Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein
September 24, 1583 – February 25, 1634
Albrecht von Wallenstein
Place of birth	Heřmanice, Bohemia
Place of death	Cheb, Bohemia
Allegiance	Holy Roman Empire
Years of service	- January 24, 1634
Battles/wars	Thirty Years' War

Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein (help· info) (also Waldstein; Czech: Albrecht Václav Eusebius z Valdštejna;^[1] September 24, 1583 – February 25, 1634)^[2] was a Bohemian soldier and politician who gave his services (an army of 30,000 to 100,000 men) during the Danish Period of the Thirty Years' War to Ferdinand II for no charge except the right to plunder the territories that he conquered. is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1583 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Moses Amyrauts Traite de la predestination is published Curaçao captured by the Dutch Treaty of Polianovska First meeting of the Académie française The witchcraft affair at Loudun Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin Opening of Covent Garden Market in London English establish a settlement... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 350 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (358 × 613 pixels, file size: 84 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht Eusebius Wenzel von Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland and Mecklenburg. ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... Cheb (German: ( )) is a city in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic, with 33,256 inhabitants. ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Moses Amyrauts Traite de la predestination is published Curaçao captured by the Dutch Treaty of Polianovska First meeting of the Académie française The witchcraft affair at Loudun Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin Opening of Covent Garden Market in London English establish a settlement... Combatants Sweden  Bohemia Denmark-Norway (Until 1643) Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony  Holy Roman Empire ( Catholic League) Spain Austria Bavaria Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€  Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I of... Image File history File links Albrecht_Wenzel_Eusebius_von_Wallenstein. ... is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1583 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Moses Amyrauts Traite de la predestination is published Curaçao captured by the Dutch Treaty of Polianovska First meeting of the Académie française The witchcraft affair at Loudun Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin Opening of Covent Garden Market in London English establish a settlement... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... Combatants Sweden  Bohemia Denmark-Norway (Until 1643) Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony  Holy Roman Empire ( Catholic League) Spain Austria Bavaria Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€  Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I of... Emperor Ferdinand II Ferdinand II (July 9, 1578 – February 15, 1637), of the House of Habsburg, reigned as Holy Roman Emperor from 1620-1637. ...

A successful generalissimo who ruled the Duchy of Friedland in northern Bohemia, Wallenstein was released from service in 1630 after Ferdinand grew wary of his ambition. Several Protestant victories over Catholic armies induced Ferdinand to recall Wallenstein, who again turned the war in favor of the Imperial cause. Dissatisfied with the emperor's treatment of him, Wallenstein considered allying with the Protestants. However, Ferdinand had the general assassinated at Eger (Cheb). Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda Generalissimo or Generalissimus is a military rank of the highest degree, superior to a Field Marshal or Grand Admiral. ... Generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein Jičín, Wallensteins square - toward the right is the unfinished bishops church and the rightmost building is the front part of ducal palace, rebuilt after Wallensteins death Duchy of Friedland (Czech: Frýdlantské vévodství, German: Herzogtum Friedland) was a de-facto sovereign... Cheb (German: ( )) is a city in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic, with 33,256 inhabitants. ...

Early life

Wallenstein was born in Heřmanice, Bohemia, into poor Protestant family.^[2] His parents, Vilém z Valdštejna and Markéta Smiřická, died when he was 12 years old, so he was raised by his maternal uncle, Albrecht Slavata z Chlumu a Košumberka. He was educated at the school of the Unity of the Brethren at Košumberk and the Jesuit college at Olmütz (Olomouc).^[2] From 1599 he continued his education at the University of Altdorf and then at Bologna and Padua.^[3] Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ... The Unity of the Brethren (Czech: Jednota bratrská, Latin: Unitas Fratrum, also known as Czech or Bohemian Brothers or Brethren) is a Christian denomination whose roots are in the pre-reformation work of Jan Hus, who was martyred in 1415. ... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ... town hall with astronomical clock Olomouc (German Olmütz, Polish OÅ‚omuniec, Latin Eburum or Olomucium) is a city in Moravia, in the east of the Czech Republic. ... The University of Altdorf was a university in Altdorf bei Nürnberg, a small town outside Nuremberg. ... The University of Bologna (Italian: , UNIBO) is the oldest continually operating degree-granting university in the world, and the second biggest university in Italy. ... Gymnasivm Patavinum: The Universitys main Bo palace shown in a 1654 woodcut The University of Padua (Italian Università degli Studi di Padova, UNIPD) located in Padua, Italy was founded in 1222. ...

