Secretary of State Alexander M. Haig

Order:	59th Secretary of State
Term of Office:	January 22, 1981 - July 5, 1982
Predecessor:	Edmund Muskie
Successor:	George Shultz
Date of Birth:	December 2, 1924
Place of Birth:	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Spouse:	Patricia Haig
Profession:	Soldier
Political Party:	Republican

Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr. (born December 2, 1924) was the U.S. Secretary of State from 1981 to 1982 under Ronald Reagan, and is a former Four-Star General in the U.S. Army. He was appointed Military Assistant to the Presidential Assistant for National Security Affairs Henry Kissinger, in 1969, a position he retained until 1970, when President Richard Nixon promoted him to Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. In 1973, Haig was appointed White House Chief of Staff where he remained until President Nixon's resignation in August 1974. From 1974 until 1979, Haig was Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), hence the ex officio commander of the NATO forces. Al Haig, official NATO photo. ... January 22 is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Edmund Muskie (March 28, 1914 – March 26, 1996) was a Polish-American politician from Maine. ... Shultz in his official D.O.L. portrait. ... December 2 is the 336th day (337th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates , Government Country  State   County United States  Pennsylvania   Philadelphia Founded Incorporated October 27, 1682 October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 369. ... Marriage is a relationship that plays a key role in the definition of many families. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A soldier is a person who has enlisted with, or has been conscripted into, the armed forces of a sovereign country and has undergone training and received equipment (such as a uniform and weapon) to defend that country or its interests. ... A political party is an organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ... This article is about the modern United States Republican Party. ... December 2 is the 336th day (337th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ... A General is an officer of high military rank. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Henry Kissinger, c. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... It has been suggested that Assistant to the President of the United States be merged into this article or section. ... NATO military is divided into two commands, Atlantic and Europe. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ...

Korean and Vietnam Wars

As a young officer, Haig served on the staff of General Douglas MacArthur in Japan.[1] Haig fought in the Korean War(1950-51) with the X Corps under General Edward Almond and was awarded 2 Silver Stars for heroism.[2] Haig served as a staff officer in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (DCSOPS) at the Pentagon (1962-64), and then was appointed Military Assistant to Secretary of the Army Stephen Ailes in 1964. Haig was then was appointed Deputy Secretary of Defense under Robert McNamara. He continued in that service until the end of 1965, whereupon he took command of a Battalion of the U.S. 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam. As a result of his actions during the battle of Ap Gu in March 1967, Haig was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the nation's 2nd highest medal for heroism, as well as the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Purple Heart.[3] During his tour in Vietnam, he moved up to take command of one of the Brigades of the 1st Infantry Division. Douglas MacArthur (January 26, 1880 – April 5, 1964) was an American general and medal of honor recipient, who was Supreme Commander of Allied forces in the South West Pacific Area during World War II. He led the defense of Australia, and the recapture of New Guinea, the Philippines and Borneo. ... Combatants Western Allied/UN combatants: South Korea, United States Communist combatants: North Korea, Peoples Republic of China, Soviet Union Commanders Douglas Macarthur Park Chang-Ju Jang Tak-Sang Kim Il Sung Oh Chol-Lyong Mun Dong-Gee Choi Un-Hyeok Strength Note: All figures may vary according to source. ... The X-Corps was a fiction team created by Marvel comics. ... Edward Almond, as a Major General while commanding the 92nd Infantry Division Edward Mallory Almond (December 12, 1892 – June 11, 1979) was an American military officer best known as the commander of the United States Army X Corps during the Korean War. ... The Silver Star is a United States military decoration and is the third highest medal for valor. ... A pre-9/11 view of The Pentagon, looking east with the Potomac River and Washington Monument in the distance. ... Stephen Ailes (born 1912) is a U.S. administrator. ... Robert McNamara in 1964 Robert Strange McNamara (born June 9, 1916) is an American business executive and a former United States Secretary of Defense. ... The 1st Infantry Division of the United States Army —nicknamed the Big Red One after its shoulder patch—is the oldest continuously serving division in the American Army. ... The Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) is the second highest military decoration of the United States Army, awarded for extreme gallantry and risk of life in actual combat with an armed enemy force. ... The Distinguished Flying Cross (D.F.C.) is a decoration for courage shown in air combat. ... The Purple Heart is a U.S. military decoration awarded in the name of the President of the United States to those who have been wounded or killed while serving in, or with, the U.S. military after April 5, 1917. ...

