NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Alberto Gonzales

Alberto Gonzales (born August 4, 1955), is the 80th and current Attorney General of the United States. Gonzales was appointed to the post in February 2005 by President George W. Bush. While Bush was Governor of Texas, Gonzales had served as his general counsel (1994-1997). Subsequently he served as Secretary of State of Texas (1997-1999) and then on the Texas Supreme Court (1999-2000). From 2001 to 2005, Gonzales served in the Bush Administration as White House Counsel.^[1] Download high resolution version (800x1000, 533 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Seal of the United States Department of Justice The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see 28 U.S.C. Â§ 503) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... The incumbent, in politics, is the current holder of a political office. ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... John David Ashcroft (born May 9, 1942) is an American politician who was the 79th United States Attorney General. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Texas. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: , Counties Bexar County Government - Mayor Phil Hardberger Area - City 412. ... Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallasâ€“Fort Worth Metroplex Area Ranked 2nd - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 kmÂ²) - Width 773 miles (1,244 km) - Length 790 miles (1,270 km) - % water 2. ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... Lovett Hall William Marsh Rice University (commonly called Rice University and opened in 1912 as The William Marsh Rice Institute for the Advancement of Letters, Science and Art) is a private, comprehensive research university located in Houston, Texas, USA, near the Museum District and adjacent to the Texas Medical Center. ... Apostasy (Greek απο, apo, away, apart, στασις, stasis, standing) is the formal renunciation of ones religion. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... Seal of the United States Department of Justice The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see 28 U.S.C. Â§ 503) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... In politics, Governor of Texas is the title given to the chief executive of the state of Texas. ... The U.S. state of Texas has two courts of last resort: the Texas Supreme Court, which is the highest state appellate court for civil matters (including juvenile delinquency, which the law considers to be a civil matter and not criminal) and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, the highest... The White House Counsel is a staff appointee of the President of the United States. ...

Personal background

Alberto Gonzales was born in San Antonio, Texas, and raised in Humble, near Houston. He was the second of eight children born to Pablo and Maria Gonzales. His father, who died in 1982, was a construction worker. In a television interview, Gonzales told Wolf Blitzer on CNN that no immigration documentation exists for three of his grandparents and thus may have entered and resided in the United States illegally.^[2] Nickname: Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: , Counties Bexar County Government - Mayor Phil Hardberger Area - City 412. ... Downtown Humble facing east Humble is a city located in Harris County, Texas within the Houstonâ€“Sugar Landâ€“Baytown metropolitan area. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: , Country United States State Texas Counties Harris County Fort Bend County Montgomery County Incorporated June 5, 1837 Government - Mayor Bill White Area - City 601. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Wolf Blitzer (born March 22, 1948 in Buffalo, New York) is an American journalist and author. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... Illegal immigration to the United States refers to the act of foreign nationals voluntarily resettling in the United States in violation of U.S. immigration and nationality law. ...

An honors student at MacArthur High School in unincorporated Harris County, Gonzales enlisted in the United States Air Force in 1973, for a four year term of enlistment, serving two years at Fort Yukon, Alaska and two years as a cadet at the United States Air Force Academy. Prior to beginning his third year at the academy, which would have caused him to incur a further service obligation, he transferred to Rice University (Houston, Texas), where he was a member of Lovett College and earned a bachelor's degree in political science in 1979, impressing the long-time faculty there as an excellent student.^[3] He then earned a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Harvard Law School in 1982. An honors student is a student recognized for achieving high level grades. ... MacArthur High School, located on the north side of Houston, Texas, opened in 1965 as the second high school in the Aldine Independent School District. ... The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare branch of the United States armed forces and one of the seven uniformed services. ... Fort Yukon is a city located in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska. ... The United States Air Force Academy (USAFA or Air Force),[1] located immediately north of Colorado Springs in El Paso County, Colorado, United States, is an institution for the undergraduate education of officers for the United States Air Force. ... Lovett Hall William Marsh Rice University (commonly called Rice University and opened in 1912 as The William Marsh Rice Institute for the Advancement of Letters, Science and Art) is a private, comprehensive research university located in Houston, Texas, USA, near the Museum District and adjacent to the Texas Medical Center. ... Edgar Odell Lovett College is the seventh of the nine residential colleges at Rice University in Houston, Texas. ... A bachelors degree is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three, four, or in some cases and countries, five or six years. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Political Science is the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. ... Doctor of Law, Doctor of Jurisprudence, or Juris Doctor (abbreviated J.D. or JD, from the Latin, Teacher of Law) is a professional degree in law offered by universities in a number of countries. ... Harvard Law School, often referred to in shorthand as Harvard Law or HLS, is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University. ...

Gonzales has been married twice: he and his first wife, Diane Clemens, divorced in 1985; he and his second wife, Rebecca Turner Gonzales, have three sons.

Gonzales had a Catholic upbringing, and also is an illegal immigrant from Mexico. ^[4]

Career

Gonzales was an attorney in private practice from 1982 until 1994 with the Houston law firm Vinson and Elkins, where he became a partner. In 1994, he was named general counsel to then-Texas Governor George W. Bush, rising to become Secretary of State of Texas in 1997 and finally to be named to the Texas Supreme Court in 1999, both appointments made by Governor Bush. An attorney is someone who represents someone else in the transaction of business: For attorney-at-law, see lawyer, solicitor, barrister or civil law notary. ... Vinson and Elkins is a law firm with offices in Houston, Dallas and Austin, Texas, Beijing, London, Tokyo, New York City, Washington, D.C., Moscow, and Dubai, United Arab Emirates. ... In politics, Governor of Texas is the title given to the chief executive of the state of Texas. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... The Secretary of State is keeper of the Seal of the State of Texas, depicted here The Secretary of State of Texas is one of six state officials designated by the Texas Constitution to form the Executive Department of the State. ... The U.S. state of Texas has two courts of last resort: the Texas Supreme Court, which is the highest state appellate court for civil matters (including juvenile delinquency, which the law considers to be a civil matter and not criminal) and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, the highest...

Outside of his political and legal career, Gonzales was active in the community. He was a board director of the United Way of the Texas Gulf Coast from 1993 to 1994, and President of Leadership Houston during this same period. In 1994, Gonzales served as Chair of the Commission for District Decentralization of the Houston Independent School District, and as a member of the Committee on Undergraduate Admissions for Rice University. He was chosen as one of Five Outstanding Young Texans by the Texas Jaycees in 1994. He was a member of delegations sent by the American Council of Young Political Leaders to Mexico in 1996 and to the People's Republic of China in 1995. He received the Presidential Citation from the State Bar of Texas in 1997 for his dedication to addressing basic legal needs of the indigent. In 1999, he was named Latino Lawyer of the Year by the Hispanic National Bar Association. The United Way of America is a coalition of charitable organizations in the United States that have traditionally pooled efforts in fundraising. ... The Hattie Mae White Educational Support Center The first Hattie Mae White Administration Building. ... The United States Junior Chamber or Jaycees is an organization aimed at individuals aged 21 to 39 to help them in business and their professional careers. ... The State Bar of Texas (the Texas Bar) is an agency of the judiciary under the administrative control of the Texas Supreme Court. ... // The term Latino is a linguistic identity that refers to an individual that has significant ancestry from a nation-state where a Latin derived language is spoken or is the offical language of the government. ... The Hispanic National Bar Association (HNBA) is a non-profit, nation-wide association representing Hispanic persons in the legal profession â€” attorneys, judges, law educators and law students â€” in the United States and Puerto Rico. ...