Wallenstein then joined the army of Rudolf II in Hungary, under the command of Giorgio Basta.^[3] In 1606, he converted to Catholicism through his friendship with Jesuits and the Habsburgs. Wallenstein later would owe allegiance to the Imperial Habsburg Monarchy as a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece.^{[citation needed]} Even though he became religious, Wallenstein did not become a zealot. Three years later, he returned to Bohemia, and soon married Lukrécie Nekšová z Landeka, a rich widow three years older than himself whose estates in Moravia he inherited after her death in 1614.^[3] He used his wealth to win favour, offering and commanding 200 horses for Archduke Ferdinand of Styria for his war with Venice in 1617. He later endowed a monastery in her name, and had her reburied there. Wallenstein married Isabella Katharina, daughter of Count Harrach, in 1617. She bore him two children, a son who died in infancy and a surviving daughter.^[3] Examples of the couple's correspondence survive. Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II Rudolph IIs personal imperial crown, later crown of the Austrian Empire Rudolf II Habsburg was an emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary. ... Giorgio Basta Giorgio Basta (1544-1607), was a general of Albanian descent, employed by the Holy Roman Emperor to command Habsburg forces in the Long War of (1591-1606) and later to administer Transylvania as an Imperial vassal. ... Events January 27 - The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins ending in their execution on January 31 May 17 - Supporters of Vasili Shusky invade the Kremlin and kill Premier Dmitri December 26 - Shakespeares King Lear performed in court Storm buries a village of St Ismails near... Catholic Church redirects here. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ... The founder, Philip the Good , with at least six other Members wearing collars, 1447-8 Philip III, Duke of Burgundy, with the collar of the Order The Order of the Golden Fleece (Spanish: Orden del Toisón de Oro) is an order of chivalry founded in 1430 by Duke Philip... Flag of Moravia Moravia (Czech and Slovak: Morava; German: ; Hungarian: ; Polish: ) is a historical region in the east of the Czech RepublicCzechia. ... Emperor Ferdinand II Ferdinand II (July 9, 1578 – February 15, 1637), of the House of Habsburg, reigned as Holy Roman Emperor from 1620-1637. ... Borders of the Republic of Venice in 1796 Capital Venice Language(s) Venetian, Latin, Italian Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic Doge  - 1789–97 Ludovico Manin History  - Established 697  - Treaty of Zara June 27, 1358  - Treaty of Leoben April 17, 1797 * Traditionally, the establishment of the Republic is dated to 697. ... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed I (1603-1617) to Mustafa I (1617-1623). ...

