Albert O. Hirschman or Albert Otto Hirschman is an influential liberal economist who has authored several books on political economy and political ideology. Among his most important contributions were two simple but intellectually powerful schemata. The first describes the three basic possible responses to decline in firms or polities: loyalty, voice and exit. The second describes the basic arguments made by conservatives: perversity, futility and jeopardy. Jump to: navigation, search Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions... An economist is someone who studies Economics. ... Jump to: navigation, search Political economy was the original term for the study of production, the acts of buying and selling, and their relationships to laws, customs and government. ... An ideology is a collection of ideas. ... Decline is change from previously efficient to inefficient organizational functioning, from previously rational to non-rational organizational and individual decision-making, from previously law-abiding to law violating organizational and individual behavior, from previously virtuous to iniquitous individual moral behavior. ... Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ...

Hirschman was born in Berlin, Germany on April 7, 1915, the son of Carl and Hedwig Marcuse Hirschman. He was educated at the Sorbonne, the London School of Economics and the University of Trieste, from which he received his doctorate in economics in 1938. A Rockefeller Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley (1941-1943), he served in the United States Army (1943-1946), was appointed Chief of the Western European and British Commonwealth Section of the Federal Reserve Board (1946-1952), served as a financial advisor to the National Planning Board of Colombia (1952-1954) and then became a private economic counselor in Bogotá (1954-1956). Following that he held a succession of academic appointments in economics at Yale University (1956-1958), Columbia University (1958-1964), Harvard University(1964-1974) and the Institute for Advanced Study (1974- ). Jump to: navigation, search Berlin â–¶(?), IPA: , is the capital of Germany and its largest city; the city is now home to 3. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The Sorbonne today, from the same point of view The Sorbonne is frequently used in ordinary parlance as synonymous with the faculty of theology of Paris or the University of Paris in its entirety. ... Jump to: navigation, search The London School of Economics and Political Science, often referred to as the London School of Economics or simply the LSE, is a specialist university in London. ... The University of Trieste (Università degli Studi di Trieste), relatively young Institution (70 years old) compared to other Italian Universities, is a medium-sized university in Trieste in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (also known as Cal, UCB, UC Berkeley, The University of California, California, or simply Berkeley) is a public coeducational university situated east of the San Francisco Bay in Berkeley, California, overlooking the Golden Gate. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1943 is a common year starting on Friday. ... Jump to: navigation, search US Army Seal HHC, US Army Distinctive Unit Insignia The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1943 is a common year starting on Friday. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The Federal Reserve System is headquartered in the Eccles Building on Constitution Avenue in Washington, DC. The Federal Reserve System (also the Federal Reserve; informally The Fed) is the central bank of the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1952 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1952 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1954(MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1954(MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1956 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Yale (disambiguation). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1956 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search Columbia University is a private university in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... Fuld Hall The Institute for Advanced Study is a private institution in Princeton Township, New Jersey, designed to foster pure cutting-edge research by scientists in a variety of fields without the complications of teaching or funding, or the agendas of sponsorship. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ...

Books

• 1958. The Strategy of Economic Development. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN: 0300005598
• 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674276604 (paper).
• 1991. The Rhetoric of Reaction: Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674768671 (cloth) and ISBN 067476868X (paper).
• The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments For Capitalism Before Its Triumph. 1977, 1997 Reprint. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN: 0691015988.

Exit, Voice, and Loyalty is a theorectical concept derived from the work of Albert O. Hirschman which elaborations the three essential responses to organizational decline. ...

Schema Based Articles

• Shu-Yun Ma. "The Exit, Voice, and Struggle to Return of Chinese Political Exiles," Pacific Affairs. Vol. 66, No. 3. (Autumn 1993) Pp. 368-385.
• Michael Laver. "Exit, Voice, and Loyalty revisited: The Strategic Production and Consumption of Public and Private Goods," British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 6. (Oct. 1976). Pp. 463-482.

External links

• The New York Review of Books Bibliography
• Amherst Commencement Recognition