As counsel to Governor Bush, Gonzales helped Bush be excused from jury duty when he was called in a 1996 Travis County drunk driving case. The case led to controversy during Bush's 2000 presidential campaign because Bush's answers to the potential juror questionnaire did not disclose Bush's own 1976 misdemeanor drunk driving conviction.^[5] Gonzales' formal request for Bush to be excused from jury duty hinged upon the fact that, as Governor of Texas, he might be called upon to pardon the accused in the case. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Travis County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. ... Drunk driving (drink driving in the UK) or drinking and driving is the act of operating a motor vehicle after having consumed alcohol (i. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... A misdemeanor, or misdemeanour, in many common law legal systems, is a lesser criminal act. ...

As Governor Bush's counsel in Texas, Gonzales also reviewed all clemency requests. A 2003 article in The Atlantic Monthly asserts that Gonzales gave insufficient counsel, and failed to second-guess convictions and failed appeals. Only one death sentence was over-turned by Governor Bush (The state of Texas executed more prisoners during Gonzales' term than any other state.)^[6]^[7] A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it. ... The Atlantic redirects here; for the ocean, see Atlantic Ocean. ...

War on Terror

The Executive Order 13233, drafted by Gonzales and issued by George W. Bush on November 1, 2001 shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks, attempted to place limitations on the Freedom of Information Act by restricting access to the records of former presidents. Executive Order 13233, restricting access to the records of former presidents and drafted by White House counsel Alberto R. Gonzales, was issued by President George W. Bush on November 1, 2001 shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11â€”pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with freedom of information legislation. ...

Gonzales authored a controversial memo in January of 2002 that explored whether Article III of the Geneva Convention applied to Al Qaeda and Taliban fighters captured in Afghanistan and held in detention facilities around the world, including Camp X-Ray in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The memo made several arguments both for and against providing Article III protection to Al Qaeda and Taliban fighters. He concluded that Article III was outdated and ill-suited for dealing with captured Al Qaeda and Taliban fighters. He described as "quaint" the provisions that require providing captured Al Qaeda and Taliban fighters "commissary privileges, scrip, athletic uniforms, and scientific instruments". He also argued that existing military regulations and instructions from the President were more than adequate to ensure that the principles of the Geneva Convention would be applied. He also argued that undefined language in the Geneva Convention, such as "outrages upon personal dignity" and "inhuman treatment", could make officials and military leaders subject to the War Crimes Act of 1996 if mistreatment was discovered.^[8] The Geneva Conventions consist of treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns. ... Camp X-Ray, shown here under construction, was a temporary holding facility for detainees held at U.S. Naval Base Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. ... Map of Cuba with location of GuantÃ¡namo Bay indicated. ... The Geneva Conventions consist of treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns. ... The War Crimes Act of 1996 was passed with overwhelming majorities by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. ...

In 2004, when this memo was leaked to the press, Gonzales said about the memo in Senate confirmation hearings that "... I don't recall today whether or not I was in agreement with all of the analysis, but I don't have a disagreement with the conclusions then reached by the department."

Gonzales also authored the Presidential Order which authorized the use of military tribunals to try terrorist suspects. He fought with Congress to keep Vice President Dick Cheney's Energy task force documents from being reviewed. Gonzales was also an early advocate of the controversial USA PATRIOT Act. He is also accused of being involved in the decision to allow foreign combatants in U.S. custody to be deported to nations that allow torture, in order to extract further information from them; he denies that he has ever supported this measure. ^{[citation needed]} Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941), is the 46th and current Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ... The Energy Task Force is commonly known as the Cheney Energy Task Force after Vice President of the United States of America and former CEO of Halliburton, Dick Cheney. ... The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (Public Law 107-56), known as the USA PATRIOT Act or simply the Patriot Act, is an American act which President George W. Bush signed into law on October 26, 2001. ...

On June 23, 2006, Gonzales, along with Deputy Director of the FBI John S. Pistole gave a high level press briefing involving the Miami bomb plot to attack the Sears Tower. is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Statement Of John S. Pistole Executive Assistant Director Counterterrorism/Counterintelligence Federal Bureau Of Investigation Before The House Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security Wikisource has original text related to this article: Treatment of Prisoners and Detainees John S. Pistole... On June 22, 2006, seven men were arrested during an FBI raid on a warehouse on the outskirts of Miami and accused of being a home-grown terrorist cell plotting to blow up the Sears Tower and the FBI building in Miami. ...

On November 14, 2006, invoking universal jurisdiction, legal proceedings were started in Germany for his alleged involvement under the command responsibility of prisoner abuse by writing the controversial legal opinions.^[9] is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Universal jurisdiction or universality principle is a controversial principle in international law whereby states claim criminal jurisdiction over persons whose alleged crimes were committed outside the boundaries of the prosecuting state, regardless of nationality, country of residence, or any other relation with the prosecuting country. ... Peace Palace in The Hague Command responsibility, sometimes referred to as the Yamashita standard, or the Medina standard is the doctrine of hierarchical accountability in cases of war crimes. ...

Attorney General nomination and confirmation

Gonzales' name was sometimes floated as a possible nominee to the United States Supreme Court during Bush's first presidential term. On November 10, 2004, it was announced that he would be nominated to replace United States Attorney General John Ashcroft for Bush's second term. Gonzales was regarded as a moderate compared to Ashcroft because he did not oppose abortion or affirmative action. U.S. Pesident George W. Bush announces his nomination of White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales to succeed John Ashcroft as the next U.S. Attorney General during a press conference in the Roosevelt Room Wednesday, November 10, 2004. ... U.S. Pesident George W. Bush announces his nomination of White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales to succeed John Ashcroft as the next U.S. Attorney General during a press conference in the Roosevelt Room Wednesday, November 10, 2004. ... The presidential seal is a well-known symbol of the presidency. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor introduces Alberto Gonzales to the audience after administering the oath of office to him during ceremonies welcoming him to his new post of U.S. Attorney General. ... Image File history File links U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor introduces Alberto Gonzales to the audience after administering the oath of office to him during ceremonies welcoming him to his new post of U.S. Attorney General. ... Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States. ... Sandra Day OConnor (born March 26, 1930) is an American jurist who served as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. ... Seal of the United States Department of Justice The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see 28 U.S.C. Â§ 503) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Seal of the United States Department of Justice The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see 28 U.S.C. Â§ 503) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... John David Ashcroft (born May 9, 1942) is an American politician who was the 79th United States Attorney General. ... Affirmative action refers to policies intended to promote access to education or employment aimed at a historically socio-politically non-dominant group (typically, minorities or women). ...

