This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (May 2006)

Aldo Moro
60th and 54th Prime Minister of Italy
In office 23 November 1974 – 29 July 1976
President	Giovanni Leone
Deputy	Ugo La Malfa Until 02/12/1976
Preceded by	Mariano Rumor
Succeeded by	Giulio Andreotti
In office 4 December 1963 – 24 June 1968
President	Antonio Segni Giuseppe Saragat
Deputy	Pietro Nenni
Preceded by	Giovanni Leone
Succeeded by	Giovanni Leone
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office July 7, 1973 – November 23, 1974
Prime Minister	Mariano Rumor
Preceded by	Giuseppe Medici
Succeeded by	Mariano Rumor
In office August 5, 1969 – June 26, 1972
Prime Minister	Mariano Rumor Emilio Colombo Giulio Andreotti Mariano Rumor
Preceded by	Pietro Nenni
Succeeded by	Giuseppe Medici
In office December 30, 1965 – February 23, 1966
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	Amintore Fanfani
Succeeded by	Amintore Fanfani
In office December 28, 1964 – March 5, 1965
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	Giuseppe Saragat
Succeeded by	Amintore Fanfani
Born	September 23, 1916(1916-09-23) Maglie, Italy
Died	May 9, 1978 (aged 61) Rome, Italy
Nationality	Italian
Political party	Christian Democracy
Religion	Roman Catholic

Aldo Moro (September 23, 1916 in Maglie – May 9, 1978 in Rome) was an Italian politician and five time Prime Minister of Italy, from 1963 to 1968, and then from 1974 to 1976. He was one of Italy's longest-serving post-war Prime Ministers, holding power for a combined total of more than six years. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links Aldo Moro This work is copyrighted. ... In Italy, the President of the Council of Ministers (Italian: Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) is the countrys prime minister or head of government, and occupies the fourth-most important state office. ... is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 210th day of the year (211th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone (Naples, November 3, 1908 - November 9, 2001) was Prime Minister of Italy from June 21, 1963 to November 5, 1963 and again from June 24, 1968 to November 19, 1968. ... Italian stamp commemorating the birth Ugo La Malfa Ugo La Malfa (1903-05-16, Palermo - 1979-03-26, Rome) was an Italian politician, and an important leader in the Italian Republican Party, which his son, Giorgio La Malfa, is now president of. ... Mariano Rumor (June 16, 1915 – 22 January 1990) was an Italian politician, a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several times Prime Minister of Italy. ... Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian politician who served seven times as Prime Minister of Italy. ... is the 338th day of the year (339th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Antonio Segni (February 2, 1891 – December 1, 1972) was an Italian politician who was President of the Italian Republic from 1962 to 1964. ... Giuseppe Saragat (IPA [sa:ragat]) (September 19, 1898 - June 11, 1988) was an Italian politician who was the President of the Italian Republic from 1964 to 1971. ... Pietro Sandro Nenni (February 9, 1891—Rome, January 1, 1980) was an Italian socialist politician, the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and lifetime Senator since 1970. ... Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone (Naples, November 3, 1908 - November 9, 2001) was Prime Minister of Italy from June 21, 1963 to November 5, 1963 and again from June 24, 1968 to November 19, 1968. ... Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone (Naples, November 3, 1908 - November 9, 2001) was Prime Minister of Italy from June 21, 1963 to November 5, 1963 and again from June 24, 1968 to November 19, 1968. ... This is a list of Italian Ministers of Foreign Affairs since 1943. ... is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Mariano Rumor (June 16, 1915 – 22 January 1990) was an Italian politician, a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several times Prime Minister of Italy. ... Giuseppe Medici (Sassuolo, October 24, 1907 - Modena, August 21, 2000) was an Italian politician. ... Mariano Rumor (June 16, 1915 – 22 January 1990) was an Italian politician, a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several times Prime Minister of Italy. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mariano Rumor (June 16, 1915 – 22 January 1990) was an Italian politician, a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several times Prime Minister of Italy. ... Emilio Colombo (born April 14, 1920) was an Italian diplomat and politician. ... Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian politician who served seven times as Prime Minister of Italy. ... Mariano Rumor (June 16, 1915 – 22 January 1990) was an Italian politician, a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several times Prime Minister of Italy. ... Pietro Sandro Nenni (February 9, 1891—Rome, January 1, 1980) was an Italian socialist politician, the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and lifetime Senator since 1970. ... Giuseppe Medici (Sassuolo, October 24, 1907 - Modena, August 21, 2000) was an Italian politician. ... is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... This article is about the day. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Giuseppe Saragat (IPA [sa:ragat]) (September 19, 1898 - June 11, 1988) was an Italian politician who was the President of the Italian Republic from 1964 to 1971. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Maglie is a town and comune in the Italian province of Lecce in the Apulia region of south-east Italy. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... Image File history File links Coat_of_arms_of_Rome. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the Christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Maglie is a town and comune in the Italian province of Lecce in the Apulia region of south-east Italy. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... In Italy, the President of the Council of Ministers (Italian: Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) is the countrys prime minister or head of government, and occupies the fourth-most important state office. ... Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

One of the most important leaders of Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democracy, DC), Moro was considered an intellectual and an incredibly patient mediator, especially in the internal life of his party. He was kidnapped on March 16, 1978, by the Red Brigades (BR), who killed Moro after 54 days of captivity. Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the Christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ... March 16 is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse in Italian, often abbreviated as the BR) were a terrorist group[1] located in Italy and active during the Years of Lead. Formed in 1970, the Marxist-Leninist Red Brigades sought to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle and to separate Italy from the...

