Identifiers
Symbol(s)	[1]
Entrez	[2]
RefSeq	[3]
UniProt	[4]
Other data
EC number	1.1.1.1
Locus	Chr. [5]

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Alcohol dehydrogenases are a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones. In humans and many other animals, they serve to break down alcohols which could otherwise be toxic; in yeast and many bacteria they catalyze the opposite reaction as part of fermentation. Image File history File links Gen w/ Deepview from PDB:1A4U File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Hugo is a masculine name. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM), which is a branch of the US National Institutes of Health. ... Swiss-Prot is a curated biological database of protein sequences created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute. ... The Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. ... Short and long arms Chromosome. ... Image File history File links Gen w/ Deepview from PDB:1A4U File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Gen w/ Deepview from PDB:1A4U File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that oxidizes a substrate by transferring one or more protons and a pair of electrons to an acceptor, usually NAD/NADP or a flavin coenzyme such as FAD or FMN. Common examples of dehydrogenase enzymes in the TCA cycle are pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ... An aldehyde. ... Ketone group A ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a chemical compound that contains this functional group. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal apes belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin for wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (known as the great apes). ... Phyla Subregnum Parazoa Porifera Subregnum Eumetazoa Placozoa Orthonectida Rhombozoa Radiata (unranked) Ctenophora Cnidaria Bilateria (unranked) Acoelomorpha Myxozoa Superphylum Deuterostomia Chordata Hemichordata Echinodermata Chaetognatha Xenoturbellida Superphylum Ecdysozoa Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda Superphylum Platyzoa Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Cycliophora Superphylum Lophotrochozoa Sipuncula Nemertea Phoronida Bryozoa Entoprocta... It has been suggested that Yeast (baking) be merged into this article or section. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... In chemistry and biology, catalysis is the acceleration (increase in rate) of a chemical reaction by means of a substance, called a catalyst, that is itself not consumed by the overall reaction. ... Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. ...

The CAS number for this type of the enzyme is [9031-72-5]. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences and alloys. ...

In humans

In humans, the enzyme is contained in the lining of the stomach and in the liver. It catalyzes the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde: In anatomy, the stomach (in ancient Greek στόμαχος) is an organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... The liver is an organ in living beings, including humans. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless, mildly toxic chemical compound with a distinctive perfume-like odor, and is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. ... R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , Flash point −39 °C Autoignition temperature 185 °C RTECS number AB1925000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...

CH₃CH₂OH + NAD⁺ → CH₃CHO + NADH + H⁺

This allows the consumption of alcoholic beverages, but its evolutionary purpose is probably the breakdown of alcohols naturally contained in foods or produced by bacteria in the digestive tract. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two important coenzymes found in cells. ... Bottles of cachaça, a Brazilian alcoholic beverage. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and...

Alcohol dehydrogenase is also involved in the toxicity of other types of alcohol: for instance, it oxidizes methanol to produce formaldehyde, and ethylene glycol to ultimately yield glycolic and oxalic acids. Humans have at least six slightly different alcohol dehydrogenases. All of them are dimers (consist of two polypeptides), with each dimer containing two zinc ions Zn²⁺. One of those ions is crucial for the operation of the enzyme: it is located at the catalytic site and holds the hydroxyl group of the alcohol in place. methanol is also used to fuel speedway bikes. ... The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal), is a gas with a strong pungent smell. ... Ethylene glycol (monoethylene glycol (MEG), IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol) is an alcohol with two -OH groups (a diol), a chemical compound widely used as an automotive antifreeze. ... Glycolic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid) is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA). ... Oxalic acid (IUPAC name: ethanedioic acid, formula C2H2O4) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure (HOOC)-(COOH). ... Sucrose, or common table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose. ... Peptides are the family of molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various amino acids. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... An ion is an atom or group of atoms that normally are electrically neutral and achieve their status as an ion by loss or addition of one or more electrons. ... // Hydroxyl group The term hydroxyl group is used to describe the functional group -OH when it is a substituent in an organic compound. ...

However, alcohol dehydrogenase does not exist in humans to aid in the metabolism of ingested alcohols. It is a necessary enzyme for sugar metabolism in the liver catalyzing the transformation of glyceraldehyde to glycerol. Thus, chronic alcoholism leads to the disruption of a metabolic pathway by flooding it with alien substrates. Therefore, cirrhosis develops.

This enzyme is lacking from chinese people this makes them lightweights and their faces go red. a proven experiment has occurred from a close friend of Sam D. called shang shi 'ash' yo whom proved that post having had a few drinks he turned the colour of beetroot due to the enzyme red boosha alcoholiganism, he also has horrid friends such as james the knobber and tom the recovering alcoholic who wears make-up sometimes not out of choice. ash is a science experiment in progress, we will keep you posted.

