Biruni commemorated on a Soviet stamp for his millennial anniversary.

Abu Raihan Biruni (also, Al-Biruni, Alberuni Persian: ابوریحان بیرونی) ; Arabic: أبو الريحان البيروني; (September 15, 973 - December 13, 1048) was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, physicist, scholar, encyclopedist, philosopher, astrologer, traveller, historian, pharmacist and teacher, of Central Asian origin, who contributed greatly to the fields of mathematics, philosophy, medicine and science. Download high resolution version (500x685, 233 KB)Abu Reihan Biruni, Iranian scientist, 973-1048. ... Download high resolution version (500x685, 233 KB)Abu Reihan Biruni, Iranian scientist, 973-1048. ... Persian (فارسی), (local name in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan: Fârsi), Pârsi (older local name, but still used by some speakers), Tajik (a Central Asian dialect) or Dari (another local name in Tajikistan and Afghanistan), is a language spoken in Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain. ... Arabic (العربية) is a Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... Events Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan Births September 15 - Al_Biruni, mathematician († 1048) Abu al-Ala al-Maarri, poet Deaths May 7 - Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Categories: 973 ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events The city of Oslo is founded by Harald Hardråde of Norway. ... The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... A mathematician is a person whose area of study and research is mathematics. ... An astronomer or astrophysicist is a scientist whose area of research is astronomy or astrophysics. ... A physicist is a scientist trained in physics. ... A scholar is either a student or someone who has achieved a mastery of some academic discipline. ... The term encyclopedist is usually used for a group of French philosophers who collaborated in the 18th century in the production of the Encyclopédie, under the direction of Denis Diderot. ... A philosopher is a person devoted to studying and producing results in philosophy. ... An astrological chart (or horoscope) _ Y2K Chart — This particular chart is calculated for January 1, 2000 at 12:01:00 A.M. Eastern Standard Time in New York City, New York, USA. (Longitude: 074W0023 - Latitude: 40N4251) Astrology (from Greek: αστρολογία = άστρον, astron, star + λόγος, logos, word) is... A traveller (American English traveler) is a person or an object travelling between two or more locations. ... A historian is a person who studies history. ... Pharmacists are health professionals who practice pharmacy. ... In education, teachers are those who teach students or pupils, often a course of study or a practical skill, including learning and thinking skills. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space and change. ... The term philosophy derives from a combination of the Greek words philos meaning love and sophia meaning wisdom. ... NLM (National Library of Medicine, contains resources for patients and healthcare professionals) Virtual Hospital (digital health sciences library by the University of Iowa) Online Medical Dictionary Collection of links to free medical resources Wikicities has a wiki about medicine: Medicine Categories: Medicine | Health ... // What is science? There are different theories of what science is. ...

He was born in Khwarazm Persia, presently in Uzbekistan, but then within the borders of Persian Empire. He studied mathematics and astronomy under Abu Nasr Mansur. Khiva (alternative names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chiwa and Chorezm) is a city in present day Uzbekistan, in the Province of Khorezm. ... The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space and change. ... Astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can still play an active role, especially in the discovery and monitoring of transient phenomena. ... Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali (c. ...

He was a colleague of the Persian philosopher and physician Ibn Sina, the historian, philosopher and ethicist Ibn Miskawayh, in a university and science center established by prince Abu Al Abbas Ma'mun Khawarazmshah. He also travelled to India with Mahmud of Ghazni, who also became his patron, and accompanied him on his campaigns there, learning the language, and studying their religion and philosophy, and wrote Ta'rikh al-Hind ("Chronicles of India"). He also knew the Greek Language, the Sanskrit Language and possibly Syriac and Berber. He wrote his books in Persian (his native tongue) and Arabic. This article is about the Persians, a nationality and an ethnic group. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Miskawayh, aka Ibn Miskawayh (932-1030) was a prominent Persian philosopher from Ray, Iran. ... Mahmud is originally an Arabic given name. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. ... Greek (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) constitutes its own branch of the Indo-European languages. ... The Sanskrit language (Skt. ... Syriac is an Eastern Aramaic language that was once spoken across much of the Fertile Crescent. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... Persian (فارسی), (local name in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan: Fârsi), Pârsi (older local name, but still used by some speakers), Tajik (a Central Asian dialect) or Dari (another local name in Tajikistan and Afghanistan), is a language spoken in Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain. ... Arabic (العربية) is a Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ...

Some of his notable achievements included:

• At age 17, he calculated the latitude of Kath, Khwarazm, using the maximum altitude of the sun.
• By age 22, he had written several short works, including a study of map projections, "Cartography", which included a methodology for projecting a hemisphere on a plane, .
• By age 27, he had written a book called "Chronology" which referred to other work he had completed (now lost) that included one book about the astrolabe, one about the decimal system, four about astrology, and two about history.
• He calculated the radius of the Earth to be 6,339.6 km (this result was replicated in the West in the 16th century).