Early career

Moro was born in Maglie, in the province of Lecce (Puglia). His political career started during the later period of fascism, within the Gioventù Universitaria Fascista (GUF) university groups. He joined and in 1941 became president of the FUCI (Federation of Catholic University Students). After World War II, Moro was elected to the Constituent Assembly in 1946, and helped to draft the Italian constitution. He was then re-elected as a member of the House of Representatives in 1948, where he served as a member until his violent death. Maglie is a town and comune in the Italian province of Lecce in the Apulia region of south-east Italy. ... Lecce (It. ... Apulia is a region of Italy (called Puglia in Italian), bordering on Molise to the north-west, Campania to the south-west, Basilicata to the south, the Adriatic Sea to the east and the Ionian Sea to the south-east. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests subordinate to the interests of the state. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Parliament of Italy (Italian: Parlamento Italiano) is the national parliament of Italy. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Constitution of Italy (Italian: Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana) is the supreme law of Italy. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Historic compromise

During the 1970s, he was one of the political leaders who gave the deepest attention to Enrico Berlinguer's project of a so-called Compromesso Storico (historic compromise). The leader of the PCI (Italian Communist Party, which had obtained 34.4% of the vote in the June 1976 general election) had proposed solidarity between Communists and Christian Democrats during a period of serious economic, social and political crisis in Italy. Moro, then the president of DC, was one of those who had helped to find a way to finally form a government of "national solidarity". Enrico Berlinguer. ... The term Historic Compromise (Italian:compromesso storico) most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats (DC) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in the 1970s, after the latter embraced eurocommunism. ... The Fourth Estate The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the Christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ...

As leader of the parliamentary coalition he served as Prime Minister from 1963 to 1968, and again from 1974 to 1976.

Kidnapping and death

Moro, photographed during his kidnapping by the BR

This is a picture of Aldo Moro, taken during his detention by Red Brigades. ... This is a picture of Aldo Moro, taken during his detention by Red Brigades. ... The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse in Italian, often abbreviated as the BR) were a terrorist group[1] located in Italy and active during the Years of Lead. Formed in 1970, the Marxist-Leninist Red Brigades sought to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle and to separate Italy from the...

Kidnapped, March 16, 1978

On March 16, 1978, Moro was kidnapped in Via Fani, a street in Rome, by a militant Communist group, known as the Red Brigades and led by Mario Moretti, after the murder of his 5 escort agents. At that time, all of the founding members of the Red Brigades were jailed, and the group that kidnapped Moro is thus known as the "Second Red Brigades." In the following days, trade unions called for a general strike, while security forces made hundreds of raids in Rome, Milan, Turin and other cities searching for Moro's whereabouts. Held for two months, he was allowed to send letters to his family and politicians. The government refused to negotiate, despite demands by family, friends and Pope Paul VI.^[1] In fact, Paul VI "offered himself in exchange … for Aldo Moro …"^[2] After 55 days of detention, Moro was murdered in or near Rome on May 9. His body was found later that day in a parked car, left with apparent symbolism between the headquarters of the DC and the PCI. March 16 is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse in Italian, often abbreviated as the BR) were a terrorist group[1] located in Italy and active during the Years of Lead. Formed in 1970, the Marxist-Leninist Red Brigades sought to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle and to separate Italy from the... Mario Moretti (born 1946 in Porto San Giorgio, Marche, Italy) is a founding member of the 2nd Red Brigades, who kidnapped and killed Aldo Moro on May 9, 1978. ... A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ... Paul VI, Giovanni Battista Enrica Antonia Maria Montini (September 26, 1897 – August 6, 1978), served as Pope from 1963 to 1978. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Moro was kidnapped on his way to a session of the House of Representatives, where a discussion was supposed to take place regarding the vote of confidence in a new government led by Giulio Andreotti (DC), for the first time with the support of the Communist Party. It was the first implementation of Moro's strategic vision defined by the Compromesso storico (historical compromise). Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian politician who served seven times as Prime Minister of Italy. ... The term Historic Compromise (Italian:compromesso storico) most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats (DC) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in the 1970s, after the latter embraced eurocommunism. ...

Negotiations

The Red Brigades (BR) proposed to exchange Moro's life for the freedom of several imprisoned terrorists. During the detention, it has been speculated that many knew where he was detained (an apartment in Rome). When Moro was abducted, the government immediately took a hardline position: the "State must not bend" on terrorist requests. This was a much different position than the one kept in the kidnapping of Ciro Cirillo, a minor political figure for which the government negotiated with terrorists. It has been suggested that some politicians, especially the Christian-Democrat Giulio Andreotti, took the chance of getting rid of a political competitor by letting the terrorists murder him. For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the Christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ... Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian politician who served seven times as Prime Minister of Italy. ...

Romano Prodi, Mario Baldassarri^[3] and Alberto Clò, of the faculty of the University of Bologna passed on a tip about a safe-house where the BR might have been holding Moro on April 2. Bizarrely, Prodi claimed he had been given the tip by the founders of the Christian Democratic Party, contacted from beyond the grave via a seance and a Ouija board, which gave the names of Viterbo, Bolsena and Gradoli.   (born 9 August 1939) is an Italian politician. ... Mario Baldassarri (born September 10, 1946) is an Italian economist and politician, and a member of Alleanza Nazionale. ... The University of Bologna (Italian: , UNIBO) is the oldest continually operating degree-granting university in the world, and the second biggest university in Italy. ... A séance (SAY-ahnce) is, on its most basic level, an attempt to communicate with the dead. ... For the photographer, see Weegee. ... Country Italy Region Lazio Province Viterbo (VT) Mayor Giampiero Gabbianelli Elevation 326 m Area 406,28 km² Population  - Total 60,537  - Density 148. ... Bolsena is a town and comune of Italy, in the province of Viterbo in northern Lazio, 43°39N 11°59E, at 350 meters (1148 ft) above sea-level on the eastern shore of Lake Bolsena. ... Country Italy Region Latium Province Province of Viterbo (VT) Mayor Elevation 470 m Area 37. ...

Following the Abbé Pierre's death in January 2007, Italian magistrate Carlo Mastelloni declared to the Corriere della Sera that the Abbé had gone during Aldo Moro's abduction to the DC's headquarters on piazza del Gesù (Jesus Place) in an attempt to speak with its secretary Benigno Zaccagnini, in favor of a "hard line" of refusal of negotiations along with the BR.^[4] LAbbé Pierre (born August 5, 1912) was born as Henri Grouès in Lyon is a French Catholic priest. ... Corriere della Sera (Evening Mail) is the most important Italian daily newspapers (first in sales [1]), printed in Milan. ... Benigno Zaccagnini (April 17, 1912 - November 5, 1989) was an Italian politician and physician. ...

