Sandor (Alexander) Rado (Hungarian Radó Sándor 5 November 1899, Újpest – 1981 – Budapest) was a Hungarian-born Soviet military intelligence agent during World War II. Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Újpest TE, also known as Ujpest FC, is a Hungarian football club, playing in Budapest. ... For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... This article is about work. ... Spy and secret agent redirect here; for alternate use, see Spy (disambiguation) and Secret agent (disambiguation). ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Újpest is district IV (Hungarian: ) of Budapest, Hungary. ... For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... Intelligence (abbreviated or ) is the process and the result of gathering information and analyzing it to answer questions or obtain advance warnings needed to plan for the future. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Rado was born in a Jewish family in Újpest near Budapest. His father was a manager in a trading firm and then became a businessman. During World War I, after graduation from gymnasium (high school) in 1917, Rado was drafted into Austro-Hungarian army. He was sent into a fortress artillery officer training school. After graduation from the officer candidate school in 1918, he was assigned to an artillery regiment. While serving, he was also a correspondence student of the law faculty of the University of Budapest. This is a list of Hungarian Jews. ... Újpest is district IV (Hungarian: ) of Budapest, Hungary. ... For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... A gymnasium (pronounced with or, in Swedish, as opposed to ) is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English Grammar Schools and U.S. High Schools. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... For other uses, see Artillery (disambiguation). ... Distance Learning is learning carried out apart from the usual classroom setting; in an asynchronous setting. ... This article is about Eötvös Loránd University, which is often referred to as University of Budapest. ...

In December 1918, after the fall of Austro-Hungarian monarchy, Rado joined Hungarian Communist Party. When the communists came to power in Hungary in March 1919, he was appointed a cartographer on the staff of a Hungarian Red Army division. While at serving on the division staff, the political commissar of the division -- Ferenz Munich -- appointed him commissar of the division's artillery. He took part in fighting against Czechoslovak forces and then in fighting against anti-communist insurgents in Budapest. Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... MKP symbol The Hungarian Communist Party (in Hungarian: Magyar Kommunista Párt or Kommunisták Magyarországi Pártja) was founded on November 24, 1918, and was in power in Hungary briefly from March to August 1919 under Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic. ... Flag Capital Budapest Language(s) Hungarian Government Socialist republic History  - Established March 21, 1919  - Downfall August 6, 1919 The Hungarian Soviet Republic (Hungarian: Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság) was a Communist regime established in Hungary from March 21 until August 6, 1919, under the leadership of Béla... Red Army flag The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya in Russian), the armed forces organised by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... Symbol of the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division in NATO code A division is a large military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to twenty thousand soldiers. ... A political commissar is an officer appointed by a government to oversee a unit of the military. ... A political commissar is an officer appointed by a government to oversee a unit of the military. ... Flag Capital Budapest Language(s) Hungarian Government Socialist republic History  - Established March 21, 1919  - Downfall August 6, 1919 The Hungarian Soviet Republic (Hungarian: Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság) was a Communist regime established in Hungary from March 21 until August 6, 1919, under the leadership of Béla... Flag Capital Budapest Language(s) Hungarian Government Socialist republic History  - Established March 21, 1919  - Downfall August 6, 1919 The Hungarian Soviet Republic (Hungarian: Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság) was a Communist regime established in Hungary from March 21 until August 6, 1919, under the leadership of Béla...

On 1 September 1919, after the fall of the communist regime in Hungary, Rado fled to Austria. He studied geography and cartography at Vienna University and wrote articles on military matters in a German-language magazine “Kommunizmus” which was published by Hungarian political emigrants in Austria. In July 1920 he established “Rosta-Wien”, an information agency which was used to spread propaganda materials broadcast from Soviet Russia. They were received through the bribed head of Vienna radio station. Information bulletins based on these materials were distributed to left-wing newspapers and organizations in various countries. Flag Capital Budapest Language(s) Hungarian Government Socialist republic History  - Established March 21, 1919  - Downfall August 6, 1919 The Hungarian Soviet Republic (Hungarian: Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság) was a Communist regime established in Hungary from March 21 until August 6, 1919, under the leadership of Béla... Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study and practice of making maps or globes. ... The University of Vienna (German: ) is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. ... Bolshevist Russia is a common term that refers to the Bolshevik side in the Russian Civil War, or more specifically the Russian government between the October Revolution (November 7, 1917) and the constitution of the Soviet Union (December 30, 1922). ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition...