Thirty Years' War

At the beginnings of the Thirty Years' War in 1618 with unrest in Bohemia, Wallenstein associated himself with the Imperial cause. His estates seized by Protestants, he escaped with the Moravian treasure-chest to Vienna, where, however, he was told that it would be restored to the province. He equipped a regiment of cuirassiers and won great distinction under Karel Bonaventura Buquoy in the war against Ernst von Mansfeld and in the army which opposed Gabriel Bethlen in Moravia. Wallenstein recovered his lands and, after the Battle of White Mountain, he secured the estates belonging to his mother's family and confiscated tracts of Protestant lands. He grouped his new possessions into a territory called Friedland (Frýdlant) in northern Bohemia. A series of successes in battle led in 1622 to him being made an imperial count palatine, in 1623 a prince, and in 1625 Duke of Friedland.^[4] He was an economically very successful administrator of this Duchy^[5], and also built a large representation in Prague to emphasize his nobility. Combatants Sweden  Bohemia Denmark-Norway (Until 1643) Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony  Holy Roman Empire ( Catholic League) Spain Austria Bavaria Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€  Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I of... Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ... For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ... French cuirassier armour, 1854 Cuirassiers were mounted cavalry soldiers equipped with armour and firearms, first appearing in late 15th-century Europe. ... Karel Bonaventura Buquoy or in French Charles Bonaventure de Longueval comte de Bucquoy or in German Karl Bonaventura Graf von Buquoy ( 9 Jan 1571 in Arras- 10 Jul1621) was a military commander of French-Belgium ancestry who fought for the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years War. ... Ernst von Mansfeld Ernst, Graf von Mansfield (c. ... Gabriel Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania (1580-1629) Gabriel (Gabor) Bethlen (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor, Slovak: Gabriel Betlen) (1580-1629), prince of Transylvania (1613-1629) and leader of a anti-Habsburg insurrection in the Habsburg Royal Hungary on the territory of present-day Slovakia. ... The Battle of White Mountain, November 8, 1620 (Bílá hora is the name of White Mountain in Czech) was an early battle in the Thirty Years War in which an army of 20,000 Bohemians and mercenaries under Christian of Anhalt were routed by 25,000 men of the... Location of Frýdlant in the Czech Republic For other uses of the terms Frýdlant & Friedland see Frýdlant (disambiguation) & Friedland (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the nobility title. ... Generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein Jičín, Wallensteins square - toward the right is the unfinished bishops church and the rightmost building is the front part of ducal palace, rebuilt after Wallensteins death Duchy of Friedland (Czech: Frýdlantské vévodství, German: Herzogtum Friedland) was a de-facto sovereign...

The Wallenstein Palace in Prague.

In order to aid Ferdinand against the Northern Protestants and produce a balance to the Army of the Catholic League under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, Wallenstein offered to raise a whole army for the imperial service in 1626. Wallenstein's popularity soon brought 30,000 (not long afterwards 50,000) men.^[6] The two armies worked together over 1625–1627, at first against Mansfeld. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 535 pixelsFull resolution‎ (4,256 × 2,848 pixels, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 535 pixelsFull resolution‎ (4,256 × 2,848 pixels, file size: 1. ... Wallenstein Palace (Czech: ) is a Baroque palace in Malá Strana, Prague, currently the home of the Czech Senate. ... Count Tilly on a portrait by van Dyck Bronze statue of Count Tilly in the Feldherrnhalle in Munich Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly (Nivelles,February 1559 - Ingolstadt, April 30, 1632) was a General (Field Marshal) who commanded the Imperial and Holy Roman Empires forces in the Thirty Years War...

Having beaten Mansfeld at Dessau, Wallenstein cleared Silesia of the remnants of Mansfeld's army in 1627.^[6][7] At this time he bought from the emperor the Duchy of Sagan. He then joined Tilly in the struggle with Christian IV of Denmark,^[8] and afterwards was rewarded with the Duchies of Mecklenburg, whose hereditary dukes were expelled for having helped the Danish king. This awarding of a major territory to someone of the lower nobility shocked the high-born rulers of many other German states.^[9] Combatants Protestants Catholic League Commanders Count Ernst von Mansfeld General Albrecht von Wallenstein Strength 12,000 20,000 Casualties 4,000 dead, wounded, or captured Unknown With the entrance of King Christian IV of Denmark into the Thirty Years War in 1625, Protestant forces that had been dealt one defeat... Silesia (English pronunciation [], Czech: ; German: ; Latin: ; Polish: ; Silesian: Åšlůnsk) is a historical region in central Europe, located along the upper and middle Oder River, upper Vistula River, and along the Sudetes, Carpathian (Silesian Beskids) mountain range. ... Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship Lubusz Powiat Å»agaÅ„ County Gmina Å»agaÅ„ Estabilished 12th century City Rights 1280 Government  - Mayor SÅ‚awomir Jan Kowal Area  - Town 39. ... The coronation of King Christian IV, painted by Otto Bache, 1887. ... The name Mecklenburg derives from a castle named Mikilenburg (Old German: big castle), located between the cities of Schwerin and Wismar. ... Germany is a federation of 16 states called Länder (singular Land, which may be translated as country) or unofficially Bundesländer (singular Bundesland, German federal state). ...