Biruni's works number more than 120. Latitude, denoted by the Greek letter φ, gives the location of a place on Earth north or south of the Equator. ... Khiva (alternative names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chiwa and Chorezm) is a city in present day Uzbekistan, in the Province of Khorezm. ... A sun is the star at the center of a planetary system. ... A map projection is any of many methods used in cartography (mapmaking) to represent the two-dimensional curved surface of the earth or other body on a plane. ... Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study and practice of making maps or globes. ... Methodology is the study of the methods involved in some field or endeavor, or in problem solving. ... The term hemisphere is used in three different meanings: one-half of the Earth (or other planetary or stellar body; see also New World and Old World) Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere. ... In mathematics, a plane is the fundamental two-dimensional object. ... Chronology is the science of locating events in time. ... For the ship of Dumont dUrville, see Astrolabe A 16th century astrolabe. ... Decimal, or denary, notation is the most common way of writing the base 10 numeral system, which uses various symbols for ten distinct quantities (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, called digits) together with the decimal point and the sign symbols + (plus) and − (minus) to... An astrological chart (or horoscope) - Y2K Chart — This particular chart is calculated for January 1, 2000 at 12:01:00 A.M. Eastern Standard Time in New York City, New York, USA. (Longitude: 074W0023 - Latitude: 40N4251), using the tropical zodiac Astrology (from Greek: αστρολογία = άστρον, astron, star + λόγος, logos, word) is... History Forums - History is Happening -Discuss all historical topics, as well as current events, in an academic setting. ... RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) is an AAA (authentication, authorization and accounting) protocol for applications such as network access or IP mobility. ... Earth, also known as the Earth, Terra, and (mostly in the 19th century) Tellus, is the third planet outward from the Sun. ... A compass rose with West highlighted West is most commonly a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

His contributions to mathematics include: Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space and change. ...

• theoretical and practical arithmetic
• summation of series
• combinatorial analysis
• the rule of three
• irrational numbers
• ratio theory
• algebraic definitions
• method of solving algebraic equations
• geometry
• Archimedes' theorems
• trisection of the angle

His non mathematical works include: Arithmetic or arithmetics (from the Greek word αριθμός = number) in common usage is a branch of (or the forerunner of) mathematics which records elementary properties of certain operations on numerals, though in usage by professional mathematicians, it often is treated as a synonym for number theory. ... Combinatorics is a branch of mathematics that studies finite collections of objects that satisfy specified criteria, and is in particular concerned with counting the objects in those collections (enumerative combinatorics) and with deciding whether certain optimal objects exist (extremal combinatorics). ... The rule of three (or threefold law) is an important tenet in Wicca. ... In mathematics, an irrational number is any real number that is not a rational number, i. ... Geometry (from the Greek words Geo = earth and metro = measure) is the branch of mathematics first popularized in ancient Greek culture by Thales (circa 624-547 BC) dealing with spatial relationships. ... Archimedes (Greek: ΑΡΧΙΜΗΔΗΣ, Arkhimêas) ((287 BCE – 212 BCE) was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, physicist and engineer born in the Greek seaport colony of Syracuse. ... A number of ancient problems in geometry involve the construction of lengths or angles using only an idealized ruler and compass, or more properly a straightedge and compass. ...

• Critical study of what India says, whether accepted by reason or refused (Arabic تحقيق ما للهند من مقولة معقولة في العقل أم مرذولة) - a compendium of India's religion and philosophy
• The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries (Arabic الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية) - a comparative study of calendars of different cultures and civilizations, interlaced with mathematical, astronomical, and historical information.
• The Mas'udi Canon (Arabic القانون المسعودي) - a book about Astronomy, Geography and Engineering, named after Mas'ud, son of Mahmud of Ghazni, to whom he dedicated
• Understanding Astrology (Arabic التفهيم لصناعة التنجيم) - a question and answer style book about mathematics and astronomy, in Arabic and Persian
• Pharmacy - about drugs and medicines
• Gems (Arabic الجماهر في معرفة الجواهر) about geology, minerals, and gems, dedicated to Mawdud son of Mas'ud
• Astrolabe
• A historical summary book
• History of Mahmud of Ghazni and his father
• History of Khawarazm

See also

• List of Persian scientists

A list of Iranian (Persian) scientists: Khwarizmi Avicenna Omar Khayyam Farabi Shaykh Bahai Razi Samarqandi Mahani Qazwini Karaji Farsi Al-Kindi Biruni Kushyar ibn Labban Qadi Zada Alhazen Kashi Ulugh Beg Nayrizi Abu al-Wafa Ibn Miskawayh Quhi Abu Sahl Kuhi Sharaf Tusi Ahmad Banu Musa Khujandi Nasireddin Tusi Hasan...

External links

• A biography of Al Biruni
• Extensive biography on Biruni
• Arabic biography of Al Biruni
• Persian biography of Al Biruni