In 1922 Rado moved to Germany and returned to his studies, first at Jena and then at Leipzig. In October 1923 he became the military chief of the communist forces in Leipzig which planned to take part in an uprising which was aborted at the last moment. After that, fearing arrest in Germany, Rado went to the Soviet Union in September 1924, where he worked first for the All-Union Society for Cultural Contacts with Abroad (VOKS) and then for the World Economy Institute of the Communist Academy. In 1926, Rado returned to Germany and established the Berlin cartographic agency “Pressgeography” while also lecturing at a Marxist school on economic geography, labour movement and imperialism. Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (FSU) is located in Jena, Thuringia in Germany and was named for the German writer Friedrich Schiller in 1934. ... The University of Leipzig (German Universität Leipzig), located in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony (former Kingdom of Saxony), Germany, is one of the oldest universities in Europe. ... Leipzig ( ; Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk from the Sorbian word for Tilia) is, with a population of over 506,000, the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organisation of economic activities across the Earth. ...

After Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Rado and his wife Lena fled through Austria to France. In Paris, Rado established “Inpress” (an independent anti-Nazi press agency). In 1935, during a visit to [Moscow], Rado was approached by the deputy chief of Soviet military intelligence Artur Artuzov and the Soviet military intelligence chief Semion Urizkiy, and recruited as an intelligence agent with the main task of obtaining intelligence on Nazi Germany. Following instructions, he unsuccessfully tried to obtain a residence permit in Belgium, but in 1936 he received a residence permit in Switzerland and moved to Geneva. There he established the cartographic agency “Geopress”. The Nazi swastika The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), better known as the NSDAP or the Nazi Party was a political party that was led to power in Germany by Adolf Hitler in 1933. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Artur Khristyanovich Artuzov (surname at birth Frauchi) Артур Христианович Артузов (Фраучи), (18 February 1891, Tver region, Russia - 1937) headed the Soviet foreign intelligence service INO, part of OGPU, later the NKVD, from August 1931 to May 1935. ... For other uses, see GRU (disambiguation). ... Permanent residency refers to a persons status such that the person is allowed to reside indefinitely within the country despite not having citizenship. ... Geneva (pronunciation //; French: Genève //, German:   //, Italian: Ginevra //, Romansh: Genevra) is the second most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich), and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). ...

In 1937, Rado made a visit to Italy in order to collect intelligence about the Italian military support of Francist forces during the Spanish civil war. This intelligence was sent to Moscow through Paris Soviet military intelligence station. In 1938 Rado contacted Swiss journalist Otto Puenter, a Soviet agent in Berne. Through Puetner Rado obtained military intelligence on Italy and its military support of Franco's forces from “Gabel”, a Yugoslav serving as Spanish Republican consul in Sushak, Yugoslavia and military intelligence on Germany from “Puasson”, a German Social Democratic political emigrant living in Switzerland with sources in Germany. “Franco” redirects here. ... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ... Location within Switzerland The city of Bern, English traditionally Berne (Bernese German Bärn , German Bern , French Berne , Italian Berna , Romansh Berna ), is the Bundesstadt (administrative capital) of Switzerland, and is the fourth most populous Swiss city (after Zürich, Geneva and Basel). ... Yugoslavs (Bosnian: Jugosloveni; Macedonian, Serbian Cyrillic: Југословени; Latinic: Jugosloveni; Croatian: Jugoslaveni, Slovenian: Jugoslovani) is an ethnic designation used by some people in former Yugoslavia, which continues to be used in some of its successor countries. ... Coat of arms Trsat (Latin Tarsatica) is part of the city of Rijeka, Croatia. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in the Latin alphabet, Југославија in Cyrillic; English: South Slavia, or literary The Land of South Slavs) describes three political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... SPD redirects here. ...

In 1940, Rado made contact with Alexander Foote, an Englishman who was already a Soviet agent in Switzerland. Foote became a radio operator for Rado’s intelligence network, and in March 1941 established radio communication with Moscow Centre from Lausanne. In his radio communications, Rado used the codename “Dora”. In the first half of 1941, Puetner supplied information obtained (from “Luiza”, a Swiss intelligence officer), that many Wermacht divisions were being concentrated in the East. In World War II, Allan Alexander Foote was a radio operator for a Soviet espionage ring in Switzerland. ... Lausanne (pronounced ) is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva (French: Lac Léman), and facing Évian-les-Bains (France) and with the Jura mountains to its north. ... Wehrmacht   (armed forces, literally defence force(s)) was the name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. ...