Aldo Moro's captivity letters

During this period, Moro wrote several letters to the principal leaders of DC and to Pope Paul VI (who later personally celebrated his solemn Funeral Mass). Those letters, at times very critical of Giulio Andreotti (DC), were kept secret for decades, and published only in the early 1990s. In his letters, Moro advocated that the state's primary objective should be saving lives, and that the government should strive to comply with his kidnappers' requests. Most of the leaders of the Christian Democrats argued that the letters did not express Moro's genuine wishes, claiming they were written under duress, and thus refused to attempt any negotiation. This was in stark contrast to the requests of Moro's family. In his appeal to the terrorists, Pope Paul VI asked them to release Moro "without conditions". Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the Christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ... This article cites very few or no references or sources. ... For other uses of Mass, see Mass (disambiguation). ... Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian politician who served seven times as Prime Minister of Italy. ... This article cites very few or no references or sources. ...

It has been conjectured that Moro used these letters to send cryptic messages to his family and colleagues. Doubts have been advanced about the completeness of these letters; Carabinieri general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa (later killed by the Mafia) found copies of the letters in a house that terrorists had in Milan, and for some reason this retrieval was not publicly known until many years later. The Carabinieri are the military police of Italy. ... Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa (September 27, 1920, Saluzzo, province of Cuneo – 3 September 1982, Palermo) was a general of the Italian carabinieri notable for campaigning against terrorism during Italys 1970s strategy of tension, and later assassinated by the Mafia in Palermo. ... This article is about the criminal society. ... Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN...

Via Caetani, equidistant between DC and PCI

When the Red Brigades decided to execute Moro, they placed him in a car and told him to cover himself with a blanket, that they were going to transport him to another location. After Moro was covered, they emptied ten rounds into him, killing him: the killer was Mario Moretti. Moro's body was left in the trunk of a car in Via Caetani, a site equidistant between the Christian Democratic Party and the Communist Party headquarters ( 41°53′42″N, 12°28′42″E)), as a last symbolic challenge to the police, who were keeping the entire nation, and Rome in particular, under strict and severe surveillance. After the recovery of Moro's body, the Minister of the Interior Francesco Cossiga resigned, gaining trust from the Communist party, which would later make him the first President of the Republic to be elected at the first ballot. This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Mario Moretti (born 1946 in Porto San Giorgio, Marche, Italy) is a founding member of the 2nd Red Brigades, who kidnapped and killed Aldo Moro on May 9, 1978. ... This is a list of Italian Ministers of the Interior since 1861. ... Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. ... Flag of the President of the Italian Republic This is the list of Presidents of the Italian Republic with the title since 1948. ...

Antonio Negri's 1979 arrest and dropping of charges

On April 7, 1979, Marxist philosopher Antonio Negri was arrested along with the others leaders of Autonomia Operaia, (Oreste Scalzone, E. Vesce, A. Del Re, L. Ferrari Bravo, Franco Piperno and others). Attorney Pietro Calogero (close to the PCI) accused the Autonomia group of being the mastermind behind left-wing "terrorism" in Italy. Negri was charged with a number of offences including leadership of the Red Brigades, masterminding the 1978 kidnapping and murder of Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro and plotting to overthrow the government. A year later, he was found innocent of Aldo Moro's assassination. Almost all of the charges were dropped within months of his arrest due to lack of evidence. See also Marxian economics Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory designs work in philosophy which is strongly influenced by Karl Marxs materialist approach to theory or which is written by Marxists. ... Antonio Toni Negri (born August 1, 1933) is an Italian Marxist political philosopher. ... Autonomia Operaia was an Italian extra-parliamentary leftist movement particularly active from 1976 to 1978. ... Oreste Scalzone (born 1947) is an Italian communist militant and autonomist. ... Franco Piperno (born 1943) is an Italian former communist militant, now a Physics professor at the University of Calabria. ...

In the New York Review of Books, Thomas Sheehan wrote at the time in Negri's defense, "Negri is a figure of some stature in Italy, and his arrest might be compared, imperfectly, to jailing Herbert Marcuse a decade ago on suspicion of being the brains behind the Weathermen." The New York Review of Books (or NYRB) is a biweekly magazine on literature, culture, and current affairs published in New York which takes as its point of departure that the discussion of important books is itself an indispensable literary activity. ... Herbert Marcuse (July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a German-born philosopher, sociologist and a member of the Frankfurt School. ... John Jacobs and Terry Robbins at the Days of Rage, Chicago, October 1969 (Photo credit: David Fenton; publicity photo for film Weather Underground) Weatherman, known colloquially as the Weathermen and later the Weather Underground Organization, was a U.S. Radical Left organization consisting of splintered-off members and leaders of...

In the same journal in 2003, Alexander Stille accused Negri of bearing moral but not legal responsibility for the crimes, citing Negri's words from one year later: Allexander Stillé is an American author and journalist. ...

Every action of destruction and sabotage seems to me a manifestation of class solidarity.... Nor does the pain of my adversary affect me: proletarian justice has the productive force of self-affirmation and the faculty of logical conviction.

and

The antagonistic process tends toward hegemony, toward the destruction and the annihilation of the adversary.... The adversary must be destroyed.^[5]

Conspiracy theories about Moro's death

Many other theories have been advanced about Moro's death. Some suggest that Moro's murder could have been orchestrated by the Italian Masonic lodge, Propaganda Due (also known as P2), or that the Red Brigades (BR), which is claimed to have had an inside "supergang" type of core-team, was infiltrated by US intelligence (CIA). The alleged presence of two motorcycle riders in the kidnapping has been proposed to explain the rapidity and cleanliness of the act, in which the kidnappers, as well as Moro, remained untouched while all the escorts were killed: but it has never been confirmed. “Freemasons” redirects here. ... This box:      Propaganda Due or P2 was an irregular or black Masonic lodge that operated in Italy from 1877-1981, headed in its final decades by Licio Gelli. ... The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse in Italian, often abbreviated as the BR) were a terrorist group[1] located in Italy and active during the Years of Lead. Formed in 1970, the Marxist-Leninist Red Brigades sought to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle and to separate Italy from the... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ...