These departures from the conservative viewpoint elicited a strong degree of opposition to Gonzales that started during his Senate confirmation proceedings at the beginning of President Bush's second term. The New York Times quoted anonymous Republican officials as saying that Gonzales's appointment to Attorney General was a way to "bolster Mr. Gonzales's credentials" en route to a later Supreme Court appointment.^[10] Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Politics Portal The United States Senate is one of the two chambers of the bicameral United States Congress, the... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. ...

The nomination was approved without a spirit of bipartisan comity, with the confirming vote, on February 3, 2005, split along party lines 60-36 (54 Republicans and 6 Democrats in favor, and 36 Democrats against, along with 4 abstentions: 3 Democrat and 1 Republican).^[11] He was sworn in on February 14, 2005. He is the highest-ranking Hispanic Cabinet member in U.S. Government to date. Past Hispanic cabinet members include Henry Cisneros, former U.S. secretary of housing and urban development served in the Clinton Administration, from 1993 to 1997, and Federico F. Peña, who served from 1993 through 1998 as Secretary of Transportation and also as Secretary of Energy. is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Insert non-formatted text here{| style=float:right; |- | paul is so hot sophie loves him |- | |} is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Henry Gabriel Cisneros (born June 11, 1947) is a prominent American politician, businessman, and community leader. ... Federico Fabian PeÃ±a Federico Fabian PeÃ±a (born March 15, 1947) was United States Secretary of Transportation from 1993 to 1997, during the presidency of Bill Clinton. ...

Speculation over a possible Supreme Court nomination

Shortly before the July 1, 2005 retirement of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Sandra Day O'Connor, rumors started circulating that a memo had leaked from the White House stating that upon the retirement of either O'Connor or Chief Justice of the United States William Rehnquist, that Gonzales would be the first nominee for a vacancy on the Court. is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest judicial body in the... Sandra Day OConnor (born March 26, 1930) is an American jurist who served as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch... William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1, 1924 â€“ September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer, jurist, and a political figure, who served as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States and later as the Chief Justice of the United States. ... John Roberts is sworn in as Chief Justice by Associate Justice John Paul Stevens in the East Room of the White House on the same day as his confirmation, September 29, 2005. ...

Quickly, conservative stalwarts^[12] such as National Review magazine^[13] and Focus on the Family, among other socially conservative groups, stated they would oppose a Gonzales nomination.^[14] National Review (NR) is a biweekly magazine of political opinion, founded by author William F. Buckley, Jr. ... The graphic identity of Focus on the Family is intended to recall old time traditional values. ...

Much of their opposition to Gonzales was based on his perceived support of abortion rights; typically, they cited his place in the majority opinions of various Texas Supreme Court rulings in a series of In re Jane Doe cases from 2000 that ordered lower courts to reconsider minor women's requests for a "judicial bypass" provided in a provision of Texas' parental notification law, and in one case (43 Tex. Sup. J. 910), granted the bypass that allowed the girl to obtain an abortion without notifying her parents. Gonzales wrote concurring opinions in two of these cases: In re Jane Doe 3 (43 Tex. Sup. J. 508) and In re Jane Doe 5 (43 Tex. Sup. J. 910). For In re Jane Doe 3 he concurred, on the legal grounds that the lower court had issued its ruling only one business day after the Texas Supreme Court had issued guidance on what the applicant for a judicial bypass must prove, with the differently reasoned majority opinion to remand the case to the lower courts. The morality and legality of abortion are controversial topics. ... In law, a person who is not yet a legal adult is known as a minor (known in some places as an infant or juvenile). ...

For In re Jane Doe 5 his concurring opinion began with the sentence, "I fully join in the Court's judgment and opinion." He went on, though, to address the three dissenting opinions, primarily one by Nathan L. Hecht alleging that the court majority's members had disregarded legislative intent in favor of their personal ideologies. Gonzales's opinion dealt mostly with how to establish legislative intent. He wrote, "We take the words of the statute as the surest guide to legislative intent. Once we discern the Legislature's intent we must put it into effect, even if we ourselves might have made different policy choices." He added, "[T]o construe the Parental Notification Act so narrowly as to eliminate bypasses, or to create hurdles that simply are not to be found in the words of the statute, would be an unconscionable act of judicial activism" and "While the ramifications of such a law and the results of the Court's decision here may be personally troubling to me as a parent, it is my obligation as a judge to impartially apply the laws of this state without imposing my moral view on the decisions of the Legislature." Justice Nathan L. Hecht is a justice of the Texas Supreme Court. ... Judicial activism is the tendency of some judges to take a flexible view of their power of judicial interpretation, especially when such judges import subjective reasoning that displaces objective evaluation of applicable law. ...

Political commentators had suggested that Bush forecast the selection of Gonzales with his comments defending the Attorney General made on July 6, 2005 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Bush stated, "I don't like it when a friend gets criticized. I'm loyal to my friends. All of a sudden this fellow, who is a good public servant and a really fine person, is under fire. And so, do I like it? No, I don't like it, at all." However, this speculation proved to be incorrect, as Bush nominated D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals Judge John Roberts to the Supreme Court. is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article needs cleanup. ... The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, known informally as the D.C. Circuit, is the federal appellate court for the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. ... John Glover Roberts Jr. ...

After the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist on September 3, 2005, creating another vacancy, speculation resumed that President Bush might nominate Gonzales to the Court. This again proved to be incorrect, as Bush decided to nominate Roberts to the Chief Justice position, and on October 3, 2005, nominated Harriet Miers as Associate Justice, to replace Justice O'Connor. On October 27, 2005, Miers withdrew her nomination, again renewing speculation about a possible Gonzales nomination. This was laid to rest when Judge Samuel Alito received the nomination and subsequent confirmation. The Chief Justice in many countries is the name for the presiding member of a Supreme Court in Commonwealth- or other countries with an Anglosaxon type of justice, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the Supreme Court of Canada, the Supreme Court of New Zealand, the Supreme... William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1, 1924 â€“ September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer, jurist, and a political figure, who served as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States and later as the Chief Justice of the United States. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... The Chief Justice in many countries is the name for the presiding member of a Supreme Court in Commonwealth- or other countries with an Anglosaxon type of justice, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the Supreme Court of Canada, the Supreme Court of New Zealand, the Supreme... is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Harriet Ellan Miers (born August 10, 1945 in Dallas, Texas) is an American lawyer, and former White House Counsel. ... Justice Sandra Day OConnor Sandra Day OConnor (born March 26, 1930) has been an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since 1981. ... is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. ...

On September 11, 2005, U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary chairman Arlen Specter was quoted as saying that it was "a little too soon" after Gonzales' appointment as Attorney General for him to be appointed to another position, and that such an appointment would require a new series of confirmation hearings Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate, the upper house of the United States Congress. ... Arlen J. Specter (born February 12, 1930) is a United States Senator from Pennsylvania. ... In most common law jurisdictions, the Attorney General is the main legal adviser to the government, and in some jurisdictions may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions. ...

