The Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts was instituted in 1864 as a memorial to Prince Albert, who had been President of the Society for 18 years. It was first awarded in 1864 for distinguished merit in promoting Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. In presenting the Medal, the Society now looks to acknowledge individuals, organisation and groups that lead progress and create positive change within contemporary society in areas that are linked closely to the Society's broad agenda. The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) is a British multi-disciplinary institution, based in London. ... Venus de Milo exhibited in the Louvre museum, France. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Commerce is the trading of something of value between two entities. ...

Through the Albert Medal, the Society acknowledges the profound creativity and innovation of those that work to tackle some of the world's intractable problems. Each year, the RSA identifies topical issues that confront modern society by asking the Society's Fellowship to suggest problems/subjects linked to the Society's programme. These proposals are reviewed and recommendations made to the Trustees and Council who are responsible for selecting one upon which the Fellowship will be asked to nominate worthy recipients.

The full list of medallists

• 1864 Sir Rowland Hill, KCB, FRS ‘for his great services to Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, in the creation of the penny postage, and for his other reforms in the postal system of this country, the benefits of which have, however, not been confined to this country, but have extended over the civilised world’
• 1865 His Imperial Majesty Napoleon III ‘for distinguished merit in promoting, in many ways, by his personal exertions, the international progress of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, the proofs of which are afforded by his judicious patronage of Art, his enlightened commercial policy, and especially by the abolition of passports in favour of British subjects’
• 1866 Michael Faraday DCL, FRS ‘for his discoveries in electricity, magnetism, and chemistry, which in their relation to the industries of the world have so largely promoted Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce’
• 1867 Sir W Fothergill Cooke and Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS ‘in recognition of their joint labours in establishing the first electric telegraphy’
• 1868 Sir Joseph Whitworth LLD, FRS ‘for the invention and manufacture of instruments of measurement and uniform standards by which the production of machinery has been brought to a state of perfection hitherto unapproached to the great advancement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce’
• 1869 Baron Justus von Liebig, Associate of the Institute of France, For.Memb.RS, Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, etc. ‘for his numerous valuable researchers and writings, which have contributed most importantly to the development of food economy and agriculture, to the advancement of chemical science, and to the benefits derived from that science by Arts, Manufactures and Commerce’
• 1870 Vicomte Ferdinand de Lesseps, Member of Institute of France, Hon GCSI ‘for services rendered to Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, by the realisation of Suez Canal’.
• 1871 Sir Henry Cole KCB ‘for his important services in promoting Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, especially in aiding the establishment and development of International Exhibitions, the Department of Science and Art, and the South Kensington Museum’
• 1872 Sir Henry Bessemer FRS ‘for the eminent services rendered by him to Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, in developing the manufacture of steel
• 1873 Michel Eugene Chevreul For.Memb.RS, Member of the Institute of France ‘for his chemical researches, especially in reference to saponifciation, dyeing, agriculture, and natural history, which for more than half a century have exercised a wide influence on the industrial arts of the world’
• 1874 Sir William Siemens DCL, FRS ‘for his researches in connection with the laws of heat, and the practical applications of them to furnaces used in the Arts; and for his improvements in the manufacture of iron; and generally for the services rendered by him in connection with the economisation of fuel in its various applications to Manufactures and the Arts’
• 1875 Michel Chevalier ‘the distinguished French statesman, who, by his writings and persistent exertions, extending over many years, has rendered essential services in promoting Arts, Manufactures and Commerce’
• 1876 Sir George B Airy KCB, FRS, Astronomer Royal ‘for eminent services rendered to Commerce by his researches in nautical astronomy and in magnetism, and by his improvements in the application of the mariner’s compass to the navigation of iron ships
• 1877 Jean Baptiste Dumas For.Memb.RS, Member of the Institute of France ‘the distinguished chemist, whose researchers have excised a very material influence on the advancement of the Industrial Arts’
• 1878 Lord Armstrong CB, DCL, FRS ‘because of his distinction as an engineer and as a scientific man, and because by the development of the transmission of power - hydraulically - due to his constant efforts, extending over many years, the manufactures of this country have been greatly aided, and mechanical power beneficially substituted for most laborious and injurious manual labour’