Education

Haig attended Lower Merion High School in Ardmore, Pennsylvania and the University of Notre Dame for one year before transferring to and graduating from West Point in 1946. He studied business administration at Columbia Business School in 1954 and 1955. He also received a Masters degree in International Relations from Georgetown University in 1961 where his thesis focused on the role of the military officer in the making of national policy. Lower Merion High School, Founded in 1894, is an American public high school in Lower Merion, Pennsylvania. ... Ardmore is an unincorporated community located largely in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania. ... The University of Notre Dame is a leading Roman Catholic institution of higher learning located in Notre Dame, Indiana, immediately northeast of South Bend, Indiana, United States. ... Alternate meanings: West Point (disambiguation). ... Columbia Business School Columbia Business School (part of Columbia University), officially named the Columbia University Graduate School of Business, and also known as CBS, was established in 1916 to provide business training and professional preparation for undergraduate and graduate Columbia University students. ... Georgetown University is a private university in the United States. ...

Henry Kissinger's chief of staff

Alexander Haig returned to the Continental United States at the end of his one-year tour to take command of the Cadet Regiment at the USMA, and Deputy Commandant as well. He retained these dual positions until 1969, when he was appointed as Military Assistant to the Presidential Assistant for National Security Affairs, Henry Kissinger, a position he retained until 1970, when President Richard Nixon promoted Haig to Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. In this position, Haig helped South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu to negotiate the final cease-fire talks in 1972. Haig continued in this position until 1973 when he was appointed to be Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, a post he held until the last few months of President Nixon’s presidency, when he served as White House Chief of Staff, during which he played a large "crisis management" role as the Watergate scandal unfolded. According to The Observer, Haig met Licio Gelli, Propaganda Due's headmaster, in the early 1970s, and was then involved in Operation Gladio ^[1]. Authors Len Colodny and Robert Gettlin speculated in their 1991 book Silent Coup: The Removal of a President that Haig may have been "Deep Throat," noting Woodward and Haig knew each other when Woodward worked in naval intelligence, but it was revealed in 2005 that W. Mark Felt, the associate director of the FBI, was Woodward and Bernstein's source. Furthermore, Haig was known to have been out of the country during some of the meetings between "Deep Throat" and the reporters. Henry Kissinger, c. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Official language Vietnamese Capital Saigon Last President Duong Van Minh Last Prime Minister Vu Van Mau Area  - Total  - % water 173,809 km² N/A Population  - Total  - Density 19,370,000 (1973 est. ... President Nguyen Van Thieu Nguyá»…n Văn Thiệu, (April 5, 1923 – September 29, 2001) was a former General and President of South Vietnam. ... It has been suggested that Assistant to the President of the United States be merged into this article or section. ... The Watergate building. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, April 21, 1919), masonic Grand Master of the powerful Italian lodge P2, and continued in this role after the expulsion of P2 from organised freemasonry in 1976. ... P2 is the common name for the Italian pseudo-Freemasonic lodge Propaganda Due (Italian: Propaganda Two). ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... Book by Len Colodny and Robert Gettlin in which they contend that John Dean orchestrated the 1972 Watergate burglary at Democratic National Committee headquarters to protect his future wife, then named Maureen Biner, by removing information linking her to a call-girl ring that worked for the DNC. It was... Book by Len Colodny and Robert Gettlin in which they contend that John Dean orchestrated the 1972 Watergate burglary at Democratic National Committee headquarters to protect his future wife, then named Maureen Biner, by removing information linking her to a call-girl ring that worked for the DNC. It was... W. Mark Felt, on the set of CBSs Face the Nation in 1976. ... W. Mark Felt on the set of CBSs Face the Nation in 1976. ...

Commander of SACEUR (NATO Forces) from 1974 to 1979

From 1974 to 1979, Haig served as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), and Commander in Chief, US European Command (CinCUSEUR), and thus was effectively the Commander of NATO Forces. An assassination attempt on Haig was uncovered and prevented in Brussels in 1979, although two of his staff were killed in the attack by the Baader-Meinhof terrorist organization. Alexander Haig retired from the Army in 1979, and moved on to civilian employment. Supreme Allied Commander is the title given to the most senior commander of some multinational organisations. ... A Commander-in-Chief is the commander of a nations military forces or significant element of those forces. ... The U.S. European Command (EUCOM) is unified combatant command of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Brussels City Hall Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, pronounced ; French: Bruxelles, pronounced in Belgian French and often by non-Belgian speakers of French; German: Brüssel) is the capital of Belgium, the... RAF Logo with red star and MP5 The Red Army Faction (in German: Rote Armee Fraktion; RAF), was postwar Western Germanys most active left-wing insurgent organization. ...

Reagan's Secretary of State from 1981 to 1982

In 1979, he became President, Chief Executive Officer (CEO), and Director of United Technologies, Inc., a job he retained until 1981. United Technologies Corporation (UTC) (NYSE: UTX) is a major multinational corporation based in Hartford, Connecticut. ...