Wallenstein assumed the title of "Admiral of the North and Baltic Seas". However, in 1628 Wallenstein failed to capture Stralsund, which received help from Swedish troops, a blow that denied access to the Baltic and the chance of challenging the naval power of the Scandinavian kingdoms and the Netherlands.^[7] The situation was further degraded when the emperor's "Edict of Restitution" brought King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden into the conflict.^[7] He attempted to aid forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, which were fighting Sweden in 1629; however, Wallenstein failed to engage any major Swedish forces and this significantly affected the outcome of the conflict.^[10] For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation). ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. ... Stralsund is a city in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. ... For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ... This article needs cleanup. ... The Lion of the North: Gustavus Adolphus at the famous turning point Battle of Breitenfield (1631) against the forces of the redoubtable Count Tilly. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Hetman`s coat of arms Hetman StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Noble Family Koniecpolski Coat of Arms Pobóg Parents Aleksander Koniecpolski Anna Sroczycka Consorts Katarzyna Żółkiewska (1615) Krystyna Lubomirska (1619) Zofia OpaliÅ„ska (1656) Children Aleksander Koniecpolski Date of Birth 1590/1594 Place of Birth Koniecpol Date of Death March 11, 1646 Place of Death Brody StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski, (1590... The Polish-Swedish Wars refer to a series of wars between Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, in the wider meaning to the series of wars in which both Sweden and Poland participated between 1563 and 1721, in the narrower meaning to denote the two wars between 1600 and 1629. ...

Over the course of the war Wallenstein's ambitions and the exactions of his army had created a host of enemies, both Catholic and Protestant princes. Then Ferdinand II suspected Wallenstein of planning to take control of the Holy Roman Empire. The emperor was advised to dismiss him and in September 1630 envoys were sent to Wallenstein to announce his removal.^[4] Wallenstein gave over his army to General Tilly, and retired to Jitschin (Jičín), the capital of his Duchy of Friedland. There he lived in an atmosphere of "mysterious magnificence".^[11] This article is about the medieval empire. ... Jičín (German: Titschein, Gitschin or Jitschin; Latin: Giczin) is a town in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. ...

Soon Emperor Ferdinand II was forced to call him into the field again.^[4] The successes of Gustavus Adolphus over General Tilly at the Battle of Breitenfeld and on the Lech (1632), when Tilly was killed, and his advance to Munich and occupation of Bohemia, demanded action.^[11] In the spring of 1632 Wallenstein raised a fresh army within a few weeks and took the field. He drove the Saxon army from Bohemia and then advanced against Gustavus Adolphus, whom he opposed near Nuremberg and after the Battle of the Alte Veste dislodged. In November came the great Battle of Lützen, in which Wallenstein and the other imperialists were officially defeated, since they left the battle-field to the enemy, but Adolphus was killed, and so it was a victory. Combatants  Sweden  Saxony  Holy Roman Empire Catholic League Commanders Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden John George I, Elector of Saxony Robert Munro, 18th Baron of Foulis Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly Strength Sweden 23,500 Saxony 18,000 (deserted during onset of battle) 35,000 Casualties 5,500 dead/wounded 7... The river Lech, in the background the city of Landsberg The river Lech in Augsburg The Lech (Licus, Licca) is a river in Austria and Germany. ... For other uses, see Munich (disambiguation). ... Nürnberg redirects here. ... The Battle of the Alte Veste was one of the most decisive battles of the Thirty Years War. ... The Battle of Lützen was one of the most decisive battles of the Thirty Years War. ...