• 1879 Lord Kelvin OM, LLD, DCL, FRS ‘on account of the signal service rendered to Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, by his electrical researches, especially with reference to the transmission of telegraphic messages over ocean cables’
• 1880 James Prescott Joule LLD, DCL, FRS ‘for having established, after most laborious research, the true relation between heat, electricity and mechanical work, thus affording to the engineer a sure guide in the application of science to industrial pursuits’
• 1881 August Wilhelm Hofmann MD, LLD, FRS, Professor of
• Chemistry in the University of Berlin ‘for eminent services rendered to the Industrial Arts by his investigations in organic chemistry, and for his successful labour in promoting the cultivation of chemical education and research in England’
• 1882 Louis Pasteur Member of the Institute of France, For.Memb.RS ‘for his researches in connection with fermentation, the preservation of wines, and the propagation of zymotic diseases in silkworms and domestic animals, whereby the arts of wine making, silk production and agriculture have been greatly benefitted’
• 1883 Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker KCSI CB MD DCL LLD FRS ‘for the eminent services which, as a botanist and scientific traveller, and as Director of the National Botanical Department, he has rendered to the Arts, Manufactures and Commerce by promoting an accurate knowledge of the floras and economic vegetable products of our several colonies and dependencies of the Empire’
• 1884 Captain James Buchanan Eads ‘the distinguished American engineer, whose works have been of such great service in improving the water communications of North America, and have thereby rendered valuable aid to the commerce of the world’
• 1885 Sir Henry Doulton ‘in recognition of the impulse given by him to the production of artistic pottery in this country’
• 1886 Lord Masham ‘for the services he has rendered to the textile industries, especially by the substitution of mechanical wool combing for hand combing, and by the introduction and development of a new industry - the utilisation of waste silk’
• 1887 Her Majesty Queen Victoria ‘in commemoration of the progress of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce throughout the Empire during the fifty years of her reign’
• 1888 Professor Hermann Louis Helmholtz For.Memb.RS ‘in recognition of the value of his researches in various branches of science and of their practical results upon music, painting and the useful arts’
• 1889 John Percy LLD, FRS ‘for his achievements in promoting the Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, though the world wide influence which his researches and writings have had upon the progress of the science and practice of metallurgy’
• 1890 Sir William Henry Perkin FRS ‘for his discovery of the method of obtaining colouring matter from coal tar, a discovery which led to the establishment of a new and important industry, and to the utilisation of large quantities of a previously worthless material’
• 1891 Sir Frederick Abel Bart, GCVO, KCB, DCL, DSc, FRS ‘in recognition of the manner in which he has promoted several important classes of the Arts and Manufactures by the application of Chemical Science, and especially by his researches in the manufacture of iron and of steel, and also in acknowledgement of the great services he has rendered to the State in the provision of improved war material, and as Chemist to the War Department’
• 1892 Thomas Edison ‘in recognition of the merits of his numerous and valuable inventions, especially his improvements in telegraphy, in telephony, and in electric lighting, and for his discovery of a means of reproducing vocal sounds by the phonograph’
• 1893 Sir John Bennet Lawes Bart, FRS and Sir Henry Gilbert PhD, FRS ‘for their joint services to scientific agriculture, and notably for the researches which, throughout a period of fifty years, have been carried on by them at the Experimental Farm, Rothamsted’
• 1894 Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister FRS ‘for the discovery and establishment of the antiseptic method of treating wounds and injuries by which not only has the art of surgery been greatly promoted, and human life saved in all parts of the world, but extensive industries have been created for the supply of materials required for carrying the treatment into effect.’
• 1895 Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell Bart, FRS ‘in recognition of the services he has rendered to Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, by his metallurgical researches and the resulting development of the iron and steel industries’
• 1896 Professor David Edward Hughes FRS ‘in recognition of the services he has rendered to Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, by his numerous inventions in electricity and magnetism, especially the printing telegraph and the microphone’
• 1897 George James Symons FRS ‘for the services he has rendered to the United Kingdom by affording to engineers engaged in the water supply and the sewage of towns, a trustworthy basis for their work, by establishing and carrying on during nearly forty years systematic observations (now at over 3000 stations) of the rainfall of the British Isles, and by recording, tabulating and graphically indicating the results of these observations in the annual volumes published by himself’