Controversies

Under Gonzales's leadership the Justice Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation have been accused of improperly, and perhaps illegally, using the USA PATRIOT Act to uncover personal information about U.S. citizens.^[15] His role in the dismissal of nine U.S. attorneys has led several members of the United States Congress from both major political parties to call for his resignation. Through his testimony before Congress on issues ranging from the Patriot Act to U.S. Attorney firings, he has commonly admitted ignorance.^[16] For example, in response to a Washington Post Story^[17] that Gonzales was told about FBI violations involving that Patriot Act, Justice officials who "could not immediately determine whether Gonzales read any of the FBI reports in 2005 and 2006." DOJ headquarters in Washington, D.C. Justice Department redirects here. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), serving as both a federal criminal investigative body and a domestic intelligence agency. ... The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (Public Law 107-56), known as the USA PATRIOT Act or simply the Patriot Act, is an American act which President George W. Bush signed into law on October 26, 2001. ... The dismissal of U.S. Attorneys controversy is an ongoing political dispute initiated by the unprecedented dismissal of seven United States Attorneys by the George W. Bush administrations Department of Justice (DOJ) on December 7, 2006, and their replacement by interim appointees under provisions of the 2005 Patriot Act... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political...

Dismissal of U.S. Attorneys in 2006

On December 7 2006, eight United States Attorneys were notified by the United States Department of Justice that they were being dismissed, after the George W. Bush administration made the determination to seek their resignations.^[18] Although the Prosecutors serve at the pleasure of the President, critics have claimed the dismissals were either motivated by desire to install attorneys more loyal to the Republican party ("loyal Bushies", in the words of D. Kyle Sampson, Mr. Gonzales’s former chief of staff) or as retribution for actions or inactions damaging to the Republican party. At least six of the eight had positive internal Justice Department performance reports.^[19] There were various hearings and testimony offered in January through March. Criticism increased upon the release of emails by Gonzales' chief of staff Kyle Sampson, which showed extensive communication between Sampson and White House Administration official Harriet Miers. Sampson resigned, but the emails indicate that a number of statements from the Dept of Justice, including statements made by Gonzales himself, were possibly inaccurate. According to the Attorney General, in a press conference given on March 13, "incomplete information was communicated or may have been communicated to Congress."^[20]^[21] The dismissal of U.S. Attorneys controversy is an ongoing political dispute initiated by the unprecedented dismissal of seven United States Attorneys by the George W. Bush administrations Department of Justice (DOJ) on December 7, 2006, and their replacement by interim appointees under provisions of the 2005 Patriot Act... The dismissal of U.S. Attorneys controversy is an ongoing political dispute initiated by the unprecedented dismissal of seven United States Attorneys by the George W. Bush administrations Department of Justice (DOJ) on December 7, 2006, and their replacement by interim appointees under provisions of the 2005 Patriot Act... This article details the chonology of events that occured regarding the Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy. ... This article about dismissed U.S. attorneys summarizes the circumstances surrounding a number of U.S. attorneys dismissed from office in the United States Department of Justice in 2006. ... Main article: Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy The various documents obtained by request or subpoena during dissmissal of U.S attorneys controversy by both the the United States House and Senate Committees on the Judiciary, originally produced by the Department of Justice (DOJ) or White House have been made... Main article: Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy See Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy documents for publicly released documents and hearings transcripts. ... Seal of the United States Department of Justice The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see 28 U.S.C. Â§ 503) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... Karl Christian Rove (born December 25, 1950) is Deputy Chief of Staff to President George W. Bush. ... The Deputy White House Chief of Staff is the top aide to the White House Chief of Staff, who is the senior aide to the President of the United States. ... Harriet Ellan Miers (born August 10, 1945 in Dallas, Texas) is an American lawyer, and former White House Counsel. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Fred Fisher Fielding (born March 21, 1939) is senior partner at Wiley Rein & Fielding, a Washington, D.C. law firm. ... The White House Counsel is a staff appointee of the President of the United States. ... William K. Kelley is Deputy Counsel to United States President George W. Bush. ... William E. Moschella (born April 17, 1968), a United States lawyer and political appointee as Deputy Attorney General in the administration of President George W. Bush. ... Brett Tolman is the United States Attorney for the District of Utah and a former counsel in the Senate Judiciary Committee headed by Arlen Specter, R-Pa. ... United States Attorneys (also known as federal prosecutors) represent the U.S. federal government in United States district court and United States court of appeals. ... The United States District Court for the District of Utah is the Federal district court whose jurisdiction is the state of Utah. ... D. Kyle Sampson was the Chief of Staff and Counselor of US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. ... For the theologian and academic see Michael J. Battle. ... Michael James Elston (born February 7, 1969), a United States lawyer and political appointee in the administration of President George W. Bush. ... Monica Marie Goodling (born August 6, 1973) is a former United States government lawyer and political appointee in the administration of President George W. Bush who came to prominence in 2007 in the midst of a political scandal surrounding the firings of several U.S. attorneys. ... William W. Mercer is a United States Attorney for the for the District of Montana, as well as Principal Associate Deputy Attorney General for the United States Department of Justice. ... Sara Marie Taylor (born September 15, 1974) was Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of Political Affairs at the White House, making her one of George W. Bushs top political aides. ... Paul J. McNulty Paul J. McNulty (born January 21, 1958 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is the retiring Deputy Attorney General of the United States, having previously served as the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. ... The U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate, the upper house of the United States Congress. ... Patrick Joseph Leahy (born March 31, 1940) is the senior United States Senator from Vermont. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas Politics Portal Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... Arlen J. Specter (born February 12, 1930) is a United States Senator from Pennsylvania. ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... Charles Ellis Chuck Schumer (born November 23, 1950) is currently the senior U.S. Senator from the state of New York, serving since 1999. ... // Jurisdiction Membership Republicans Democrats Senior Subcommittee Staff William Smith, Majority Chief Counsel Preet Bharara, Democratic Chief Counsel Contact information U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts 224 Dirksen Senate Office Building Washington, D.C. 20510 Majority Office Phone: (202) 224-7572 Majority Office... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas Politics Portal Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, or (more commonly) the House Judiciary Committee, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. ... John Conyers, Jr. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas Politics Portal Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... Lamar Seeligson Smith (born November 19, 1947) is a Republican politician from the state of Texas, currently representing the states 21st congressional district (map) in the United States House of Representatives. ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... Linda T. SÃ¡nchez (born January 28, 1969 in Orange, California), an American politician, has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 2003, representing the 39th District of California (map). ... The Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law (CAL) is one of five subcommittees of the United States House Committee on the Judiciary. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas Politics Portal Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... United States Attorneys (also known as federal prosecutors) represent the U.S. federal government in United States district court and United States court of appeals. ... DOJ headquarters in Washington, D.C. Justice Department redirects here. ... The Bush administration includes President George W. Bush, Vice President Richard Cheney, Bushs Cabinet, and other select officials and advisors. ... D. Kyle Sampson was the Chief of Staff and Counselor of US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. ... Harriet Ellan Miers (born August 10, 1945 in Dallas, Texas) is an American lawyer, and former White House Counsel. ...