The "Gladio network", directed by NATO, has also been accused. In BR member Alberto Franceschini's book,^[6] Aldo Moro is described as one of Gladio's founders. There is some support for this view of American involvement in the overarching events known as the strategy of tension, and of known strong American foreign policies against the then looming historic (unprecedented in post war times) coalition that would have admitted the PCI into a government of national unity, the fear on the US side being that Italy thereafter might withdraw from NATO and that the U.S. would have then lost access to vital Mediterranean ports. Another theory is that P2 members in the secret services sabotaged the investigation or intentionally failed to uncover the location where Moro was being held, in order to ensure his eventual death at the hands of the BR. Although Gladio's influence on Italy's strategy of tension may have been proven (see the Bologna massacre as one example), no concrete proof has been found of Gladio's interference with Moro's kidnapping. However, Moro's widow later recounted Moro's meeting with US President Nixon's advisor, Henry Kissinger, and an unidentified American intelligence official, who warned him not to pursue the strategy of bringing the Communist Party into his cabinet, telling him "You must abandon your policy of bringing all the political forces in your country into direct collaboration...or you will pay dearly for it." Moro was allegedly so shaken by the threat that he became ill and threatened to quit politics.^[7]Historian Sergio Flamigni, an erstwhile communist party member, believes Moretti was used by Gladio in Italy to take over the Red Brigades and pursue a strategy of tension. Emblem of Gladio, Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind paramilitary organizations. ... This article is about the military alliance. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, as well as false flag terrorist actions (including bombings). ... The three-letter abbreviation PCI may refer to: // Project Concern International A Humanitarian Organization Peripheral Component Interconnect — standard specifies a computer bus for attaching peripheral devices to a computer motherboard. ... National governments or national unity governments are broad coalition governments consisting of all parties (or all major parties) in the legislature and are often formed during times of war or national emergency. ... This article is about the military alliance. ... Alfa Romeo P2 iconic 1920s racing automobile Intel Pentium II 6th generation central processing unit Intel 80286 2nd generation processor architecture LNER Class P2 locomotive designed by Sir Nigel Gresley P2 biological confinement level P2 Former designation of Nix, a moon of Pluto P-2 Hawk, a bi-plane fighter... Rescue teams making their way through the rubble The Bologna massacre, also known in Italy as the Strage di Bologna, was a terrorist bombing against the Central Station of Bologna, Italy on the morning of 2 August 1980, which killed 85 people and wounded more than 200. ... Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German-born American politician, and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. ... While stay-behind networks existed in all NATO countries, the Italian branch of Gladio was the first one to be discovered. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, as well as false flag terrorist actions (including bombings). ...

Mino Pecorelli's May 1978 article

Investigative journalist Mino Pecorelli thought that Aldo Moro's kidnapping had been organised by a "lucid superpower" and was inspired by the "logic of Yalta". He painted the figure of General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa as "general Amen", explaining in his review, the Osservatorio politico, in an article titled "Vergogna, buffoni!", that it was Dalla Chiesa that, during Aldo Moro's kidnapping, had informed the then Interior Minister Francesco Cossiga of the location of the cave where Moro was detained. But he would have been ordered not to act on his information because of the opposition of a "lodge of the Christ in Paradise." The allusion to Propaganda Due masonic lodge was clear. Pecorelli then wrote that Dalla Chiesa was also in danger and would be assassinated (Dalla Chiesa was murdered four years later). After Aldo Moro's assassination, Mino Pecorelli published some confidential documents, mainly Moro's letters to his family. In a cryptic article published in May 1978, wrote The Guardian in May 2003, Pecorelli drew a connection between Gladio, NATO's stay-behind anti-communist organisation (whose existence was publicly acknowledged by Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti in October 1990) and Moro's death. During his interrogation, Aldo Moro had referred to "NATO's anti-guerrilla activities."^[8] Mino Pecorelli, who was on Licio Gelli's list of P2 members discovered in 1980, was assassinated on March 20, 1979. The ammunitions used for Pecorelli's assassination, a very rare type, were the same as those discovered in the Banda della Magliana 's weapons stock hidden in the Health Minister's basement. Pecorelli's assassination has been thought to be directly related to Giulio Andreotti, who was condemned to 20 years of prison for it in 2002 before having the sentence cancelled by the Supreme Court of Cassation in 2003. Carmine Pecorelli (September 14, 1928, Sessano del Molise - March 20, 1979) known as Mino, was an Italian maverick journalist with excellent secret service contacts [1], shot dead in Rome a year after Prime minister Aldo Moros 1978 kidnap. ... The Big Three at the Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. ... Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa (September 27, 1920, Saluzzo, province of Cuneo – 3 September 1982, Palermo) was a general of the Italian carabinieri notable for campaigning against terrorism during Italys 1970s strategy of tension, and later assassinated by the Mafia in Palermo. ... Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. ... This box:      Propaganda Due or P2 was an irregular or black Masonic lodge that operated in Italy from 1877-1981, headed in its final decades by Licio Gelli. ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919), was the masonic Worshipful Master of the powerful Italian lodge Propaganda Due (P2), involved in Gladios strategy of tension. He has been involved in almost all of the Italian scandals in the past three decades (Tangentopoli, which led to the... This box:      Propaganda Due or P2 was an irregular or black Masonic lodge that operated in Italy from 1877-1981, headed in its final decades by Licio Gelli. ... The Banda della Magliana was an Italian criminal organization based in Rome, particularly active through-out the late 1970s until the early 1990s. ... The Court of Cassation (Corte di Cassazione in Italian) is the main court of last resort in Italy. ...

Rejection of torture

During the investigation of Moro's kidnapping, General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa reportedly responded to a member of the security services who suggested torture against a suspect, "Italy can survive the loss of Aldo Moro. It would not survive the introduction of torture." [[1]]. Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa (September 27, 1920, Saluzzo, province of Cuneo – 3 September 1982, Palermo) was a general of the Italian carabinieri notable for campaigning against terrorism during Italys 1970s strategy of tension, and later assassinated by the Mafia in Palermo. ...

Cinematic adaptations

A number of films have portrayed the events of Moro's kidnapping and murder, with varying degrees of fictionalization:

• Todo modo (1975), directed by Elio Petri, in which the character of the president is evidently inspired by Aldo Moro. The film is based on a novel by Leonardo Sciascia.
• Il caso Moro (1986), directed by Giuseppe Ferrara and starring Gian Maria Volonté as Moro.
• Year of the Gun (1991), directed by John Frankenheimer.
• Broken Dreams (Sogni infranti, 1995), a documentary directed by Marco Bellocchio.
• Five Moons Plaza (Piazza Delle Cinque Lune, 2003), directed by Renzo Martinelli and starring Donald Sutherland.
• Good Morning, Night (Buongiorno, notte, 2003), directed by Marco Bellocchio, portrays the kidnapping largely from the perspective of one of the kidnappers.