• 1898 Professor Robert Wilhelm Bunsen MD, For.Memb.RS ‘in recognition of his numerous and most valuable applications of Chemistry and Physics to the Arts and Manufactures’
• 1899 Sir William Crookes FRS ‘for his extensive and laborious researches in chemistry and in physics, researches which have in many instances developed into useful practical applications in the Arts and Manufactures’
• 1900 Henry Wilde FRS ‘for the discovery and practical demonstration of the indefinite increase of the magnetic and electric forces from quantities indefinitely small, a discovery now used in all dynamo machines; and for its application to the production of the electric search-light, and to the electro-deposition of metals from their solutions’
• 1901 His Majesty King Edward VII ‘in recognition of the aid rendered by His Majesty to Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, during thirty-eight years’ Presidency of the Society of Arts, by undertaking the direction of important exhibitions in this country and the executive control of British representation at International Exhibitions abroad, and also by many other services to the cause of British Industry’
• 1902 Professor Alexander Graham Bell ‘for his invention of the Telephone’
• 1903 Sir Charles Augustus Hartley KCMG ‘in recognition of his services, extending over forty-four years, as Engineer to the International Commission of the Danube, which have resulted in the opening up of the navigation of that river to ships of all nations, and of his similar services, extending over twenty years, as British Commissioner on the International Technical Commission of the Suez Canal’
• 1904 Walter Crane ‘in recognition of the services he has rendered to Art and Industry by awakening popular interest in Decorative Art and Craftsmanship, and by promoting the recognition of English Art in the form most material to the commercial prosperity of the country’
• 1905 Lord Rayleigh OM, DCL, ScD, FRS ‘in recognition of the influence which his researches, directed to the increase of scientific knowledge, have had upon industrial progress, by facilitating amongst other scientific applications, the provision of accurate electrical standards, the production of improved lenses and the development of apparatus for Sound Signalling at Sea’
• 1906 Sir Joseph Wilson Swan MA, DSc, FRS ‘for the important part he took in the invention of the incandescent electric lamp, and for his invention of the carbon process of photographic printing’
• 1907 The Earl of Cromer OM, GCB, GCMG, KCSI, CIE ‘in recognition of his pre-eminent public services in Egypt, where he has `imparted security to the relations of this country with the East, has established justice, restored order and prosperity, and, by the initiation of great works, has opened up new fields for enterprise’
• 1908 Sir James Dewar MA, DSc, LLD, FRS ‘for his investigations into the liquefaction of gases and the properties of matter at low temperatures, investigations which have resulted in the production of the lowest temperatures yet reached, the use of vacuum vessels for thermal isolation, and the application of cooled charcoal to the separation of gaseous mixtures and to the production of high vacua’
• 1909 Sir Andrew Noble KCB, DSc, DCL, FRS ‘in recognition of his long-continued and valuable researches into the nature and action of explosives, which have resulted in the greater development and improvement of modern ordnance’
• 1910 Madame Curie ‘for the discovery of Radium’
• 1911 The Hon Sir Charles Algernon Parsons KCB, LLD, DSc, FRS ‘for his experimental researches into the laws governing the efficient action of steam in engines of the turbine type, and for his invention of the reaction type of steam turbine, and its practical application to the generation of electricity and other purposes’
• 1912 Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal GCMG, GCVO, LLD, DCL,FRS ‘for his services in improving the railway communications, developing the resources, and promoting the commerce and industry of Canada and other parts of the British Empire’
• 1913 His Majesty King George V ‘for nine years President, and now Patron of the Society, in respectful recognition of His Majesty’s untiring efforts to make himself personally acquainted with the social and economic condition of the various parts of his Dominions, and to promote the progress of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce in the United Kingdom and throughout the British Empire’
• 1914 Chevalier Guglielmo Marconi LLD, DSc ‘for his services in the development and practical application of wireless telegraphy’
• 1915 Professor Sir Joseph John Thomson OM, DSc, LLD, FRS ‘for his researches in physics and chemistry, and their application to the advancement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce’
• 1916 Professor Elias Metchnikoff For.Mem.RS ‘in recognition of the value of his investigations into the causes of immunity in infective diseases, which have led to important changes in medical practice, and to the establishment of principles certain to have a most beneficial influence on the improvement of public health’
• 1917 Orville Wright ‘in recognition of the value of the contributions of Wilbur and Orville Wright to the solution of the problem of mechanical flight’