Gonzales gave more support when records subsequently released were seen to contradict some of his statements at the March 13 press conference. At that press conference he stated: "I never saw documents. We never had a discussion about where things stood." But DOJ records released on March 23 showed that on his Nov. 27 schedule "he attended an hour-long meeting at which, aides said, he approved a detailed plan for executing the purge."^[22] Despite insisting that he was not involved in the "deliberations" leading up to the firing of the attorneys, newly released emails suggest that he had indeed been notified and that he had given ultimate approval. Gonzales was scheduled to testify before Congress on April 17, 2007;^[23] However, the testimony was postponed until April 19 due to the Virginia Tech massacre. The Virginia Tech massacre was a school shooting comprising two separate attacks about two hours apart on April 16, 2007, on the Virginia Tech campus in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States. ...

In his prepared testimony, Gonzales insisted he left the decisions on the firings to his staff. However, ABC News obtained an internal department email showing that Gonzales urged the ouster of Carol Lam, one of the fired attorneys, six months before she was asked to leave.^[24] During actual testimony on April 19, Gonzales stated 71 times that he couldn't recall events related to the controversy.^[25] His responses angered the Democrats on the committee, and frustrated several Republicans. ABC News Special Report ident, circa 2006 ABC News is a division of American television and radio network ABC, owned by The Walt Disney Company. ... Carol Chien-Hua Lam (born June 26, 1959), a former U.S. Attorney (interim) for the Southern District of California. ...

Denial of right to habeas corpus in the U.S. Constitution

On January 18 2007, Gonzales was invited to speak to the Senate Judiciary Committee, where he shocked the committee's ranking member, Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania, with statements regarding the right of habeas corpus in the United States Constitution.^[26] An excerpt of the exchange follows: The U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate, the upper house of the United States Congress. ... Arlen J. Specter (born February 12, 1930) is a United States Senator from Pennsylvania. ... Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area Ranked 33rd - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 kmÂ²) - Width 280 miles (455 km) - Length 160 miles (255 km) - % water 2. ... In common law, habeas corpus (/heÉªbiÉ™s kÉ”É¹pÉ™s/) (Latin: [We command that] you have the body) is the name of a legal action or writ by means of which detainees can seek relief from unlawful imprisonment. ... The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. ...

Senator Specter was referring to 2nd Clause of Section 9 of Article One of the Constitution of the United States which reads: "The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it." This passage has been historically interpreted to mean that the right of habeas corpus is inherently established.^[28] Wikisource has original text related to this article: Article One of the United States Constitution Article One of the United States Constitution describes the powers of the legislative branch of the United States government, known as Congress, which includes the House of Representatives and the Senate. ...

Warrantless domestic eavesdropping program

In a December 2005 article^[29]^[30] in The New York Times, it was revealed that the NSA was eavesdropping on U.S. citizens without proper warrants. This led to an investigation by the Office of Professional Responsibility in the Justice Department. This investigation was shut down after the President^[31] denied investigators the security clearances necessary for their work. Some critics have alleged that the President did so in order to protect Gonzales from the internal probe.^[32] The NSA warrantless surveillance controversy concerns surveillance of United States persons incident to the collection of foreign intelligence by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) as part of the war on terror. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. ...

According to May 15, 2007, testimony by the former deputy attorney general, James B. Comey to the Senate Judiciary Committee (as reported in the New York Times^[33]) on the evening of March 10, 2004, Mr. Gonzales and Andrew H. Card Jr. (then Mr. Bush’s chief of staff) tried to bypass him by secretly visiting Mr. Ashcroft. The purpose of this dramatic middle-of-the-night visit was to reauthorize the secret wiretapping program, which Comey (as acting AG) had refused to reauthorize. (Mr. Ashcroft was extremely ill and disoriented, Mr. Comey said, and his wife had forbidden any visitors.) James Comey James B. Comey was Deputy Attorney General of the United States, serving in President George W. Bushs administration. ... The U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate, the upper house of the United States Congress. ... Andrew Hill Andy Card Jr. ...

Comey’s testimony laid out that "contrary to Gonzales' assertion, there was significant dissent among top law enforcement officers over a program Comey would not specifically identify."^[34] He added that some "top Justice Department officials were prepared to resign over it."^[34]

On Tuesday, July 24, Gonzales testified for almost four hours before the Senate Judiciary Committee. He appeared to contradict the sworn account of James B. Comey regarding the March 10, 2004 hospital room meeting with John Ashcroft. The U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate, the upper house of the United States Congress. ... James Comey James B. Comey was Deputy Attorney General of the United States, serving in President George W. Bushs administration. ... John David Ashcroft (born May 9, 1942) is an American politician who was the 79th United States Attorney General. ...

Gonzales was confronted by Senator Chuck Schumer (D-NY) who told him "That is not what Mr. Comey says; that is not what the people in the room say."^[34] Gonzales responded "That's how we clarify it."^[34]

The response to Gonzales' testimony by those Senators serving on both the Judiciary and Intelligence Committees was one of disbelief. John D. Rockefeller IV said Gonzales was being "untruthful," and Russ Feingold said “I believe your testimony is misleading at best,” which Sheldon Whitehouse - also a member of both committees - concurred with, saying, “I have exactly the same perception.” The ranking Republican on the committee, Arlen Specter, said to Gonzales, “Your credibility has been breached to the point of being actionable.” Committee chairman Patrick Leahy said, “I just don’t trust you,” and urged Gonzales to review carefully his testimony, a comment interpreted as a warning that committee lawyers would examine it for possible intentional misstatements.^[35] John Davison Rockefeller IV (born June 18, 1937) is a member of the prominent United States Rockefeller family who has served as a Democratic U.S. Senator from West Virginia since 1985. ... Russell Dana Russ Feingold (born March 2, 1953) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Wisconsin. ... Sheldon Whitehouse (born October 20, 1955) is the Junior Senator from the state of Rhode Island. ... Arlen J. Specter (born February 12, 1930) is a United States Senator from Pennsylvania. ... Patrick Joseph Leahy (born March 31, 1940) is the senior United States Senator from Vermont. ...

On July 26, 2007, the Associated Press obtained a four-page memorandum from the office of former Director of National Intelligence John D. Negroponte dated May 17, 2006, which contradicted Gonzales' testimony the previous day regarding the subject of a March 10, 2004 emergency Congressional briefing which preceded his hospital room meeting with former Attorney General John Ashcroft, James B. Comey and former White House Chief of Staff Andrew H. Card Jr.^[36] The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) is the United States government official subject to the authority, direction and control of the President of the United States who is responsible under the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 for: Serving as the principal adviser to the President of the... John D. Negroponte John Dimitri Negroponte (born July 21, 1939) (pronounced neg-row-pontee) is the current United States ambassador to Iraq. ... John David Ashcroft (born May 9, 1942) is an American politician who was the 79th United States Attorney General. ... James Comey James B. Comey was Deputy Attorney General of the United States, serving in President George W. Bushs administration. ... Andrew Hill Andy Card Jr. ...