After Germany attacked the Soviet Union, Rado’s network continued to provide Soviet General Staff with valuable intelligence on German forces. Some of it was supplied through Puetner by “Zalter”, a press officer of the French embassy in Switzerland who was dismissed by the Vichy government, and by “Long”, a French intelligence officer who fled to Switzerland after the capitulation of France. Both had sources in Germany. One was Ernst Lemmer, the editor of a German foreign policy bulletin (codename “Agnessa”). Combatants Germany, Romania, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia  Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Fedor von Bock Gerd von Rundstedt Heinz Guderian Günther von Kluge Franz Halder Maresal Ion Antonescu C.G.E. Mannerheim Giovanni Messe, CSIR Italo Gariboldi, ARMIR Joseph Stalin Kliment Voroshilov Semyon Timoshenko Fyodor... A General Staff is a group of professional military officers who act in a staff or administrative role under the command of a general officer. ... Vichy France (French: now called Régime de Vichy or Vichy; called itself at the time État Français, or French State) was the French state of 1940-1944 which was a puppet government under Nazi influence, as opposed to the Free French Forces, based first in London and later... The Second Armistice at Compiègne, France was signed on June 22, 18:50, 1940, between Nazi Germany and France. ...

The intelligence provided by Rado’s network was very useful to the Soviets, perhaps as valuable as that provided by the “Rote Kapelle”, Leopold Trepper's network. One of the most valuable pieces of intelligence provided by Rado’s network to the Centre came in March 1942. It was an information about the exact date when the summer German offensive aimed at the occupation of Caucasian oilfields would begin (between 31 May and 7 June 1942). It came through “Long” from General Hamann at the OKW. However, the Soviet command did not use the intelligence properly. Die Rote Kapelle (the Red Orchestra) was the name given by the Gestapo to two Communist resistance rings in Nazi-occupied Europe during World War II. The Gestapo used the name Red Orchestra to refer to the Schulze-Boysen / Harnack group, an anti-Hitler resistance movement in Germany with international... Leopold Trepper (February 23, 1904-1982) was an organizer of the Soviet spy ring Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) prior to and during World War II. Leopold Trepper was born to a Jewish family on February 23, 1904, in Nowy Targ, Poland (part of Austria-Hungary in that time). ... Operation Blue(German: Fall Blau) was the German Wehrmachts codename for the 1942 summer offensive. ... The command flag for the Chief of the High Command of the German Armed Forces (1938 - 1941) The command flag for a Generalfeldmarschall as the Chief of the High Command of the German Armed Forces (1941 - 1945) The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or OKW (Wehrmacht High Command, Armed Forces High Command... Operation Blue(German: Fall Blau) was the German Wehrmachts codename for the 1942 summer offensive. ...

In November 1942, through Christian Schneider a German lawyer who worked in the International Labour Bureau in Switzerland, Rado made contact with Rudolf Roessler, a German political emigrant living in Lucerne. Roessler (codename “Lucy”) apparently had extraordinary sources in Germany who provided valuable military intelligence. It appears that Roessler was the conduit that the British used to transmit results of their codebreaking of German cipher traffic (operation Ultra) to the Soviets without revealing them the fact that they were able to break the German code. The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that deals with labour issues. ... In World War II espionage, Rudolf Roessler was the central (and mysterious) figure in the Lucy spy ring. ... For other uses, see Lucerne (disambiguation). ... In World War II espionage, the Lucy spy ring was an anti-German operation which operated in Switzerland. ... Ultra (sometimes capitalized ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources. ...

At the end of 1942, the Abwehr and Gestapo exposed the “Rote Kapelle”. Since it had had some contact with Rado in 1940 through Anatoli Gurewitsch (alias "Kent"), a Soviet undercover intelligence officer, the Germans learned of the existence of Rado’s network in Switzerland. They even obtained the radio cipher used by Rado’s network which enabled them to decrypt some of Rado’s radio communications from Switzerland. The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944. ... The   (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: “secret state police”) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ... Die Rote Kapelle (the Red Orchestra) was the name given by the Gestapo to two Communist resistance rings in Nazi-occupied Europe during World War II. The Gestapo used the name Red Orchestra to refer to the Schulze-Boysen / Harnack group, an anti-Hitler resistance movement in Germany with international... This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. ...