• 1918 Sir Richard Tetley Glazebrook CB, ScD, FRS ‘for his services in the application of science to the industries of peace and war, by his work as Director of the National Physical Laboratory since 1899, and as Chairman of the Advisory Committee for Aeronautics’
• 1919 Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge DSc, LLD, FRS ‘in recognition of his work as the pioneer of wireless telegraphy’
• 1920 Professor A A Michelson ‘whose optical inventions have rendered possible the reproduction of accurate metric standards, and have provided the means of carrying out measurements with a minute precision hitherto unobtainable’
• 1921 Professor John Ambrose Fleming FRS ‘in recognition of his many valuable contributions to electrical science and its applications, and specially of his original invention of the thermionic valve, now so largely employed in wireless telegraphy and for other purposes’
• 1922 Sir Dugald Clerk KBE DSc, LLD, FRS ‘in recognition of his important contributions, both theoretical and practical to the development of the internal combustion engine, who in its latter forms has rendered aerial navigation possible, and is also extensively employed in the motor car, and in the submarine and for many other purposes’
• 1923 Major General Sir David Bruce KCB, DSc, LLD, FRCP, FRS and Colonel Sir Ronald Ross KCB, KCMG, DSc, LLD, MD, FRCS, FRS ‘in recognition of the eminent services they have rendered to the Economic Development of the World by their achievements in Biological Research and the Study of Tropical Diseases’
• 1924 HRH The Prince of Wales ‘in recognition of Services rendered to the Arts, Manufactures and Commerce as President of the British Empire Exhibition, and by his visits to the Dominions and Colonies’
• 1925 Lieut-Colonel Sir David Prain CMG, CIE, ME, LLD, FRS ‘for the application of Botany to the development of raw materials of the Empire’
• 1926 Professor Paul Sabatier Member of the Institute of France, For.Memb.RS ‘in recognition of his distinguished work in science and of the eminent services to industry rendered by his renowned researches in Physics and Chemistry, which laid the foundation of important industrial processes’
• 1927 Sir Aston Webb GCVO, CB, PRA, PRIBA, FSA, LLD ‘for distinguished services to Architecture’
• 1928 Sir Ernest Rutherford (afterwards Lord Rutherford) OM, LLD, DSc, FRS ‘for his pioneer researches into the structure of matter’
• 1929 Sir Alfred Ewing KCB, LLD, FRS ‘for his work in magnetism and his services to technical education’
• 1930 Professor H E Armstrong LLD, DSc, FRS ‘for his discoveries in Chemistry and his services to Education’
• 1931 HRH The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn KG ‘in grateful appreciation of his Presidency of the Society since 1911’
• 1932 Frank Brangwyn RA ‘for his services to decorative and commercial art’
• 1933 Sir William Lewellyn GCVO, PRA ‘for his encouragement of Art in Industry’
• 1934 Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins LLD, DSc, PRS ‘for his researches in Biochemistry and the Constituents of Foods’
• 1935 Sir Robert Hadfield Bart, DSc, FRS ‘for his researches in Metallurgy and his services to the Steel Industry’
• 1936 The Earl of Derby KG ‘for the advancement of Commerce and Arts, especially in Lancashire’
• 1937 Lord Nuffield OBE ‘for services to industry, transport and medical science’
• 1938 Her Majesty Queen Mary ‘in recognition of Her Majesty’s unremitting interest in arts and manufactures, to the great benefit of British industry and commerce’
• 1939 Sir Thomas Holland KCSI, KCIE, DSc, LLD, FRS ‘for services to the mineral industries’
• 1940 John A Milne CBE ‘for services to Industrial Art’
• 1941 President Franklin D. Roosevelt ‘in recognition of his pre-eminent services to humanity as the fearless and resolute champion of the ideals of freedom and individual liberty’
• 1942 Field Marshal J C Smuts CH ‘Statesman. Soldier. Scientist. Philosopher’
• 1943 Sir John Russell OBE, DSc, FRS ‘for his researches and leadership in agricultural science and his services to husbandry in many lands’
• 1944 Sir Henry Tizard KCB, DCL, FRS ‘for his achievements in applying scientific principles to aeronautics and his services to advanced Technical Education’
• 1945 (Sir) Winston Churchill CH, FRS, MP ‘whose foresight, faith and fortitude led free men to victory’
• 1946 Sir Alexander Fleming FRS and Sir Howard Florey FRS
• 1947 Sir Robert Robinson MA, DSc, LLD, FRS, ‘for his outstanding contributions to the advancement of organic chemistry’
• 1948 Sir William Reid Dick KCVO, RA ‘for National Memories in Living Stone’
• 1949 Sir Giles Gilbert Scott ‘Builder of a lasting heritage for Britain’
• 1950 Sir Edward Appleton GBE, KCB, MA, DSc, ScD, LLD, FRS ‘for outstanding services to science and industrial research’
• 1951 His Majesty King George VI ‘in respectful recognition of His Majesty’s lifelong concern for the progress of industry and for industrial welfare’
• 1952 Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle KBE, CB, FRS ‘for his development of the continuous-combustion gas turbine and jet propulsion’
• 1953 Dr Edgar Douglas Adrian OM, MD, PRS ‘for his outstanding contribution to neuro-physiology’
• 1954 Sir Ambrose Heal ‘for his services to industrial design’
• 1955 Dr Ralph Vaughan Williams OM ‘for his eminent service to music’