On that same day, FBI Director Robert S. Mueller III also seemed to dispute the accuracy of Gonzales' Senate Judiciary Committee testimony of the previous day regarding the events of March 10, 2004 in his own sworn testimony on that subject before the House Judiciary Committee.^[37] The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... Robert Swan Mueller III (born August 7, 1944) is the current Director of the FBI. Mueller was born in New York City and grew up outside of Philadelphia. ... The U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate, the upper house of the United States Congress. ... U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, or (more commonly) the House Judiciary Committee, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. ...

Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX) asked Mueller "Did you have an opportunity to talk to General Ashcroft, or did he discuss what was discussed in the meeting with Attorney General Gonzales and the chief of staff?" He replied "I did have a brief discussion with Attorney General Ashcroft." Lee went on to ask "I guess we use [the phrase] TSP [Terrorist Surveillance Program], we use warrantless wiretapping. So would I be comfortable in saying that those were the items that were part of the discussion?" He responded "It was -- the discussion was on a national -- an NSA program that has been much discussed, yes."^[34] Sheila Jackson Lee Sheila Jackson Lee (born January 12, 1950 in Queens, New York), an American politician, has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1995. ...

In a July 26, 2007 letter to Solicitor General Paul Clement, Senators Charles Schumer, Dianne Feinstein, Russ Feingold and Sheldon Whitehouse urged that an independent counsel be appointed to investigate whether Gonzales had perjured himself in his testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee on the previous day. "We ask that you immediately appoint an independent special counsel from outside the Department of Justice to determine whether Attorney General Gonzales may have misled Congress or perjured himself in testimony before Congress," the letter read in part.^[38] The Solicitor General is a cabinet position in several countries, dealing with legal affairs. ... Paul Clement Paul D. Clement is the Solicitor General of the United States. ... Charles Ellis Chuck Schumer (born November 23, 1950) is a Jewish American politician. ... Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein (born June 22, 1933) is currently the senior U.S. Senator from California, having held office as a Senator since 1992. ... Russell Dana Russ Feingold (born March 2, 1953) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Wisconsin. ... Sheldon Whitehouse (born October 20, 1955) is the Junior Senator from the state of Rhode Island. ... The U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate, the upper house of the United States Congress. ...

On Wednesday, June 27, 2007, the Senate Judiciary Committee issued subpoenas to the Justice Department, the White House, and Vice President Cheney seeking internal documents regarding the program's legality and details of the NSA's cooperative agreements with private telecommunications corporations. In addition to the subpoenas, committee chairman Patrick Leahy sent Gonzales a letter about possible false statements made under oath by U.S. Court of Appeals Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh during his confirmation hearings before the committee the previous year.^[39] The U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate, the upper house of the United States Congress. ... The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans. ... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... Richard Bruce Cheney (born January 30, 1941), widely known as Dick Cheney, is an American politician and businessman affiliated with the U.S. Republican Party. ... Patrick Joseph Leahy (born March 31, 1940) is the senior United States Senator from Vermont. ... Brett Kavanaugh is the current Staff Secretary in the Executive Office of the President of the United States. ...

On July 27, 2007, both White House Press Secretary Tony Snow and White House spokeswoman Dana Perino defended Gonzales' Senate Judiciary Committee testimony regarding the events of March 10, 2004, saying that it did not contradict the sworn House Judiciary Committee account of FBI director Robert S. Mueller III, because Gonzales had been constrained in what he could say because there was a danger he would divulge classified material.^[40] Lee Casey, a former Justice Department lawyer during the Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations, told the The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer that it is likely that the apparent discrepancy can be traced to the fact that there are two separate Domestic Surveillance programs. "The program that was leaked in December of 2005 is the Comey program. It is not the program that was discussed in the evening when they went to Attorney General Ashcroft's hospital room. That program we know almost nothing about. We can speculate about it. …The program about which he said there was no dispute is a program that was created after the original program died, when Mr. Comey refused to reauthorize it, in March of 2004. Mr. Comey then essentially redid the program to suit his legal concerns. And about that program, there was no dispute. There was clearly a dispute about the earlier form or version of the program. The attorney general has not talked about that program. He refers to it as "other intelligence activities" because it is, in fact, still classified."^[34] The White House Press Secretary is a senior White House official with a rank one step below Presidential Cabinet level. ... Robert Anthony Tony Snow (born June 1, 1955) is the current White House Press Secretary for President George W. Bush. ... Dana Marie Perino (born May 9, 1972) is the deputy White House Press Secretary, and director of communications for the press team. ... The U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate, the upper house of the United States Congress. ... U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, or (more commonly) the House Judiciary Committee, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... Robert Swan Mueller III (born August 7, 1944) is the current Director of the FBI. Mueller was born in New York City and grew up outside of Philadelphia. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 - June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981â€“1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967â€“1975). ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. ... The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer is an evening television news program broadcast weeknights on PBS in the United States. ...

Texas Youth Commission scandal

Alberto Gonzales, along with U.S. Attorney Johnny Sutton, have been accused of failing to take action in regards to hundreds of serious complaints and investigations against dozens of staff members, which concern allegations that teachers, administrators and guards had sex with minor male inmates incarcerated in Texas Youth Commission programs.^[41]

Gonzales' objectivity

Gonzales has had a long working and personal relationship with President Bush dating back to when he served as general counsel to then-Texas Governor George W. Bush, which has been a source of controversy regarding his objectiveness and the independence of the U.S. Department of Justice that he heads.[23][24] Gonzales has been called George W. Bush's "yes man" and some say he has given Bush the kind of legal advice he wants, which is not necessarily of the highest professional or ethical caliber.[25][26] Often cited as an example, Gonzales as White House Counsel signed a controversial January 2002 memorandum to the President in which it was argued that the Geneva Convention proscriptions on torture did not apply to Taliban and al Qaeda prisoners, and that the conventions were, in fact, "obsolete."^[42][27] Yes man is a pejorative term (borrowed from the German Jasager) for a person who outwardly displays agreement with his superiors opinions in order to gain power or prestige. ... The White House Counsel is a staff appointee of the President of the United States. ... The Geneva Conventions consist of treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns. ... The Taliban (Pashto: , stupid or seekers of ignorance) are a fundamentalist Sunni Muslim and ethnic Pashtun movement that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by American aerial bombardment and Northern Alliance ground forces. ... Map of major attacks attributed to al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda (also al-Qaida or al-Qaida or al-Qaidah) (Arabic: â€Ž , translation: The Base) is an international alliance of militant Sunni jihadist organizations. ...

Calls for resignation, firing, no-confidence resolution, and impeachment

A number of members of both houses of Congress have publicly said Gonzales should resign, or be fired by Bush. Calls for his ouster intensified after his testimony on April 19, 2007. April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...