Elio Petri (January 29, 1929 - November 10, 1982) was a political Italian filmmaker. ... Leonardo Sciascia Leonardo Sciascia (Racalmuto, Agrigento, January 8, 1921 - Palermo, November 20, 1989) was an Italian writer and politician. ... Gian Maria Volonté in A Fistful of Dollars Gian Maria Volonté (April 9, 1933, Milan–December 6, 1994, Florina, Greece) was an Italian actor. ... John Michael Frankenheimer (February 19, 1930 – July 6, 2002) was an American film director. ... Marco Bellocchio (born 1939) Marco Bellocchio has directed numerous renowned Italian films, such as I Pugni in Tasca (Fists in the Pocket) and, more recently, My Mothers Smile and Goodmorning, Night. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Buongiorno, notte (Good Morning, Night) is an Italian film released in 2003 and directed by Marco Bellocchio. ... Marco Bellocchio (born 1939) Marco Bellocchio has directed numerous renowned Italian films, such as I Pugni in Tasca (Fists in the Pocket) and, more recently, My Mothers Smile and Goodmorning, Night. ...

References

• Interview with Giovanni Moro, Aldo Moro's son by La Repubblica, March 16, 1998.
• Giovanni Fasanella, Secret of State. The truth from Gladio to the Moro case (with G. Pellegrino, Einaudi, 2000)
• Giovanni Fasanella and Giuseppe Roca, The Mysterious Intermediary. Igor Markevitch and the Moro case (Einaudi, 2003)
• Gianfranco Sanguinetti, On Terrorism and the State
• Emmanuel Amara, Nous avons tué Aldo Moro, Paris: Patrick Robin, 2006, ISBN 2352280125.

La Repubblica (meaning: The Republic) is an Italian daily newspaper. ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... Giovanni Pellegrino (June 4, 1939, Lecce-) is the president of the Lecce Province in Italy. ... Igor Markevitch (August 9, 1912 - March 7, 1983) was a Ukrainian composer and conductor. ... Einaudi may refer to; Luigi Einaudi (1874—1961), an Italian politician Luigi R. Einaudi (1936—), an American diplomat Ludovico Einaudi (1955—), an Italian pianist and composer Category: ... Gianfranco Sanguinetti was a writer and member of the Situationist International (SI), a political art movement. ...

Further reading

• Richard Drake (1996). The Aldo Moro Murder Case. Boston: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674014812. 

Notes

For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... Giovanni Pellegrino (June 4, 1939, Lecce-) is the president of the Lecce Province in Italy. ... Corriere della Sera (Evening Mail) is the most important Italian daily newspapers (first in sales [1]), printed in Milan. ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... CovertAction Quarterly (named CovertAction Information Bulletin until 1992) is a American publication focused on and critical of the US Central Intelligence Agency. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Aldo Moro

• Banca dati della memoria: Moro's letters and +
• Memorial Moro on strategy of tension
• Buongiorno, notte, 2003 film about the kidnapping
• Piazza Delle Cinque Lune, 2003 film about the kidnapping
• Italian document March 2, 1987