• 1956 Sir Henry Dale OM, GBE, MD, FRS ‘for eminent service to science, particularly physiology’
• 1957 Sir Christopher Hinton FRS ‘for his outstanding leadership in nuclear power development’
• 1958 HM Queen Elizabeth II ‘to mark Her Majesty’s personal service to arts, manufactures and commerce, at home and abroad’
• 1959 Rt Hon Vincent Massey CH ‘for his distinguished encouragement of the arts and sciences’
• 1960 Sir Frederick Handley Page CBE
• 1961 Professor Walter Gropius Dr.Ing, FIAA, Hon.RDI ‘for his contributions to architectural and industrial design’
• 1962 Sir Gordon Russell CBE, MC, RDI, FSIA ‘for his services to industrial design’
• 1963 HRH The Duke of Edinburgh ‘for distinguished merit in promoting arts, manufactures and commerce’
• 1964 Dame Ninette de Valois DBE ‘for her services to the art of ballet’
• 1965 Sir Leon Bagrit ‘for his work in the application of automation to industry’
• 1966 Christopher Cockerell CBE ‘for his work in the invention and technical development of the hovercraft’
• 1967 Sir Edward Lewis ‘for his contribution to the electronics industry’
• 1968 Sir Barnes Wallis ‘in recognition of his contributions to the development of aeronautical science and engineering’
• 1969 Sir Allen Lane ‘for his contribution to publishing and education’
• 1970 Sir Peter Scott ‘for his work in the conservation of wild life’
• 1971 Sir William Glock CBE ‘for his outstanding services to music’
• 1972 Sir George Edwards OM CBE FRS ‘for services to aeronautical science and aviation’
• 1973 Sir John Betjeman CBE ‘for his contribution to poetry and the appreciation of architecture’
• 1974 HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother ‘in recognition for Her Majesty’s outstanding support and patronage of the arts, manufactures & commerce’
• 1975 Sir Nikolaus Pevsner ‘for his distinguished services to Britain’s industrial heritage’
• 1976 Lord Laurence Olivier ‘for his service to the Drama and the British Theatre’
• 1977 Lord Robens PC ‘for his contribution to industrial progress in Britain’
• 1978 Sir John Charnley ‘for his contributions to orthopaedic surgery’
• 1979 Sir Robert Mayer ‘for his services to music, and in particular his generous and practical encouragement of young musicians and of young people learning to appreciate music’
• 1980 Baroness Jackson of Lodworth (Barbara Ward) ‘for her work in the field of international co-operation in economic development’
• 1981 Yehudi Menuhin Hon.KBE ‘for his contribution to music’
• 1982 Akio Morita ‘for his contributions to technological and industrial innovation and management’
• 1983 Sir Arnold Hall ‘for his outstanding contributions to the aeronauctical industry, and in particular to aeronautical engineering’
• 1984 Sir Hugh Casson KCVO RIBA RDI ‘for his contributions to art and design’
• 1985 HRH The Prince of Wales ‘for increasing recognition of the need for new - and often young - enterprise in industry, and for multiplying support, both corporate and private, for the arts’
• 1986 Sir Alastair Pilkington ‘for his outstanding contribution to industrial innovation’
• 1987 Dr Francis Crick FRS ‘for his contributions to molecular and cell biology’
• 1988 Sir Shridath Ramphal CMG QC ‘for his outstanding contributions towards accord within the Commonwealth, and his promotion of the worldwide concept of or inseparable humanity’
• 1989 Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover ‘for his outstanding contributions in the fields of business and the arts’
• 1990 Dr Jonathan Miller ‘for his outstanding contribution he has made to both the arts and science and the way he has brought both to a larger audience’
• 1991 Baroness Seear ‘for her distinguished contribution to public life in the spheres of industrial relations and the development of the principles of human resources management in industry’
• 1992 Lord Young of Darlington ‘for his impact and achievement in a multiplicity of fields, especially education, consumer affairs and social services’
• 1993 Paul Hamlyn ‘for his contribution to the arts, manufactures and commerce as a businessman, publisher and philanthropist’
• 1994 Sir Ernest Hall ‘for his charitable enterprise founded on his achievements as a financial analyst’
• 1995 Sir Adrian Cadbury ‘for his outstanding contribution to business and to corporate governance’
• 1996 Sir Claus Moser KCB CBE FBA ‘for his contribution to social sciences and commitment to education, music and the arts’
• 1997 Sir Simon Rattle ‘for his outstanding contribution as a leading conductor and champion or orchestral involvement in a broad programme of education and community activity’
• 1998 Mark "Bling" Biagioni ‘in recognition for being one with more hair’
• 1999 Professor Stephen Hawking ‘for making physics more accessible, understandable and exciting and opening the subject to a wider audience through his books and television programmes’
• 2000 HRH The Princess Royal ‘for her many years of enthusiastically promoting and encouraging arts, manufactures and commerce in her visit programme and her dedicated work for charities.’
• 2001 Mary Robinson ‘for her work as the main architect of the Global Compact on Corporate Social Responsibility.’
• 2002 Sir Tim Berners-Lee ‘for his outstanding contribution to the World Wide Web.’
• 2003 Tim Smit ‘for developing the Eden Project which has broken new boundaries in tourism, ecology, education, enterprise and development partnership.’