On May 17, 2007, leading Senate Democrats indicated they would seek a no-confidence vote. Such a vote has no legal effect, but may be influential towards persuading Gonzales to depart, or in persuading President Bush to seek a new attorney general. The New York Times reported that Senator Pat Roberts of Kansas said: “When you have to spend more time up here on Capitol Hill instead of running the Justice Department, maybe you ought to think about it” (on June 11, 2007, he voted against ending debate, against allowing the no-confidence resolution to come before the Senate). One week later, Senators Charles Schumer (D-NY), Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), and Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) of the Senate Judiciary Committee announced the Democrats' proposed no-confidence resolution to vote on whether "Attorney General Alberto Gonzales no longer holds the confidence of the Senate and the American People." ^[43] A similar resolution was introduced in the House by Rep. Adam Schiff (D-CA).^[44] is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... A motion of no confidence, also called a motion of non-confidence, a censure motion, a no-confidence motion, or simply a confidence motion, is a parliamentary motion traditionally put before a parliament by the opposition in the hope of defeating or embarrassing a government. ... Charles Ellis Chuck Schumer (born November 23, 1950) is a Jewish American politician. ... Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein (born June 22, 1933) is currently the senior U.S. Senator from California, having held office as a Senator since 1992. ... Sheldon Whitehouse (born October 20, 1955) is the Junior Senator from the state of Rhode Island. ... The U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate, the upper house of the United States Congress. ... Adam Schiff Adam B. Schiff (born June 20, 1960) is an American politician. ...

On June 11, 2007 a Senate vote on cloture to end debate on the resolution failed (60 votes are required for cloture). The vote was 53 to 38 with 7 not voting and 1 voting "present" (one senate seat is vacant). Seven Republicans, John E. Sununu, Chuck Hagel, Susan Collins, Arlen Specter, Olympia Snowe, Gordon Smith and Norm Coleman voted to end debate; Independent Democrat Joseph Lieberman voted against ending debate. No Democrat voted against the motion. Not voting: Biden (D-DE), Brownback (R-KS), Coburn (R-OK), Dodd (D-CT), Johnson (D-SD), McCain (R-AZ), Obama (D-IL). Stevens (R-AK) voted "present."^[45]^[46] is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... In parliamentary procedure, cloture (pr: KLO-cher) (also called closure, and sometimes a guillotine) is a motion or process aimed at bringing debate to a quick end. ... John Edward Sununu (born September 10, 1964) is a Republican United States Senator from New Hampshire. ... Charles Timothy Chuck Hagel (born October 4, 1946) is the senior United States Senator from Nebraska. ... Susan Margaret Collins (born December 7, 1952, in Caribou, Maine) is an American politician, the junior U.S. Senator from Maine and a Republican. // Collins is a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of St. ... Arlen J. Specter (born February 12, 1930) is a United States Senator from Pennsylvania. ... Olympia Jean Bouchles Snowe (born February 21, 1947 in Augusta, Maine) is a Republican politician and the senior United States Senator from Maine. ... Gordon Harold Smith (born May 25, 1952) is Oregons junior United States Senator, currently serving his second term. ... Norman Bertram Norm Coleman, Jr. ... Joseph Isadore Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is a Jewish-American Democratic politician and a current U.S. senator from Connecticut. ...

University of Missouri law professor Frank Bowman^[47] has observed that Congress has the power to impeach Gonzales if he willfully lied or withheld information from Congress during his testimony about the dismissal of U.S. Attorneys.^[48] Congress has impeached a sitting Cabinet member before; William Belknap, Ulysses S. Grant's Secretary of War, was impeached in a unanimous vote by the House in 1876 for bribery, but the Senate fell just short of the votes necessary to convict him. Belknap had resigned before the House vote, and several Senators who voted to acquit him said they did so only because they felt the Senate lacked jurisdiction. The University of Missouriâ€“Columbia is a public land-grant university and is Missouris largest university and public research institution. ... A law professor is a professor at a law school. ... Depiction of the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, then President of the United States, in 1868. ... William Worth Belknap (September 22, 1829 - October 13, 1890) was a U.S. administrator, soldier and United States Secretary of War. ... Ulysses S. Grant[2] (born Hiram Ulysses Grant, April 27, 1822 â€“ July 23, 1885) was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869â€“1877). ... The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ...

On July 30, 2007, MSNBC reported that Rep. Jay Inslee announced that he would introduce a bill the following day that would require the House Judiciary Committee to begin an impeachment investigation against Gonzales.^[49] Several members of US Congress have expressed support for this bill. is the 211th day of the year (212th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... MSNBC, a combination of MSN and NBC, is a 24-hour cable news channel in the United States and Canada, and a news website. ... First Congressional District of Washington Jay Robert Inslee (born February 9, 1951) is an American politician, currently serving as U.S. Representative from Washingtons First Congressional District (north of Seattle, including parts of King, Snohomish, and Kitsap counties). ... The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ...

Legal career

List of Texas Supreme Court writings by Gonzales

This is a list of cases in which Alberto Gonzales wrote the court opinion, wrote a concurring opinion, or wrote a dissent. Cases in which he joined in an opinion written by another justice are not included. The Texas Supreme Court issued 84 opinions during Gonzales's tenure on the court, according to LexisNexis. Nexis redirects here. ...

