Albert John Lutuli (also known by his Zulu name "Mvumbi"; his surname is sometimes and probably more phonetically spelt "Luthuli") (1898? – 21 July 1967) was a South African teacher and politician. He was president of the African National Congress, at the time an umbrella organisation that led opposition to the white minority government in South Africa through the 1950s until his house arrest in 1958 effectively ended his direct role as head of the ANC. The Zulu are an African ethnic group of about 11 million people who live mainly in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. ... 1898 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... // Mr. ... A politician is an individual involved in politics. ... The African National Congress (ANC) is a centre-left political party, and has been South Africas governing party (in a coalition) since the establishment of majority rule in May 1994. ... An umbrella organization is an association of (often related, industry specific) institutions, who work together formally to coordinate activities or pool resources. ...

Lutuli was born in Southern Rhodesia. He was awarded the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the ANC and its fight against apartheid. Southern Rhodesia was the name given to the British colony situated immediately to the north of South Africa, known today as Zimbabwe. ... 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Nobel Institute in Oslo, Norway. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ...

Third son of Christian missionary John Bunyan Lutuli, and Mtonya Gumede, Luthuli was born in Rhodesia around 1898. His father died, and he and his mother returned to their ancestral home of Groutville in KwaDukuza (Stanger), Natal, South Africa, where he stayed with his uncle Martin Luthuli, who was at that time the elected chief of the Christian Zulus inhabiting the Umvoti mission Reserve. On completing a teaching course at Edendale, near Pietermaritzburg, Luthuli took up the running of a small primary school in the Natal uplands. He was confirmed in the Methodist church and became a lay preacher. In 1920 he received a government bursary to attend a higher teachers' training course at Adams College, and subsequently joined the training college staff, teaching alongside Z.K. Mathews, who was then head of the Adams College High School. To provide financial support for his mother, he declined a scholarship to University of Fort Hare. KwaDukuza (also called Stanger) is a historic capital of the Zulus. ... Capital Pietermaritzburg Largest city Durban Area  - Total Ranked 7th 92,100 km² Premier Sbu Ndebele (ANC) Population   - 2001   - 1996   - Density Ranked 1st 9,426,019 8,417,021 102/km² (2001) Languages isiZulu (80. ... Location of Pietermaritzburg in KwaZulu-Natal province The city of Pietermaritzburg is the capital of South Africas province of KwaZulu-Natal. ... 1920 (MCMXX) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Fort Hare University is located on the Tyhume river in a South African town known as Alice in English or as eDikeni in the local isiXhosa language. ...

In 1928 he became secretary of the African Teacher's Association and in 1933 its president. He was also active in missionary work. 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In 1933 the tribal elders asked Lutuli to become chief of the tribe. For two years he hesitated, but accepted the call in early 1936 and became chieftain, until removed from this office by the government in 1952. 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In 1936 the government disenfranchised the only Africans who had had voting rights — those in Cape Province; in 1948 the Nationalist Party, in control of the government, adopted the policy of apartheid, or "total apartness"; in the 1950s the laws known as the Pass Laws were tightened. 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Under the Union of South Africa and after that under the Republic of South Africa, the old Cape Colony became the Cape of Good Hope Province (though it was commonly known as the Cape Province). ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... The National Party (Afrikaans: Nasionale Party) (with its members sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of South Africa from 1948 until 1994, and was disbanded in 2005. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... The Pass Laws Act of 1952 made it compulsory for all black South Africans over the age of 16 to carry a pass book, at all times. ...

In 1944 Lutuli joined the African National Congress (ANC). In 1945 he was elected to the Committee of the Natal Provincial Division of ANC and in 1951 to the presidency of the Division. The next year he joined with other ANC leaders in organizing nonviolent campaigns to defy discriminatory laws. 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... The African National Congress (ANC) is a centre-left political party, and has been South Africas governing party (in a coalition) since the establishment of majority rule in May 1994. ... Capital Pietermaritzburg Largest city Durban Area  - Total Ranked 7th 92,100 km² Premier Sbu Ndebele (ANC) Population   - 2001   - 1996   - Density Ranked 1st 9,426,019 8,417,021 102/km² (2001) Languages isiZulu (80. ...

The government, charging Lutuli with a conflict of interest, demanded that he withdraw his membership in ANC or forfeit his office as tribal chief. Refusing to do either voluntarily, he was dismissed from his chieftainship.

A month later Lutuli was elected president-general of ANC. Responding immediately, the government imposed a succession of bans on his movement, the first for two years, the second also for two years. When this second ban expired, he attended an ANC conference in 1956, only to be arrested and charged with treason a few months later, along with 155 others. After being held in custody for about a year during the preliminary hearings, he was released in December, 1957, and the charges against him and 64 others were dropped. 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Another five year ban confining him to a fifteen-mile radius of his home. The ban was temporarily lifted while he testified at the continuing treason trials. It was lifted again in March 1960, to permit his arrest for publicly burning his pass following the Sharpeville Massacre. In the ensuing state of emergency he was arrested, found guilty, fined, given a suspended jail sentence and returned to Groutville. One final time the ban was lifted, this time for ten days in early December of 1961 to permit Lutuli and his wife to attend the Nobel Peace Prize ceremonies in Oslo, an award described by Die Transvaler as "an inexplicable pathological phenomenon". 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Pass Laws Act of 1952 made it compulsory for all black South Africans over the age of 16 to carry a pass book, at all times. ... South African police officers standing over people killed in the Sharpeville massacre. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Nobel Institute in Oslo, Norway. ... County Oslo NO-03 Landscape Viken Municipality NO-0301 Administrative centre Oslo Mayor (2004) Per Ditlev-Simonsen (H) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 224 454 km² 426 km² 0. ...

A fourth ban to run for five years confining Lutuli to the immediate vicinity of his home was issued in May 1964, to run concurrently with the third ban. For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ...

In July 1967, at the age of 69, he was fatally injured in an accident near his home in Stanger. 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... KwaDukuza (also called Stanger) is a historic capital of the Zulus. ...

In 2004 he was voted 41st in the Top 100 Great South Africans (see List of South Africans). // Top 100 Great South Africans In September 2004, thousands of South Africans took part in an informal nationwide poll to determine the 100 Greatest South Africans of all time. ...

References

• Nobel Committee information on Lutuli