Meanwhile Rado’s network continued to supply Moscow Centre with valuable intelligence. For example, in April 1943 -- through a Roessler source in Germany (codename “Werter”) -- Rado supplied intelligence about the planned German offensive near Kursk. Combatants Nazi Germany Soviet Union Commanders Erich von Manstein Günther von Kluge Hermann Hoth Walther Model Georgiy Zhukov Konstantin Rokossovskiy Nikolay Vatutin Ivan Konyev Strength 2,700 tanks 800,000 infantry 2,000 aircraft 3,600 tanks 1,300,000 infantry and supporting troops 2,400 aircraft Casualties German...

In the second half of 1943, the Germans persuaded Swiss authorities to act against Rado’s network. Using mobile radio direction finders, Swiss police tracked down one of Rado's radio transmitters operated by Swiss agents Edmond and Olga Hamel. They were arrested on 14 October 1943. On the same day another of Rado's radio operators, Margarita Bolli an Italian emigrant living in Switzerland, was arrested. Rado went into hiding. On 20 November 1943, Alexander Foote was arrested. Christian Schneider and two other of Rado's contacts in Switzerland were arrested on 19 April 1944. Rudolf Roessler was arrested on 19 May 1944. Radio Direction Finding, or RDF, is the technique of locating the direction to a radio transmission. ... Edmond may refer to: Places in the United States: Edmond, Kansas Edmond, Oklahoma Edmonds, Washington People: Edmond de Goncourt Edmond James de Rothschild Edmond - the 1982 play by David Mamet. ... In World War II, Allan Alexander Foote was a radio operator for a Soviet espionage ring in Switzerland. ... In World War II espionage, Rudolf Roessler was the central (and mysterious) figure in the Lucy spy ring. ...

On 16 September 1944, Rado and his wife illegally crossed the Swiss-French border on a French train with the help of the French Maquis from Upper Savoy. On 24 September 1944, they reached Paris. There Rado contacted a Soviet military intelligence agent. Maquis is a type of high ground in southeastern France]] covered with scrub growth. ... Haute-Savoie is a French département, named after the Alps mountain range. ...

On January 1945, Rado and Leopold Trepper were evacuated via plane to the Soviet Union. Due to military operations in Germany, a direct fight to the Soviet Union from Paris was impossible, so the plane flew over Northern Africa. During a stopover in Cairo Rado, suspecting that on arrival in the Soviet Union he would be arrested on false charges, escaped, entered the British embassy under an alias, and applied for political asylum. The asylum application was denied and Rado tried to commit suicide, but was only injured and was hospitalized (2). After that, Rado was extradited by Egypt to the Soviet Union based on a false accusation, and in August 1945 he was brought to Moscow under guard. (2,3). In December 1946, without trial, he was sentenced by Special Council of MGB to 10 years on espionage charges (3). Leopold Trepper (February 23, 1904-1982) was an organizer of the Soviet spy ring Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) prior to and during World War II. Leopold Trepper was born to a Jewish family on February 23, 1904, in Nowy Targ, Poland (part of Austria-Hungary in that time). ... Nickname: Egypt: Site of Cairo (top center) Coordinates: , Government  - Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area  - City 214 km²  (82. ... Power lines leading to a trash dump hover just overhead in El Carpio, a Nicaraguan refugee camp in Costa Rica Under international law, a refugee is a person who is outside his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her... Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal. ... Special Council of the USSR NKVD (Особое Совещание при НКВД СССР, ОСО) was created by the same decree of Sovnarkom of July 10, 1934 that introduced the... The Ministry of State Security (MGB) ( Russian: Министерство государственной безопасности (Ministerstvo Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti)) was the name of the Soviet secret police agency from 1946 to 1953. ...

In November 1954, after the death of Stalin, Rado was released and was allowed to return to Hungary. In 1956, he was officially rehabilitated by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. In 1955, Rado was appointed chief of the Hungarian cartographic service. In 1958, he was appointed to the chair of cartography in Budapest Karl Marx University of Economic Sciences. In 1971, he published his memoirs in Hungarian, which has been translated into several languages (1). The first uncensored edition, based on the original manuscript, was published in 2006 in Budapest. Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR (Военная коллегия Верховного суда СССР) was created in 1924 to the Supreme Court... Corvinus University of Budapest The Corvinus University of Budapest is specialized in teaching economics, but since 2000 it has incorporated other universities as well. ...

Sources:

1) Rado’s memories “Pod Psevdonimom “Dora””(in Russian)

2) Russian Jewish site

3) Russian history site