Wallenstein then withdrew to winter quarters in Bohemia.^[11]

In the campaigning of 1633 Wallenstein's apparent unwillingness to attack the enemy caused much concern in Vienna (and in Madrid, where the same dynasty was ruling; at this time the dimensions of the war became more and more European). Wallenstein was, in fact, preparing to desert the emperor, because he was angry at Ferdinand's refusal to revoke the Edict of Restitution. Not much is known about his secret negotiations; but rumors told that he began to prepare to force a just peace on the emperor in the interests of united Germany, at the same time hesitating permanently - as he used to do also in other respects — and trying to stay loyal to the emperor, as far as possible. With this apparent "plan" he entered into negotiations with Saxony, Brandenburg, Sweden, and France. But apparently the enemies — vice versa — also tried to draw him onto their own side. In any case, in effect he attracted little support, and anxious to make his power felt, he at last assumed the offensive against the Swedes and Saxons, winning his last victory at Steinau on the Oder in October. He then resumed the negotiations. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Coat of arms Capital Brandenburg Berlin (from 1417) Religion Roman Catholic Lutheran Calvinist Government Monarchy Margrave  - 1157–70 Albert I  - 1797–1806 Frederick William III History  - Margraviate established 3 October, 1157  - Electorate established 25 December 1356  - Brandenburg-Prussia 27 August 1618  - Kingdom of Prussia 1 January 1701  - Dissolution of the... Steinau can refer to: Steinau an der Straße, a town in Hesse, Germany Steinau an der Oder, the German name for Åšcinawa, a town in southwestern Poland Steinau, the German name for Stonava, a village in the Czech Republic Category: ... The Oder (or Odra) River (German: Oder, Polish/Czech: Odra, Ancient Latin: Viadua, Viadrus, Medieval Latin: Odera, Oddera) is a river in Central Europe (mostly in Poland). ...

Treachery and death

In December Wallenstein retired with his army to Bohemia, around Pilsen. It was soon felt in Vienna that he was definitely treacherous, a secret court sentenced him guilty, and the emperor sought for serious means of getting rid of him (a successor-in-command, the later emperor Ferdinand III, was already waiting). Wallenstein was aware of the plans against him, but felt confident that when the army came to decide between him and the emperor the decision would be in his own favour.^[11] Plzeň (Czech name) or Pilsen (German equivalent, sometimes used in English) is a city in western Bohemia in the Czech Republic. ... Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (July 13, 1608 – April 2, 1657), ruled February 15, 1637 – 1657. ...

On January 24, 1634 the emperor signed a secret patent (which was only opened to certain of Wallenstein's officers) removing him from his command. Finally an open patent charging Wallenstein with high treason was signed on February 18, and published in Prague.^[4] Losing the support of his army, Wallenstein now realized the extent of his danger, and on February 23 with a company of some hundreds of men, he went from Pilsen to Eger (Cheb), hoping to meet the Swedes under Duke Bernhard. After having arrived at Eger, however, certain senior Scottish and Irish officers in his force assassinated him on the night of February 25.^[11] is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Moses Amyrauts Traite de la predestination is published Curaçao captured by the Dutch Treaty of Polianovska First meeting of the Académie française The witchcraft affair at Loudun Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin Opening of Covent Garden Market in London English establish a settlement... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation). ... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Cheb (German: ( )) is a city in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic, with 33,256 inhabitants. ... Bernhard, duke of Saxe-Weimar (1604 - July 18, 1639), a celebrated general in the Thirty Years War, was the eleventh son of John, duke of Saxe-Weimar. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

To carry out the assassination, dragoons under the command of the Irish general Walter Butler and the Scots colonels Walter Leslie and John Gordon, first rushed upon Wallenstein's trusted officers Terzky, Kinsky, Illo and Neumann whilst the latter were banqueting at Cheb Castle (which was under the command of John Gordon himself), and massacred them. Terzky alone managed to fight his way out into the courtyard, only to be battered down by a group of muskeeters.<ref=Wedgwood>

A few hours later, an English captain, Walter Devereux, together with a few companions, broke into the burgomaster's house at the main square, where Wallenstein was lodged (again by John Gordon), and kicked open the bedroom door, whereupon Devereux ran his halberd through the unarmed Wallenstein, who, roused from sleep, is said to have asked in vain for quarter.