In yeast and bacteria

In yeast and many bacteria, alcohol dehydrogenase plays an important part in fermentation: pyruvate resulting from glycolysis is converted to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide, and the acetaldehyde is then reduced to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase. The purpose of this latter step is the regeneration of NAD+, so that the energy generating glycolysis continue. Humans exploit this process to produce alcoholic beverages, by letting yeast ferment various fruits or grains. It has been suggested that Yeast (baking) be merged into this article or section. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Pyruvate (CH3COCOO−) is the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ... Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway by which a 6-carbon glucose (Glc) molecule is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid (Pyr). ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ...

The main alcohol dehydrogenase in yeast is larger than the human one, consisting of four rather than just two subunits. It also contains zinc at its catalytic site. It is clear that the human and yeast alcohol dehydrogenases are closely related.

A simple and effective purification scheme is as follows: 25 mM Pyrophosphate Buffer containing 5 mM Zinc Chloride, 5 mM EDTA, and 0.5 mg/ml BSA. Cellular disruption with a bead mill. Ammonium sulfate precipitation at 40%, discard pellet. Ammonium sulfate precipitation at 70%, resuspend pellet in 1 ml of buffer. Run on Sephadex G-100 column, ADH will elute in first few fraction.

Together with the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenases of animals and humans, these enzymes from yeasts and many bacteria form the family of "long-chain"-alcohol dehydrogenases.

Short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases

These enzymes make up a second family of alcohol dehydrogenases unrelated to the previously mentioned enzymes. They do not contain zinc, their subunits are shorter than and unrelated to those of the "long-chain"-alcohol dehydrogenases. Some of these enzymes also contain metals (e. g. Ca or Mg), but only for structural purpose, never in the catalytic centre. Short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases are usually involved in oxidising secondary alcohols and are widespread in all organisms, e. g. for the oxidation of the (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA moieties during fatty acid beta-oxidation. Very similar enzymes are involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, reducing 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) building blocks. In some cases, short chain enzymes may also replace family I enzymes for oxidation of primary alcohols. One such case may be in insects such as the fruit fly, whose alcohol dehydrogenase is smaller than that of humans, does not contain a metal, and appears to be unrelated. Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... In structural biology, a protein subunit or subunit protein is a single protein molecule that assembles (or coassembles) with other protein molecules to form a multimeric or oligomeric protein. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily forms positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds. ... General Name, Symbol, Number calcium, Ca, 20 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 4, s Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 40. ... General Name, Symbol, Number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 24. ... The active site of an enzyme is the binding site where catalysis occurs. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-khwl الكحول, or al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... A crab is an example of an organism. ... Look up moiety in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ... In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-khwl الكحول, or al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... Orders See taxonomy Insects are invertebrates that are taxonomically referred to as the class Insecta. ... Binomial name Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 [1] Drosophila melanogaster (from the Greek for black-bellied dew-lover) is a two-winged insect that belongs to the Diptera, the order of the flies. ...

Iron containing alcohol dehydrogenases

A third family of alcohol dehydrogenases, unrelated to the above two, are iron containing ones. They occur in bacteria, and an (apparently inactive) form has also been found in yeast. In comparison to enzymes the above families, these enzymes are oxygen-sensitive. General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ...

Other alcohol dehydrogenase types

A further class of alcohol dehydrogenases belongs to quinoenzymes and requires quinoid cofactors (e. g. pyrroloquinoline quinone, PQQ) as enzyme-bound electron acceptors. A typical example for this type of enzyme is methanol dehydrogenase of methylotrophic bacteria.

Applications

in fuel cells: Alcohol dehydrogenases can be used to catalyze the breakdown of fuel for an ethanol fuel cell. Scientists at Saint Louis University used carbon-supported alcohol dehydrogenase with poly(methylene green) as an anode, with a nafion membrane, to achieve about 50 μA/cm² [6]. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ... Saint Louis University is a private, co-educational Catholic Jesuit university in the United States located in St. ... Nafion® is a sulfonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer developed in the late 1960s by DuPont. ... A multimeter can be used to measure current The ampere (symbol: A) is the SI base unit of electric current. ...

in biotransformation: Alcohol dehydrogenases are often used for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure stereoisomers of chiral alcohols. In contrast to the chemical process, the enzymes yield directly the desired enatiomer of the alcohol by reduction of the corresponding ketone.

See also

• Oxidoreductase

In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule (the oxidant, also called the hydrogen donor or electron donor) to another (the reductant, also called the hydrogen acceptor or electron acceptor). ...

External links

• PDBsum has links to three-dimensional structures of various alcohol dehydrogenases contained in the Protein Data Bank
• ExPASy contains links to the alcohol dehydrogenase sequences in Swiss-Prot, to a Medline literature search about the enzyme, and to entries in other databases.
• BRENDA most comprehensive compilation of information and literature references about the enzyme; requires payment for commercial users