comercio is the largest daily newspaper of Peru, with a circulation of over 120,000. ... Valentín Paniagua Corazao (born September 23, 1936), in Cuzco, is a Peruvian Congressman. ... Lourdes Flores Nano (b. ... Alberto Manuel Andrade Carmona (1943-) is a Peruvian politician, born in Lima mayor of that city 1996-2002. ...

Fernando Belaúnde Terry Fernando Belaúnde Terry (October 7, 1912 - June 4, 2002) was the constitutional President of Peru for two terms (1963–1968 and 1980–1985). ... List of presidents of Peru : The Independence War 1821-1822: José de San Martín 1822-1823: José de La Mar 1823: Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano 1823: José de la Riva Agüero 1823-1824: José Bernardo de Tagle 1824-1826: Simón Bolívar 1826-1827: Andrés... Alberto Kenya Fujimori (アルベルト・ケンヤ・フジモリ Aruberuto Kenya Fujimori, born July 28, 1938), also known as Kenya Fujimori (藤森 謙也 Fujimori Kenya), was President of Peru from July 28, 1990 to November 17, 2000. ...

External links

• APRA's official site (http://www.apra.org.pe/) (in Spanish)
• The Alan Garcia Presidency (http://www.gci275.com/peru/garcia.shtml) (articles on Alan García, past and present)
• "Exiled Garcia back in Peru" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1140885.stm) (BBC, 28 January 2001

See also

• Politics of Peru