In January 1981, he was appointed as Ronald Reagan's Secretary of State. Robert White, ambassador in Salvador from 1980 to 81, has claimed that Alexander Haig pushed for his removal because he did not favor a military solution for the Salvadoran situation. Michael Ledeen, now an international adviser for Karl Rove, George W. Bush's closest advisor, was his "anti-terrorism" expert during this period; before that, Ledeen had worked as analyst for the Italian military intelligence agencies, which have been since proven to be involved in Gladio's strategia della tensione in Italy. Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ... Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. ... Robert White served as U.S. ambassador under different administrations. ... Michael Ledeen (born August 1, 1941) is a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. ... Karl Rove Karl Christian Rove (born December 25, 1950) is U.S. President George W. Bushs Deputy Chief of Staff, heading the Office of Political Affairs, the Office of Public Liaison, and the Office of Strategic Initiatives at the White House. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States and a former governor of Texas. ... Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare (Military Intelligence and Security Service, SISMI) is the military intelligence agency of Italy. ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... The Strategy of Tension (Italian; strategia della tensione) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs and terror. ...

Haig resigned in July 1982. It was said that Reagan asked for his resignation over his refusal to negotiate Nuclear Weapons with the USSR. It was also said that Nancy Reagan did not like him. A military hawk, his tenure as Secretary of State was often characterized by his clashes with the more moderate Defense Secretary, Caspar Weinberger. Hawkishness or Hawkism is an informal term used to describe a political stance of preparedness for aggression, by diplomatic and ultimately military means, against others to improve the standing of their own government, country or organization. ... Caspar Weinberger in his official Department of Defence publicity photo circa 1983. ...

"I'm in control here"

In 1981, after the March 30 assassination attempt on Reagan, Haig asserted before reporters that "I'm in control here" as a result of Reagan's hospitalization. The quotation became seen as an attempt by Haig to exceed his authority. The full quotation is: March 30 is the 89th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (90th in leap years). ... Chaos outside the Washington Hilton Hotel after the assassination attempt on President Reagan on March 30, 1981 The Reagan assassination attempt occurred on March 30, 1981, just 69 days into the United States Presidency of Ronald W. Reagan. ...

Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the president, the vice president and the secretary of state, in that order, and should the president decide he wants to transfer the helm to the vice president, he will do so. As for now, I'm in control here, in the White House, pending the return of the vice president and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course.

Haig later said:

"I wasn’t talking about transition. I was talking about the executive branch, who is running the government. That was the question asked. It was not, ‘who is in line should the President die?’" [4]

Critics say that Haig incorrectly interpreted the United States Constitution as far as both the presidential line of succession is concerned and in regard to the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution which deals with what happens when a president is incapacitated. However, as the holders of the two offices between the Vice President and the Secretary of State, the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore, are required under U.S. law (3 U.S.C. 19) to resign their positions in order to become acting President, an unlikely event considering that Vice President Bush was merely not immediately available, his statement certainly reflected political reality, if not necessarily legal reality. The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. ... Order of succession Monarchies   Belgium   Bulgaria   Denmark   Ethiopia   Japan   Liechtenstein   Luxembourg   Monaco   Netherlands   Norway   Spain   Sweden   United Kingdom Presidencies   Brazil   France   Finland   Peru   United States The presidential line of succession defines who may become or act as President of the United States upon the incapacity, death, resignation, or removal from... Amendment XXV (the Twenty-fifth Amendment) of the United States Constitution clarifies an ambiguous provision of the Constitution regarding succession to the Presidency, and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President as well as responding to Presidential disabilities. ... The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. ... Dennis Hastert, the current Speaker, presiding from a chair in the front of the chamber. ... The seal for the President pro tempore of the United States Senate. ...

Chief of Staff Haig (far right), Sec. of State Kissinger, Rep. Ford and President Nixon meet on October 13, 1973 regarding Ford's upcoming appointment to Vice-President.

October 13, 1973 _ WHPO E1637_21 (L_R) Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Rep. ... October 13, 1973 _ WHPO E1637_21 (L_R) Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Rep. ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years). ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

1982 Falklands War

The Falklands War (March-June 1982) occurred during Haig's tenure as Secretary of State and saw Haig attempt to conduct shuttle diplomacy in April 1982 following the Argentine invasion but prior to the arrival of the British fleet in the war zone. Haig met with both the British government in London and the Argentine government in Buenos Aires but talks broke down and Haig returned to Washington on April 19. The Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas), was an effective state of war in 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the Falkland Islands (also known in Spanish as the Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. ... In diplomacy and international relations, shuttle diplomacy is the use of a third party to serve as an intermediary or mediator between two parties who do not talk directly. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ...