v • d • e Prime ministers of Italy
Kingdom of Italy	Cavour · Ricasoli · Rattazzi · Farini · Minghetti · La Marmora · Ricasoli · Rattazzi · Menabrea · Lanza · Minghetti · Depretis · Cairoli · Depretis · Cairoli · Depretis · Crispi · Starrabba · Giolitti · Crispi · Starrabba · Pelloux · Saracco · Zanardelli · Giolitti · Tittoni · Fortis · Sonnino · Giolitti · Sonnino · Luzzatti · Giolitti · Salandra · Boselli · Orlando · Nitti · Giolitti · Bonomi · Facta · Mussolini · Badoglio · Bonomi · Parri · De Gasperi Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, as well as false flag terrorist actions (including bombings). ... This is a list of Italian Ministers of Justice since 1943. ... This is a list of Italian Ministers of Public Instruction since 1943. ... Giuseppe Medici (Sassuolo, October 24, 1907 - Modena, August 21, 2000) was an Italian politician. ... Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone (Naples, November 3, 1908 - November 9, 2001) was Prime Minister of Italy from June 21, 1963 to November 5, 1963 and again from June 24, 1968 to November 19, 1968. ... In Italy, the President of the Council of Ministers (Italian: Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) is the countrys prime minister or head of government, and occupies the fourth-most important state office. ... Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone (Naples, November 3, 1908 - November 9, 2001) was Prime Minister of Italy from June 21, 1963 to November 5, 1963 and again from June 24, 1968 to November 19, 1968. ... Giuseppe Saragat (IPA [sa:ragat]) (September 19, 1898 - June 11, 1988) was an Italian politician who was the President of the Italian Republic from 1964 to 1971. ... This is a list of Italian Ministers of Foreign Affairs since 1943. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... This is a list of Italian Ministers of Foreign Affairs since 1943. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... Pietro Sandro Nenni (February 9, 1891—Rome, January 1, 1980) was an Italian socialist politician, the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and lifetime Senator since 1970. ... This is a list of Italian Ministers of Foreign Affairs since 1943. ... Giuseppe Medici (Sassuolo, October 24, 1907 - Modena, August 21, 2000) was an Italian politician. ... Giuseppe Medici (Sassuolo, October 24, 1907 - Modena, August 21, 2000) was an Italian politician. ... This is a list of Italian Ministers of Foreign Affairs since 1943. ... Mariano Rumor (June 16, 1915 – 22 January 1990) was an Italian politician, a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several times Prime Minister of Italy. ... Mariano Rumor (June 16, 1915 – 22 January 1990) was an Italian politician, a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several times Prime Minister of Italy. ... In Italy, the President of the Council of Ministers (Italian: Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) is the countrys prime minister or head of government, and occupies the fourth-most important state office. ... Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian politician who served seven times as Prime Minister of Italy. ... Luigi Gui (born September 26, 1914 in Padua) is an Italian politician. ... This is a list of Italian Ministers of the Interior since 1861. ... Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... This is a list of national secretaries of the Italian Christian Democracy Categories: ... Mariano Rumor (June 16, 1915 – 22 January 1990) was an Italian politician, a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several times Prime Minister of Italy. ... In Italy, the President of the Council of Ministers (Italian: Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) is the countrys prime minister or head of government, and occupies the fourth-most important state office. ... Anthem Marcia Reale dOrdinanza (Royal March of Ordinance)¹ The Kingdom of Italy at the height of its power in 1940. ... Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour (or Camillo di Cavour; August 10, 1810 – June 6, 1861) was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. ... Bettino, baron Ricasoli (March 29, 1809 – October 23, 1880; IPA: ) was an Italian statesman. ... Urbano Rattazzi (June 20, 1808 – June 5, 1873) was an Italian statesman. ... Luigi Carlo Farini (October 22, 1812 - August 1, 1866), Italian statesman and historian, was born at Russi, near Ravenna. ... Marco Minghetti (November 18, 1818 – December 10, 1886) was an Italian economist and statesman. ... Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora (November 18, 1804–January 5, 1878) was a Pornstar for the company Weapons of Ass Destruction and a patriot. ... Bettino, baron Ricasoli (March 29, 1809 – October 23, 1880; IPA: ) was an Italian statesman. ... Urbano Rattazzi (June 20, 1808 – June 5, 1873) was an Italian statesman. ... Federico Luigi, Conte Menabrea, Marquis of Valdora (September 4, 1809 - May 24, 1896), Italian general and statesman, was born at Chambry. ... Domenico Giovanni Giuseppe Maria Lanza (February 15, 1810 - March 9, 1882), Italian politician, was born at Casale, Piedmont. ... Marco Minghetti (November 18, 1818 – December 10, 1886) was an Italian economist and statesman. ... Agostino Depretis (January 31, 1813 – July 29, 1887) was an Italian statesman. ... Benedetto Cairoli (January 28, 1825 – August 8, 1889) was an Italian statesman. ... Agostino Depretis (January 31, 1813 – July 29, 1887) was an Italian statesman. ... Benedetto Cairoli (January 28, 1825 – August 8, 1889) was an Italian statesman. ... Agostino Depretis (January 31, 1813 – July 29, 1887) was an Italian statesman. ... Francesco Crispi (October 4, 1819 – August 12, 1901) was a 19th century Italian politician. ... Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (April 16, 1839 – August 7, 1908) was Prime Minister of Italy between 1891 and 1892 and from 1896 until 1898. ... Giovanni Giolitti (October 27, 1842–July 17, 1928) was an Italian statesman. ... Francesco Crispi (October 4, 1819 – August 12, 1901) was a 19th century Italian politician. ... Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (April 16, 1839 – August 7, 1908) was Prime Minister of Italy between 1891 and 1892 and from 1896 until 1898. ... Luigi Pelloux (March 1, 1839 - October 26, 1924) was an Italian general and politician, born of parents who retained their Italian nationality when Savoy was annexed to France. ... Giuseppe Saracco (October 6, 1821 - January 19, 1907), Italian politician and financier, and knight of the Annunziata, was born at Bistagno. ... Giuseppe Zanardelli (October 29, 1826 - December 26, 1903) was an Italian jurisconsult, nationalist and political figure. ... Giovanni Giolitti (October 27, 1842–July 17, 1928) was an Italian statesman. ... Tommaso Tittoni (November 16, 1855 - February 7, 1931) was an italian diplomat, politician and knight of the Annunziata, born in Rome, where he turn back only in 1870, because his Father Vincenzo, a devoted to the Risorgimento, in 1860 was forced to flee the Papal States. ... Alessandro Fortis (September 16, 1842 – December 4, 1909) in Forlì, Papal States was an Italian politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1905 to 1906. ... Baron Giorgio Sidney Sonnino (March 11, 1847 – November 24, 1922) was an Italian politician. ... Giovanni Giolitti (October 27, 1842–July 17, 1928) was an Italian statesman. ... Baron Giorgio Sidney Sonnino (March 11, 1847 – November 24, 1922) was an Italian politician. ... Luigi Luzzatti (March 11, 1841–March 29, 1927) was an Italian political figure. ... Giovanni Giolitti (October 27, 1842–July 17, 1928) was an Italian statesman. ... Antonio Salandra (Troia, Foggia province, 1853 - Rome, 1931) was a conservative Italian politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy between 1914 and 1916. ... Paolo Boselli (Savona, June 8, 1838 - Rome, March 10, 1932) was an Italian politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy during World War I. Boselli, a relatively undistinguished politician of the right-center who, at 78, was one of the oldest deputies in the Italian parliament, was appointed Prime... Vittorio Orlando Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (May 19, 1860 - December 1, 1952) was an Italian diplomat and political figure. ... Francesco Saverio Vincenzo de Paola Nitti (Melfi, July 19, 1868 - Rome, February 20, 1953) was an Italian economist and political figure. ... Giovanni Giolitti (October 27, 1842–July 17, 1928) was an Italian statesman. ... Ivanoe Bonomi (October 18, 1873 April 20, 1951) was an Italian politician and statesman. ... Luigi Facta (November 16, 1861 - November 5, 1930) was an Italian politician and journalist. ... Mussolini redirects here. ... Pietro Badoglio (September 28, 1871 - November 1, 1956) was an Italian soldier and politician. ... Ivanoe Bonomi (October 18, 1873 April 20, 1951) was an Italian politician and statesman. ... Ferruccio Parri (January 19, 1890 - December 8, 1981), Pinerolo, Piedmont was an Italian politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy for several months in 1945. ... Alcide De Gasperi (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman and politician. ...
Italian Republic	De Gasperi · Pella · Fanfani · Scelba · Segni · Zoli · Fanfani · Segni · Tambroni · Fanfani · Leone · Moro · Leone · Rumor · Colombo · Andreotti · Rumor · Moro · Andreotti · Cossiga · Forlani · Spadolini · Fanfani · Craxi · Fanfani · Goria · De Mita · Andreotti · Amato · Ciampi · Berlusconi · Dini · Prodi · D'Alema · Amato · Berlusconi · Prodi Image File history File links CoA_fam_ITA_savoia. ... Image File history File links Italy-Emblem. ... Alcide De Gasperi (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman and politician. ... Giuseppe Pella (April 18, 1902-1981) was an Italian Christian Democratic politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1953 to 1954. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... Mario Scelba (1901-1991) was an Italian Christian Democratic politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1954-1955. ... Antonio Segni (February 2, 1891 – December 1, 1972) was an Italian politician who was President of the Italian Republic from 1962 to 1964. ... Adone Zoli (December 16, 1887 – February 20, 1960) was an Italian politician of the Christian Democratic Party. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... Antonio Segni (February 2, 1891 – December 1, 1972) was an Italian politician who was President of the Italian Republic from 1962 to 1964. ... Fernando Tambroni [Fernando Tambroni Armaroli] (Ascoli Piceno 1901 – Roma 1963) was an Italian politician of the Christian Democratic Party. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone (Naples, November 3, 1908 - November 9, 2001) was Prime Minister of Italy from June 21, 1963 to November 5, 1963 and again from June 24, 1968 to November 19, 1968. ... Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone (Naples, November 3, 1908 - November 9, 2001) was Prime Minister of Italy from June 21, 1963 to November 5, 1963 and again from June 24, 1968 to November 19, 1968. ... Mariano Rumor (June 16, 1915 – 22 January 1990) was an Italian politician, a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several times Prime Minister of Italy. ... Emilio Colombo (born April 14, 1920) was an Italian diplomat and politician. ... Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian politician who served seven times as Prime Minister of Italy. ... Mariano Rumor (June 16, 1915 – 22 January 1990) was an Italian politician, a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several times Prime Minister of Italy. ... Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian politician who served seven times as Prime Minister of Italy. ... Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. ... Arnaldo Forlani (born Pesaro, Marche December 8, 1925) was Prime Minister of Italy from October 18, 1980 through May 26, 1981. ... Giovanni Spadolini (Florence, June 21, 1925-[august 6[1994]]) was a liberal Italian politician, member of Italian Republican Party (PRI), who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1981-1982, the first in the 1st Republic not from Christian Democracy. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... Benedetto (Bettino) Craxi (Milan, February 24, 1934 – Hammamet, Tunisia, January 19, 2000) was an Italian politician, Prime Minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987 and head of the Italian Socialist Party from 1976 to 1993. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... Giovanni Giuseppe Goria (July 30, 1943- May 21, 1994) was an Italian politician. ... Ciriaco Luigi de Mita (born February 2, 1928) is an Italian politician. ... Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian politician who served seven times as Prime Minister of Italy. ... Giuliano Amato (born May 13, 1938) is an Italian politician. ... Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (born 9 December 1920 in Livorno) is an Italian politician and banker who has been both Prime Minister of Italy and President of the Italian Republic. ...   (born September 29, 1936) is an Italian politician, entrepreneur, and media proprietor. ... Lamberto Dini (right) with William Cohen Lamberto Dini (born in Florence, March 1, 1931), is a former Italian Prime Minister (1995-1996) and Foreign Minister (1996-2001). ...   (born 9 August 1939) is an Italian politician. ... Massimo DAlema (born April 20, 1949) is an Italian politician, currently Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Vice President of the Council of Ministers of Italy. ... Giuliano Amato (born May 13, 1938) is an Italian politician. ...   (born September 29, 1936) is an Italian politician, entrepreneur, and media proprietor. ...   (born 9 August 1939) is an Italian politician. ...

