| CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Alexander III (847 words) |
 | Alexander retreated towards the Norman south and was consecrated and crowned, 20 September, at the little Volscian town of Nympha. |
| Alexander promptly responded, from the ill-fated Anagni, by solemnly excommunicating the Emperor and releasing his subjects from their oaths of allegiance. |
| In the estimation of Rome, Italy, and Christendom, Alexander III's epitaph expresses the truth, when it calls him "the Light of the Clergy, the Ornament of the Church, the Father of his City and of the World." He was friendly to the new academical movement that led to the establishment of the great medieval universities. |
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