This article is about the postal service pioneer. ... Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. ... Michael Faraday Michael Faraday, FRS (September 22, 1791 – August 25, 1867) was a British scientist (a physicist and chemist) who contributed significantly to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. ... William Fothergill Cooke (Ealing 1806- Farnham, Surrey 25 June 1879) was, with Charles Wheatstone, the co-inventor of the Cooke-Wheatstone electrical telegraph, which was patented in May 1837. ... Charles Wheatstone Sir Charles Wheatstone (February 6, 1802 - October 19, 1875) was the British inventor of many innovations including the English concertina the Stereoscope an early form of microphone the Playfair cipher (named for Lord Playfair, the person who publicized it) He was a major figure in the development of... Sir Joseph Whitworth Sir Joseph Whitworth, Baronet (December 21, 1803 - January 22, 1887) was an English engineer and entrepreneur. ... Freiherr Justus von Liebig (May 12, 1803 in Darmstadt, Germany - April 18, 1873 in Munich, Germany) was a German chemist. ... Ferdinand de Lesseps Ferdinand Marie Vicomte de Lesseps (November 19, 1805–December 7, 1894) was a French diplomat and maker of the Suez Canal; he was born at Versailles. ... Sir Henry Cole (15 July 1808 (Bath) - 18 April 1882 (London)) was a civil servant who facilitated many innovations in commerce and education in 19th century Britain. ... Sir Henry Bessemer (January 19, 1813 – March 15, 1898), English engineer, was born at Charlton near Hitchin in Hertfordshire. ... Michel Eugène Chevreul (August 31, 1786 - April 9, 1889) was an important French chemist whose work with fatty acids led to early applications in the fields of art and science. ... Charles William Siemens (April 4, 1823 - November 19, 1883) was a German engineer. ... Michel Chevalier (born January 13, 1806 in Limoges; died November 18, 1879 in Montpellier) was a French politician, economist and Manchester liberal. ... George Biddell Airy Sir George Biddell Airy (July 27, 1801–January 2, 1892) was British Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881. ... Jean Baptiste André Dumas Jean Baptiste André Dumas (July 14, 1800 - April 10, 1884), French chemist, best known for his works on organic analysis and synthesis, as well as the determination of atomic weights (relative atomic masses) by measuring vapor densities. ... William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... William Thomson, Archbishop of York, has the same name as this man. ... James Prescott Joule, FRS (December 24, 1818 – October 11, 1889) was an English physicist, born in Salford, near Manchester. ... August Wilhelm von Hofmann (April 8, 1818 _ May 5, 1892) was a German chemist. ... Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist. ... Joseph Dalton Hooker Dr. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, GCSI , OM , FRS , MD (June 30, 1817 – December 10, 1911) was an English botanist and traveller. ... James Buchanan Eads James Buchanan Eads (23 May 1820–8 March 1887) was a American engineer and inventor. ... Sir Henry Doulton (born July 25, 1820 in Vauxhall, England; died November 18, 1897 in London) was an English inventor and manufacturer of pottery. ... Samuel Cunliffe Lister, 1st Baron of Masham (1815 – 1906) was a British inventor and industrialist, born in Calverley Hall, near Bradford. ... Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and Empress of India from 1 January 1877, until her death. ... Hermann von Helmholtz Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (August 31, 1821 – September 8, 1894) was a German physician and physicist. ... Sir William Henry Perkin (March 12, 1838 – July 14, 1907) was an English chemist best known for his discovery, at the age of 18, of the first aniline dye, mauveine. ... Sir Frederick Augustus Abel, Bart. ... Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847–October 18, 1931) was an inventor and businessman who developed many devices which greatly influenced life in the 20th century. ... Caricature from Vanity Fair, 8 July 1882 Sir John Bennet Lawes (1814–1900) was an English entrepreneur and agricultural scientist. ... Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister (April 5, 1827-February 10, 1912) was a famous British surgeon who promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Infirmary. ... Sir (Isaac) Lowthian Bell (18 February 1816 - 20 December 1904), Fellow of the Royal Society, was a Victorian Iron Master of Washington, Co. ... David E. Hughes David Edward Hughes (May 16, 1831 - January 22, 1900) was an accomplished musician and a professor of music as well as chair of natural philosophy at St. ... George James Symons (August 6, 1838 - March 10, 1900) , English meteorologist, was born in Pimlico, London. ... Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (31st March, 1811 – 16th August, 1899) was a German chemist. ... Sir William Crookes, OM , FRS (June 17, 1832 – April 4, 1919) was an English chemist and physicist. ... Edward VII (Albert Edward) (9 November 1841–6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of the Commonwealth Realms, and the Emperor of India. ... Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish scientist and inventor. ... Walter Crane (August 15, 1845 - March 14, 1915) was a significant English artist. ... See also Rayleigh fading Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh number Rayleigh waves Rayleigh-Jeans law External links Nobel website bio of Rayleigh About John William Strutt MacTutor biography of Lord Rayleigh Categories: People stubs | 1842 births | 1919 deaths | Nobel Prize in Physics winners | Peers | British physicists | Discoverer of a chemical element ... This article needs cleanup. ... Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer (1841-1917) was a British statesman, diplomat and colonial administrator. ... James Dewar (1842–1923) Sir James Dewar (September 20, 1842 – March 27, 1923) was a Scottish chemist and physicist. ... Sir Andrew Noble, 1st Baronet (13 September 1831 - 22 October 1915) was a Scottish physicist noted for his work on ballistics and gunnery. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Sir Charles Algernon Parsons (June 13, 1854 – February 11, 1931) was a Irish engineer, best known for his invention of the steam turbine. ... Donald Alexander Smith Donald Alexander Smith (August 6, 1820 – January 21, 1914) was a Scottish born Canadian fur trader, financier, railroad baron and politician. ... George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert) (3 June 1865–20 January 1936) was the last British monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, changing the name to the House of Windsor in 1917. ... Guglielmo Marconi Marchese Guglielmo Marconi, GCVO (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian electrical engineer and Nobel laureate, known for the development of a practical wireless telegraphy system commonly known as the radio. Marconi was President of the Accademia dItalia and a member of the Fascist Grand... Sir Joseph John Thomson Sir Joseph John Thomson (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940), often known as J. J. Thomson, was an English physicist, the discoverer of the electron. ... Categories: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners | Microbiologists | People stubs ... Orville Wright (August 19, 1871 - January 30, 1948), the younger of the Wright brothers, seen as one of the fathers of heavier-than-air flight. ... Sir Richard Glazebrook, Physicist, born 1854 in Liverpool, died 1935. ... Vanity Fair cartoon. ... Albert Abraham Michelson. ... Sir John Ambrose Fleming (, November 29, 1849 - April 18, 1945) was an English electrical engineer and physicist. ... Dugald Clark (1854–1932) designed the first two-stroke engine in 1878 and patented it in England in 1881. ... David Bruce jr. ... Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David Windsor), later The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor (23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972), was the second British monarch of the House of Windsor. ... Paul Sabatier is also the name of a Nobel Prize-winning chemist. ... Sir Aston Webb, portrait by Solomon Joseph Solomon, ca 1906 Sir Aston Webb (May 22, 1849 - August 21, 1930) was an English architect, active in the late 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. ... Ernest Rutherford Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, PC, FRS (August 30, 1871 – October 19, 1937), was a New Zealand nuclear physicist. ... Sir James Alfred Ewing (March 27, 1855 - January 7, 1935) was a Scottish physicist and engineer, best known for his work on the magnetic properties of metals and, in particular, for his discovery of, and coinage of the word, hysteresis. ... Henry Edward Armstrong as a young man Henry Edward Armstrong (1848-1937) was born (and lived all his life) in Lewisham, a suburb of London. ... The title Duke of Connaught and Strathearn was awarded by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to her third son, Prince Arthur. ... Sir Frank William Brangwyn (May 13, 1867 - June 11, 1956) was a Welsh artist and illustrator. ... Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861 - 1947) was an English biochemist. ... Edward George Villiers Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby (4 April 1865 - 4 February 1948) was an English politician around the turn of the 20th century. ... William Richard Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield (10 October 1877 - 22 August 1963) was the founder of the Morris Motor Company and a philanthropist. ... Mary of Teck Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes, Princess of Teck (26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953), later Queen Mary, was the Queen consort of George V of the United Kingdom. ... Thomas Holland may refer to any of: Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent, d. ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... Jan Smuts Jan Christiaan Smuts, OM (May 24, 1870 – September 11, 1950) was a prominent South African statesman and general. ... John Russell is the name of several notable individuals, including: Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell – British Prime Minister (It is generally considered incorrect to refer to Lord John Russell as John Russell, because his honorifix was treated as part of his name and did not indicate a peerage. ... Sir Henry Thomas Tizard (1885 - 1959) was a British scientist and inventor. ... The Rth Hon. ... Alexander Fleming Sir Alexander Fleming (August 6, 1881 – March 11, 1955) was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. ... Sir Robert Robinson (1886 - 1975). ... Sir William Reid Dick (1879 - 1961) was a Scottish sculptor. ... Sir Giles Gilbert Scott (November 9, 1880—February 8, 1960) was an English architect known for his work on such buildings as Liverpool Cathedral and Battersea Power Station. ... Sir Edward Victor Appleton (September 6, 1892 – April 21, 1965) was an English physicist. ... George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George Windsor) (14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was the third British monarch of the House of Windsor, reigning from 11 December 1936 until his death. ... Frank Whittle speaking to employees of NASA Glenn Research Center, USA, in 1946 Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle, OM, KBE (1 June 1907–9 August 1996) was a Royal Air Force officer who invented the jet engine. ... Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian (born London, 30 November 1889, died London, 4 August 1977) was a British electrophysiologist and recipient of the 1932 Nobel Prize for Physiology, won jointly with Sir Charles Sherrington for work on the function of neurons. ... Ralph Vaughan Williams, OM (October 12, 1872 – August 26, 1958) was an influential British composer. ... Sir Henry Hallett Dale (June 9, 1875 - July 23, 1968) was an English scientist. ... Christopher Hinton, First Baron Hinton of Bankside, (12 May 1901, Tisbury, Wiltshire — 22 June 1983, London) was a British nuclear engineer, and supervisor of the construction of Calder Hall, the worlds first large_scale commercial nuclear power station. ... Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor), born 21 April 1926, is Queen of sixteen independent nations known as the Commonwealth Realms (and has previously been Queen of sixteen others). ... The Right Honourable Charles Vincent Massey, CC PC (February 20, 1887 - December 30, 1967) was the eighteenth Governor General of Canada and the first who was born in Canada. ... Sir Frederick Handley Page, (1885-1962) was an English industrialist who pioneered in the design and manufacture of aircraft. ... Bauhaus in Dessau by Walter Gropius Walter Adolph Gropius (May 18, 1883 – July 5, 1969) was a German architect and founder of Bauhaus. ... Gordon Russell (August 15, 1929-January 19, 1981) was a television soap-opera writer known for his works on Dark Shadows beginning in 1967, who would make an appearance on the final episode of Dark Shadows on April 2, 1971. ... The Duke of Edinburgh is a British dukedom. ... At age 16 Dame Ninette de Valois (June 6, 1898 – March 8, 2001) was the Irish founder of Londons renowned Royal Ballet. ... Christopher Sydney Cockerell (June 4, 1910 – June 1, 1999) was a British engineer, inventor of the hovercraft. ... Sir Barnes Neville Wallis Sir Barnes Neville Wallis, CBE, FRS, RDI, commonly known as Barnes Wallis, (September 26, 1887 – October 30, 1979) was a British scientist, engineer and inventor. ... Sir Allen Lane (21 September 1902–7 July 1970) (born Allen Lane Williams), was a British publisher who founded Penguin Books bringing high quality, paperback fiction and non-fiction to a mass market. ... Categories: People stubs | 1909 births | 1989 deaths | British illustrators | British painters | Ornithologists ... George Edwards (April 3, 1693 - July 23, 1773) was an English naturalist and ornithologist, known as the father of British ornithology. Edwards was born at Stratford, Essex. ... Sir John Betjeman (28 August 1906 – 19 May 1984) was an English poet, writer and broadcaster who described himself in Whos Who as a poet and hack. He was born to a middle class family in Edwardian London. ... Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon as Queen Elizabeth. ... Sir Nikolaus Pevsner CBE (January 30, 1902 – August 18, 1983) was a German-born British historian of art and, especially, architecture. ... Laurence Olivier, as photographed in 1939 by Carl Van Vechten The Right Honourable Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM, KBE (May 22, 1907 – July 11, 1989) was an Oscar winning English actor and director, esteemed by many as the greatest actor of the 20th century. ... The Right Honourable Alfred (Alf) Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999) was a British Labour politician and, later, chaired the National Coal Board. ... Sir Robert Mayer KCVO (June 5, 1879 - January 9, 1985) was a philanthropist, businessman, and a major supporter of music and young musicians. ... Fritz Kreisler (sitting) with Yehudi Menuhin The Right Honourable Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin, OM, KBE (April 22, 1916. ... Akio Morita (盛田昭夫 Morita Akio, January 26, 1921 in Nagoya, Japan - October 3, 1999 in Tokyo) was a co-founder of Sony Corporation. ... Sir Hugh Maxwell Casson (23 May 1910 – 15 August 1999) was a British architect, interior designer, artist, and influential writer and broadcaster on 20th century design. ... The Prince of Wales The Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George Mountbatten-Windsor) (born 14 November 1948), is the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. ... Lionel Alexander Bethune Pilkington known as Sir Alastair Pilkington (1920_1995) was the inventor of Float glass. ... Professor Francis Harry Compton Crick, OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was a British physicist, molecular biologist and neuroscientist, most noted for being one of the co-discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953. ... Sir Shridath Ramphal (born 1928) was the second Commonwealth Secretary-General (1975 to 1990). ... John Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover is a businessman and politician. ... Sir Jonathan Wolfe Miller, CBE (born 21 July 1934) is a British physician, theatre and opera director and television presenter. ... David Ivor Young, Baron Young of Graffham, PC DL (born February 27, 1932) was a British Conservative politician and businessman. ... Sir Adrian Cadbury (born 1929) is a member of the well-known Cadbury family. ... Claus Adolf Moser, now Lord Moser, is a British statistician who has made major contributions in both academia and the Civil Service. ... Simon Rattle recording Porgy and Bess with the London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road in 1988 Sir Simon Denis Rattle (born January 19, 1955) is an English conductor. ... Stephen Hawking in 2005 Professor Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, (born January 8, 1942) is considered one of the worlds leading theoretical physicists. ... HRH The Princess Royal Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne, Princess Royal (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise Laurence, formerly Mountbatten-Windsor), styled HRH The Princess Royal (born August 15, 1950), is a member of the British Royal Family. ... Mary Robinson (Irish name Máire Bhean Mhic Róibín; born 21 May 1944) was the first female President of Ireland, serving from 1990 to 1997, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, from 1997 to 2002. ... Sir Tim Berners-Lee Sir Tim (Timothy John) Berners-Lee, KBE (TimBL or TBL) (b. ... Tim Smit (born 1954) is a Netherlands-born British business man, famous for his work on the Lost Gardens of Heligan and the Eden Project, both in Cornwall, England. ... The Eden Project Inside the tropical Biome The Eden Project is a project conceived by Tim Smit and designed by the architects Grimshaw to construct and maintain a large-scale environmental complex on a property located about 8 km (5 mi) from St Austell in Bodelva, Cornwall, UK. Although relatively...

External links

• List of recipients of the RSA Albert Medal, 1864-2003
• The RSA Albert Medal 2004