The German Emperor may not have commanded the murder, nor may he definitely desired it; but he had given free rein to the party who he knew wished "to bring in Wallenstein, alive or dead." After the assassination, he rewarded the murderers with honour and riches.^[12]

Wallenstein was buried at Jitschin (Jičín). Jičín (German: Titschein, Gitschin or Jitschin; Latin: Giczin) is a town in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. ...

Golo Mann's monumental and highly readable biography^[13] of Wallenstein is widely regarded as a masterpiece of historiography. Currently a large exhibition about Wallenstein is being prepared by the Czech National Museum and will be held at the Wallenstein Palace in Prague (current seat of Senate) from 15 November 2007 till 15 February 2008. Golo Mann (27 March 1909 - 7 April 1994 Leverkusen), was the third child of the novelist Thomas Mann. ... Wallenstein Palace (Czech: ) is a Baroque palace in Malá Strana, Prague, currently the home of the Czech Senate. ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (common) era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ...

Wallenstein's particular genius was to substitute the previous way of payment of the war through systematic plunder of the enemy by the new method of systematic "war taxes": even a city or a prince on the side of the emperor had to pay taxes for the war. He understood that enormous wastage of resources resulted from the depredations of the whimsical and random tax extractions of princes and cities of the enemy only, and desired to replace these measures with systematic "balanced" extortion. He was unable to fully realize this ambition, and actually his intentions led to random exploitation of the whole population on either side, until finally, almost fifteen years after his death, the war had become so unpopular that politicians had to make peace. In any case, Wallenstein's idea inspired many, among which Colbert, in future to "pluck the goose with a minimum of screeching".

References

1. ^ Hughes-Hallett, Lucy. Heroes: A History of Hero Worship. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York, 2004. ISBN 1-4000-4399-9.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Schiller, Friedrich. (1911) Schillers Wallenstein, Macmillan & co., ltd.
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Ripley, George & Charles Anderson Dana. (1858) The New American Cyclopaedia, D. Appleton and Company. pp. 185-189.
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Schiller, J. Friedrich Von. (1980) Robbers and Wallenstein, Penguin Classics. pp. 12-13. ISBN 0-14-044368-1.
5. ^ see, e.g., the Wallenstein biography of Golo Mann.
6. ^ ^{a b} Eggenberger, David. (1985) An Encyclopedia of Battles, Courier Dover Publications. p. 161. ISBN 0-486-24913-1.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Fuller, J. F. C. (1987) A Military History of the Western World, Da Capo Press. p. 46-47. ISBN 0-306-80305-4.
8. ^ Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2005) Western Civilization, Thomson Wadsworth. p. 414. ISBN 0-534-64604-2.
9. ^ Wedgwood, C. V. (1961) The Thirty Years War, Anchor Books. p. 219-220.
10. ^ Dahlquist, Germund Wilhelm & Carl Von Clausewitz. (2003) Principles of War, Courier Dover Publications. p. 81. ISBN 0-486-42799-4.
11. ^ ^{a b c d e} Ingrao, Charles W. (2000) The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618-1815, Cambridge University Press. pp. 45-46. ISBN 0-521-78505-7.
12. ^ The Encyclopedia of World History, Sixth edition
13. ^ Golo Mann, op.cit.

• Golo Mann "Wallenstein, his life narrated", 1976, Holt, Rinehart and Winston (ISBN 0030918847).

Golo Mann (27 March 1909 - 7 April 1994 Leverkusen), was the third child of the novelist Thomas Mann. ... Golo Mann (27 March 1909 - 7 April 1994 Leverkusen), was the third child of the novelist Thomas Mann. ...

External links

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Albrecht von Waldstein

• Biography at the Catholic Encyclopedia