Unsuccessful 1988 Republican nomination for President

Haig unsuccessfully ran for the Republican Party nomination for President in 1988. The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party) [1], is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Military decorations

• Distinguished Service Cross
• Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster
• Distinguished Flying Cross with Oak Leaf Cluster
• Combat Infantryman Badge
• Purple Heart
• Defense Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster

The Distinguished Service Cross (D.S.C.) is a military decoration for courage. ... The Silver Star is a United States military decoration and is the third highest medal for valor. ... Bronze and Silver oak leaf clusters An Oak leaf cluster is a common device which is placed on military awards and decorations to denote those who have received more than one bestowal of a particular decoration. ... The Distinguished Flying Cross (D.F.C.) is a decoration for courage shown in air combat. ... Bronze and Silver oak leaf clusters An Oak leaf cluster is a common device which is placed on military awards and decorations to denote those who have received more than one bestowal of a particular decoration. ... Combat Infantryman Badge The Combat Infantryman Badge (CIB) is an award of the United States Army which is presented to those officers, warrant officers and enlisted soldiers, in the grade of Colonel and below, who participate in active ground combat while assigned as a member of an infantry or special... The Purple Heart is a U.S. military decoration awarded in the name of the President of the United States to those who have been wounded or killed while serving in, or with, the U.S. military after April 5, 1917. ... The Defense Distinguished Service Medal is a United States military award which is presented for exceptionally distinguished performance of duty contributing to national security or defense of the United States. ... Bronze and Silver oak leaf clusters An Oak leaf cluster is a common device which is placed on military awards and decorations to denote those who have received more than one bestowal of a particular decoration. ...

Current activities

Haig was the host for several years of the television program World Business Review, which claims to be a television news magazine. In fact, the show has a sales force which requests money from the companies featured, so it should be regarded as more of an infomercial. Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

Haig is co-chairman of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus, along with Zbigniew Brzezinski and Stephen J. Solarz. Zbigniew Brzezinski Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (born March 28, 1928, Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish-American political scientist, geostrategist, and statesman. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Haig was a founding Board Member of America Online To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...

As of 2005, Haig was the host of the television program World Business Review, a television news magazine. Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

On January 5, 2006, Haig participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials. January 5 is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The southern side of the White House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States of America. ...

On May 12, 2006, Haig participated in a second White House meeting with 10 former Secretaries of State and Defense. The meeting including briefings by Donald Rumsfeld and Condoleezza Rice, and was followed by a discussion with President George W. Bush.[5] May 12 is the 132nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (133rd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The southern side of the White House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States of America. ... Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is currently serving as the 21st United States Secretary of Defense, since January 20, 2001, under President George W. Bush. ... Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is the 66th and current United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States and a former governor of Texas. ...

Haig published his memoirs, entitled Inner Circles: How America Changed The World, in 1992.

Alexander Haig is the father of author Brian Haig. Brian Haig (1953) is a thriller author and the son of former U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig. ...

Trivia

Haig, George C. Marshall and Colin L. Powell are the only Army Generals to have ever served as Secretary of State. George C. Marshall George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880–October 16, 1959), an American military leader and statesman, was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. ... Colin Luther Powell (pronounced Coe-lin, born April 5, 1937) was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving from January 20, 2001 to January 26, 2005 under President George W. Bush. ... General is a military rank, in most nations the highest rank, although some nations have the higher rank of Field Marshal. ... In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. ...

Haig was referenced in the 1983 song "The Fletcher Memorial Home" by the British Progressive Rock band Pink Floyd Pink Floyd are a British band noted for progressive rock music, philosophical lyrics, classical rock compositions, sonic experimentation, innovative cover art and elaborate live shows. ...

Haig is referenced in a 1995 episode of The Simpsons television show. In the "Who Shot Mr. Burns" episode, Homer Simpson appears in a mugshot photo while wearing a Haig 88' sweatshirt.[6] The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening. ...

Haig's brother, the Rev. Frank R. Haig, S.J., is a Jesuit priest who teaches physics at Loyola College in Maryland. The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Physics (from the Greek, φυσικός (physikos), natural, and φύσις (physis), nature) is the science of the natural world, which deals with the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces they exert on one another, and the results of these forces. ... Loyola College in Maryland, formerly Loyola College, is a private, coeducational university in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, affiliated with the Society of Jesus and the Roman Catholic Church. ...

Endnotes

1. ^ See Operation Gladio for the sources

This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Alexander Haig

• The Day Reagan was Shot article on Haig
• The Falklands: Failure of a Mission critique of Haig's mediation efforts

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