Court opinions

Concurring opinions

Partial dissent, partial concurrence

References

^ Alberto Gonzales, Attorney General. The White House (2006-04-05). Retrieved on 2007-04-24.
^ "Alberto Gonzales Admits His Grandparents May Have Been Illegal Immigrants From Mexico...", The Huffington Post, May 17, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-04-24.
^ An Interview with Attorney General Alberto Gonzales.
^ Alberto Gonzeles. Interview with Academy of Achievement. Living the American Dream., New York City. June 3, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
^ George W. Bush arrest record., The Smoking Gun.
^ The Texas Clemency Memos.
^ White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales's Texas Execution Memos: How They Reflect on the President, And May Affect Gonzales's Supreme Court Chances.
^ Decision Re Application of the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War to the Conflict with Al Qaeda and the Taliban, Memorandum for the President].
^ Universal jurisdiction
- Text of criminal complaint (pdf). The Center for Constitutional Rights (2006).
- Adam Zagorin, Adam (November 10, 2006). Charges Sought Against Rumsfeld Over Prison Abuse. Time Magazine.
- "War Crimes Suit Prepared against Rumsfeld", Democracy Now, November 9, 2006.
- Jeremy Brecher and Brendan Smith (November 3, 2006). War Criminals, Beware. The Nation.
^ Choice of Gonzales May Blaze a Trail for the High Court.
^ On the Nomination (Confirmation Alberto R. Gonzales to be Attorney General). United States Senate, Roll Call Votes 109th Congress, 1st Session..
^ "Do As We Say, Not As We Do" Says the Right Wing on Judicial Nominees.
^ No to Justice Gonzales.
^ The Holy War Begins: Bush must choose between the big tent or the revival tent.
^ A Review of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Use of National Security Letters (PDF). US Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General. Retrieved on 2007-04-12.
^ Dahlia Lithwick (July 10, 2007). Hardly Working: How Alberto Gonzales' incompetence became a defense for his wrongdoing. Slate Magazine.
^ John Solomon (July 10, 2007). Gonzales Was Told of FBI Violations. Washington Post.
^ Plan for Replacing Certain United States Attorneys.
^ Johnston, David. "Reviews of 6 fired attorneys positive", Washington Post, February 25, 2007. Retrieved on 2006-03-07.
^ Transcript of Media Availability With Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales. PRNewswire-USNewswire (March 13, 2007).
^ "Prosecutor Firings Are My Bad - Gonzales", AP, March 13, 2007.
^ Lara Jakes Jordan. "White House backs AG as support wanes", Associated Press, March 26, 2007.
^ Written statement of Alberto Gonzales.
^ Jan Crawford Greenburg and Ariane de Vogue. "Gonzales Contradicts His Own Testimonry", ABC News, April 16, 2007.
^ Johnson, Kevin. "Gonzales seeks GOP support", USA Today, April 20, 2007.
^ Egelko, Bob. "Gonzales says the Constitution doesn't guarantee habeas corpus", San Francisco Chronicle, January 24, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
^ "Gonzales: There Is No Express Grant of Habeas Corpus In The Constitution", Think Progress, January 18, 2007.
^ Hamilton, Alexander (July 1788). "The Federalist Papers : No. 84". The Avalon Project. Retrieved on 2007-04-24.
^ "Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts". NYT's Risen & Lichtblau's December 16, 2005 "Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts". Retrieved on [[18 February]], 2006. via commondreams.org
^ Byron Calame. "Eavesdropping and the Election: An Answer on the Question of Timing", August 13, 2006.
^ January 18, 2007 letter from the DOJ's Richard Hertling, see question 171
^ Murray Waas. "Internal Affairs", March 15, 2007.
^ "Bush Intervened in Dispute Over N.S.A. Eavesdropping", May 16, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Ray Suarez. "Democrats Seek Perjury Charge for Attorney General", PBS Newshour, July 27, 2007.
^ David Johnston and Scott Shane. "Gonzales Denies Improper Pressure on Ashcroft", The New York Times, July 25, 2007.
^ "Documents Dispute Gonzales’ Testimony", Associated Press, July 26, 2007.
^ David Stout. "F.B.I. Chief Challenges Gonzales’s Testimony", The New York Times, July 26, 2007.
^ "Leahy: Gonzales Must Clarify Statements", Associated Press, July 29, 2007.
^ Michael Fletcher. "Senators Subpoena The White House", Washington Post, June 28, 2007.
^ David Stout. "White House Backs Gonzales on Testimony", The New York Times, July 27, 2007.
^ Teen sex scandal ignored by AG, others for 2 years
^ Berlow, Alan. "The President's Yes Man", November 21, 2004, p. B07. Retrieved on 2007-04-24.
^ No-Confidence Resolution. Gonzales Watch (2007-05-24). Retrieved on 2007-05-24.
^ H.Res. 417. Library of Congress (2007-05-21). Retrieved on 2007-05-24.
^ Roll call, 110th congress, 1st Session, Senate vote number 207, June 11, 2007, 05:55 PM On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to the Consideration of S.J.Res.14. United States Senate. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
^ Lipton, Eric. "No-Confidence Vote on Gonzales Fails in the Senate", The New York Times, June 11, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. (in en)
^ Frank O. Bowman III, Floyd R. Gibson Missouri Endowed Professor of Law. Faculty. University of Missouri School of Law. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
^ Bowman, Frank. "He’s Impeachable, You Know", New York Times, 2007-05-03. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
^ "BREAKING: House Democrats Introducing Bill To Investigate Impeachment Of Alberto Gonzales". Crooks and Liars.
^ Batt, Tony. "Reid expects attorney general to quit", Las Vegas Review-Journal, March 15, 2007.
^ http://blog.washingtonpost.com/the-talk/2007/03/march_11_schumer_calls_on_gonz.html
^ [1]
^ [2]
^ [3] (News Article) "Cantwell calls for Gonzales to resign"
^ [4] (News Article) "Hillary Clinton calls for Gonzales' resignation"
^ [5] (News Article) "Presidential Hopefuls Speak Up on Prosecutor Dismissals"
^ [6](News Article) "Key Republicans question Gonzalez's credibility"
^ [7](News Article) "Kennedy: Resignation is long overdue"
^ [8](News Article) "Kerry calls on Bush to fire Attorney General"
^ [9](News Article) "Lincoln and Pryor call for Gonzales' ouster"
^ [10] (News Article) "Key Republicans question Gonzalez's credibility"
^ [11]
^ Pryor Calls for Attorney General Gonzales to Resign. Senate office of Mark Pryor (March 15, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-17. “...when the Attorney General lies to a United States Senator ... it's time for that Attorney General to go...”
^ [12]
^ [13] "The Raw Story"
^ ^a ^b ^c Kiely, Kathy, Kevin Johnson. "Second GOP senator suggests Gonzales should go", USA Today, 2007-03-15. Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
^ Lara Jakes Jordan. "Gonzales Confronts Call for Resignation", ABC News, April 19, 2007.
^ Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Jeff Zeleny. "Mistakes' Made on Prosecutors, Gonzales Admits", New York Times, March 14, 2007.
^ "McCain: It would be best for Gonzales to quit", MSNBC.com, Associated Press, 2007-04-26. Retrieved on 2007-04-27.
^ GOP Senator says Gonzales should consider resigning (2007-04-20). Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
^ http://www.myfoxtwincities.com/myfox/pages/News/Detail?contentId=3235890&version=1&locale=EN- US&layoutCode=TSTY&pageId=3.2.1
^ [14]
^ Kellman, Laurie. "Hagel demands Gonzales' resignation", Associated Press, 2007-05-16. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
^ [15]
^ [16]
^ Goetz, Kaomi. "Ehlers Says U.S. Attorney General Should Resign", Michigan Radio News, NPR, April 5, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-22.
^ "Nevada Republican congressman calls for Gonzales to step down", Las Vegas Sun, April 21, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-22.
^ "Bipartisan questioning about Gonzales needs to continue", Daily Nebraskan, April 10, 2007. Retrieved on 2006-04-16.
^ [17]
^ [18]
^ [19]
^ [20]"Will Gonzales Fall For Attorney Firings?"
^ [21]
^ [22]
^ "Richardson calls for Gonzales resignation", KOB-TV, MSNBC, 2007-04-20. Retrieved on 2007-04-27.

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Contents

Personal background

Career

War on Terror

Attorney General nomination and confirmation

Speculation over a possible Supreme Court nomination

Controversies

Dismissal of U.S. Attorneys in 2006

Denial of right to habeas corpus in the U.S. Constitution

Warrantless domestic eavesdropping program

Texas Youth Commission scandal

Gonzales' objectivity

Calls for resignation, firing, no-confidence resolution, and impeachment

Legal career

List of Texas Supreme Court writings by Gonzales

Court opinions

Concurring opinions

Partial dissent, partial concurrence

References

See also

External links

Contents

Personal background GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Career

War on Terror

Attorney General nomination and confirmation

Speculation over a possible Supreme Court nomination

Controversies

Dismissal of U.S. Attorneys in 2006

Denial of right to habeas corpus in the U.S. Constitution

Warrantless domestic eavesdropping program

Texas Youth Commission scandal

Gonzales' objectivity

Calls for resignation, firing, no-confidence resolution, and impeachment

Legal career

List of Texas Supreme Court writings by Gonzales

Court opinions

Concurring opinions

Partial dissent, partial concurrence

References

See also

External links

Personal background