v • d • e Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs
Kingdom of Italy	Cavour · Ricasoli · Rattazzi · Pasolini · Visconti-Venosta · La Marmora · Visconti-Venosta · Campello · Menabrea · Visconti-Venosta · Melefari · Depretis · Corti · Cairoli · Depretis · Cairoli · Mancini · Depretis · Robilant · Depretis · Crispi · Starabba di Rudinì · Brin · De Blanc · Caetani · Capelli · Canevaro · Visconti-Venosta · Prinetti · Tittoni · Paternò-Castello · Guicciardini · Tittoni · Guicciardini · Paternò-Castello · Barone Sidney Sonnino · Tittoni · Scialoja · Sforza · Tommasi della Torretta · Schanzer · Mussolini · Grandi · Mussolini · Ciano · Mussolini · Guariglia · Badoglio · Bonomi · De Gasperi This is a list of Italian Ministers of Foreign Affairs since 1943. ... Anthem Marcia Reale dOrdinanza (Royal March of Ordinance)¹ The Kingdom of Italy at the height of its power in 1940. ... Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour (or Camillo di Cavour; August 10, 1810 – June 6, 1861) was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. ... Bettino, baron Ricasoli (March 29, 1809 – October 23, 1880; IPA: ) was an Italian statesman. ... Urbano Rattazzi (June 20, 1808 – June 5, 1873) was an Italian statesman. ... Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora (November 18, 1804–January 5, 1878) was a Pornstar for the company Weapons of Ass Destruction and a patriot. ... Federico Luigi, Conte Menabrea, Marquis of Valdora (September 4, 1809 - May 24, 1896), Italian general and statesman, was born at Chambry. ... Agostino Depretis (January 31, 1813 – July 29, 1887) was an Italian statesman. ... Benedetto Cairoli (January 28, 1825 – August 8, 1889) was an Italian statesman. ... Agostino Depretis (January 31, 1813 – July 29, 1887) was an Italian statesman. ... Benedetto Cairoli (January 28, 1825 – August 8, 1889) was an Italian statesman. ... Agostino Depretis (January 31, 1813 – July 29, 1887) was an Italian statesman. ... Agostino Depretis (January 31, 1813 – July 29, 1887) was an Italian statesman. ... Francesco Crispi (October 4, 1819 – August 12, 1901) was a 19th century Italian politician. ... Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (April 16, 1839 – August 7, 1908) was Prime Minister of Italy between 1891 and 1892 and from 1896 until 1898. ... Benedetto Brin. ... Tommaso Tittoni (November 16, 1855 - February 7, 1931) was an italian diplomat, politician and knight of the Annunziata, born in Rome, where he turn back only in 1870, because his Father Vincenzo, a devoted to the Risorgimento, in 1860 was forced to flee the Papal States. ... Tommaso Tittoni (November 16, 1855 - February 7, 1931) was an italian diplomat, politician and knight of the Annunziata, born in Rome, where he turn back only in 1870, because his Father Vincenzo, a devoted to the Risorgimento, in 1860 was forced to flee the Papal States. ... Tommaso Tittoni (November 16, 1855 - February 7, 1931) was an italian diplomat, politician and knight of the Annunziata, born in Rome, where he turn back only in 1870, because his Father Vincenzo, a devoted to the Risorgimento, in 1860 was forced to flee the Papal States. ... Count (Conte) Carlo Sforza was born in Montignoso di Lunigiana, Italy in 1873. ... Pietro Paolo Tomasi, marchese Della Torretta (April 7, 1873 - December 4, 1962) was an Italian politician and diplomat, a member of the noble family of the Princes of Lampedusa. ... Mussolini redirects here. ... Count Dino Grandi (1895-1988), born in Mordano (BO), Emilia. ... Mussolini redirects here. ... Gian Galeazzo Ciano, Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari (March 18, 1903 – January 11, 1944), was Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Benito Mussolinis son-in-law. ... Mussolini redirects here. ... Pietro Badoglio (September 28, 1871 - November 1, 1956) was an Italian soldier and politician. ... Ivanoe Bonomi (October 18, 1873 April 20, 1951) was an Italian politician and statesman. ... Alcide De Gasperi (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman and politician. ...
Italian Republic	De Gasperi · Nenni · Sforza · De Gasperi · Pella · Piccioni · Martino · Pella · Fanfani · Pella · Segni · Fanfani · Piccioni · Saragat · Moro · Fanfani · Moro · Fanfani · Medici · Nenni · Moro · Medici · Moro · Rumor · Forlani · Malfatti · Ruffini · Colombo · Andreotti · De Michelis · Scotti · Amato · Colombo · Andreatta · Elia · Martino · Agnelli · Dini · Amato · Ruggiero · Berlusconi · Frattini · Fini · D'Alema Image File history File links CoA_fam_ITA_savoia. ... Image File history File links Italy-Emblem. ... Alcide De Gasperi (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman and politician. ... Pietro Sandro Nenni (February 9, 1891—Rome, January 1, 1980) was an Italian socialist politician, the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and lifetime Senator since 1970. ... Count (Conte) Carlo Sforza was born in Montignoso di Lunigiana, Italy in 1873. ... Alcide De Gasperi (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman and politician. ... Giuseppe Pella (April 18, 1902-1981) was an Italian Christian Democratic politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1953 to 1954. ... Attilio Piccioni (Poggio Bustone, July 14, 1892 - March 10, 1976) was an Italian politician. ... Gaetano Martino (Messina, November 25, 1900 - Rome, July 21, 1967) was an Italian politician and university teacher. ... Giuseppe Pella (April 18, 1902-1981) was an Italian Christian Democratic politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1953 to 1954. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... Giuseppe Pella (April 18, 1902-1981) was an Italian Christian Democratic politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1953 to 1954. ... Antonio Segni (February 2, 1891 – December 1, 1972) was an Italian politician who was President of the Italian Republic from 1962 to 1964. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... Attilio Piccioni (Poggio Bustone, July 14, 1892 - March 10, 1976) was an Italian politician. ... Giuseppe Saragat (IPA [sa:ragat]) (September 19, 1898 - June 11, 1988) was an Italian politician who was the President of the Italian Republic from 1964 to 1971. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and Prime Minister. ... Giuseppe Medici (Sassuolo, October 24, 1907 - Modena, August 21, 2000) was an Italian politician. ... Pietro Sandro Nenni (February 9, 1891—Rome, January 1, 1980) was an Italian socialist politician, the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and lifetime Senator since 1970. ... Giuseppe Medici (Sassuolo, October 24, 1907 - Modena, August 21, 2000) was an Italian politician. ... Mariano Rumor (June 16, 1915 – 22 January 1990) was an Italian politician, a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several times Prime Minister of Italy. ... Arnaldo Forlani (born Pesaro, Marche December 8, 1925) was Prime Minister of Italy from October 18, 1980 through May 26, 1981. ... Franco Maria Malfatti (June 13, 1927 - 1991), was an Italian politician. ... Attilio Ruffini (born December 31, 1925 in Mantua) is an Italian politician. ... Emilio Colombo (born April 14, 1920) was an Italian diplomat and politician. ... Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian politician who served seven times as Prime Minister of Italy. ... Gianni De Michelis Gianni De Michelis (born on 26 November 1940 in Venezia) is an Italian politician and Member of the European Parliament for Southern with the NPSI, and is therefore a Non-Inscrit in the European Parliament waiting for the acceptance of his partys request of membership in... Vincenzo Scotti (born September 16, 1933 in Naples) is an Italian politician and member of Christian Democracy. ... Giuliano Amato (born May 13, 1938) is an Italian politician. ... Emilio Colombo (born April 14, 1920) was an Italian diplomat and politician. ... Beniamino Andreatta (Trento, August 11, 1928 - Bologna, March 26, 2007) was an Italian economist and politician. ... Leopoldo Elia (born November 4, 1925 in Fano) is an Italian politician. ... Antonio Martino (born December 22, 1942 in Messina) has been Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1994 and Italian Minister of Defense from 2001 to 2006. ... Susanna Agnelli (born April 24, 1922 in Turin) is an Italian politician. ... Lamberto Dini (right) with William Cohen Lamberto Dini (born in Florence, March 1, 1931), is a former Italian Prime Minister (1995-1996) and Foreign Minister (1996-2001). ... Giuliano Amato (born May 13, 1938) is an Italian politician. ... Renato Ruggiero (born April 9, 1930) is an Italian politician. ...   (born September 29, 1936) is an Italian politician, entrepreneur, and media proprietor. ... Franco Frattini (born 14 March 1957) is an Italian politician, currently serving as European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security. ... Gianfranco Fini Gianfranco Fini (born January 3, 1952 in Bologna) is an Italian politician, currently Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister in the Government led by Silvio Berlusconi. ... Massimo DAlema (born April 20, 1949) is an Italian politician, currently Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Vice President of the Council of Ministers of Italy. ...